1 Royal Institution of Surveyors Malaysia Building Information Modelling Awareness and Readiness Among Quantity Surveyors and Quantity Surveying Firms Building Information Modelling Technical Committee Prepared by Dr. Kherun Nita binti Ali Sharifah Noraini Noreen binti Syed Ibrahim Al‐Jamalullail Tan Choon Boon March 2013
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Royal Institution of Surveyors Malaysia
Building Information Modelling Awareness and Readiness Among Quantity Surveyors and Quantity Surveying Firms
Building Information Modelling Technical Committee Prepared by Dr. Kherun Nita binti Ali Sharifah Noraini Noreen binti Syed Ibrahim Al‐Jamalullail Tan Choon Boon March 2013
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Building Information Modelling Technical Committee
Sr. Quek Jin Keat, Chair of BIM Technical Committee
Dr. Kherun Nita binti Ali, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Dato’ Sr. Peter Tan Choon Hoo, Perunding Kos T & K Sdn. Bhd.
Sr. Chin Keh Liang, Perunding PCT Sdn. Bhd.
Sr. Mohamad Faiz bin Awang, JUBM Sdn. Bhd.
Sr. Mohd Ridzuan bin Lop Zainal Rashid, Perunding Kos T & K Sdn. Bhd.
Chin Wei Min, Perunding PCT Sdn. Bhd.
Suhaibah binti Mohd Ghazali, AQS Services Sdn. Bhd.
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Table of Contents Building Information Modelling Technical Committee ................................................................................. 2
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ 5
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................. 7
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS ................................................................................................................................. 8
10.1 Level of readiness vs no. of staff ............................................................................................ 70
10.2 Level of readiness vs years of establishment ......................................................................... 74
5
List of Figures Figure 1: Respondent’s region of working .................................................................................................. 14
Figure 2: Respondent’s age ......................................................................................................................... 15
BIM are model visualization, object with parameter which can use for
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4234
4 20
10
20
30
40
Do not know at all
Not Much Fair Quite a lot A lot
Percen
tage
%
23
4D & 5D etc, collaboration among multidiscipline.
BIM is an integrated information model whereby can shared among the entire stakeholder efficiently.
Modeling based to help the construction process.
Software for QS to do taking off, provide 3D image for Qs to have better view & imagination to do measurement.
Using 3D model, integrated process of design, estimating & construction. Paper less, reduce discrepancies in design, and provide information centre to the construction player.
Using "polyline" in CAD software to come out 3D model & then transfer it to "BIM". Thereafter measurement will be done out.
Managing construction information, integrate information, handling
QS works and managing building data
A new tool of construction model for standardization.
An overall modeling that incorporate must of the information for a building construction and it's visualize.
BIM enables collaboration among designers, QS, client, consultants, etc. in project implementation that can reduce time and cost, and at the same time increase quality, productivity and efficiency.
BIM is a platform of collaboration between different parties to provide information about each tread for a more effective and economical construction.
BIM is professional software incorporating all in one task to complete a project.
BIM is single/one software that provides us all the information needed by enter some of information required.
BIM is a shared knowledge resource among the construction players.
BIM is a system which it can share the information among all the parties and the system must be unique.
Collective information among industry players.
For better integration from various professionals e.g. Architect, QS, Engineers.
Integration of information & knowledge by the construction industry team players to give a value added & cost effective on the project/to the client, i.e. clash identification.
Requires collaboration between construction professionals and early detailing for clash analysis/modeling during design, construction as well as facilities/maintenance management.
A model which integrates all information among the designers and cost estimations in 1 standard, given all coding, item, measurement etc are the same, in order to create a successful project with zero mistakes, etc in shorter time, lesser cost and increase the quality of the project.
Complete the entire task by software to make it more efficiency and
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easily to catch up in a short period.
Measurement Tool
Using softcopy to measure the GFA as well the BQ ‐ AutoCAD format.
Method of quantification by computer from drawings.
Software that can do every measurement which may replace QS fundamental role i.e. taking off.
Others
On line Qs experience such as E‐Tendering & E‐Bidding
Networking within domestic / LAN.
Architect and engineers need to provide detailed design for clash analysis/modeling.
Table 2 shows the brief explanation about BIM knowledge by the respondents. From these
responses, it shows that the respondents do realise that BIM is not only function for costing but also can
convert 2D drawings into 3D models. Among the respondents some also stated that BIM can be
described as measurement tool for taking off. Apart from that, a majority of the respondents had an
opinion that BIM is used to manage construction information, integrate information, handling QS works
and managing building data. Thus, BIM can enhance the collaboration and communication among the
construction players.
A question “Do you think QS will be slowly extinct in the future with the existence of BIM?” was
asked in the questionnaire, in order to gage their opinion on the effects of BIM application towards QS
in the future.
Figure 12 shows the distribution of respondent opinion on the effects of BIM application
towards QS profession in the future. From this pie chart, a majority of seventy four percent of the
respondents is of the opinion that QS will not be extinct, while twenty six percent believe that QS will be
extinct with the existence of BIM. This shows the majority of the respondents have a positive opinion
regarding BIM and that BIM application will not bring negative effects to the QS profession in the future
and cause the QS profession to be extinct.
3.5 Awar
Fi
seminars,
is fair. Fif
percentag
though M
to enhanc
reness on BI
igure 13 show
conferences
fty percent of
ge also respo
Malaysia had a
ce the awaren
F
IM program
ws the distri
s or workshop
f respondents
nded that the
already set up
ness of BIM, t
F
igure 12: QS ext
mmes
bution of the
p. From this p
s replied that
ey are unawa
p road shows
the percentag
Figure 13: Awar
tinction with BIM
e respondent
pie chart, the
t they are awa
re of BIM pro
s about BIM a
ge of awaren
reness of BIM pr
74%
Yes N
50%
Yes N
M existence
ts awareness
level of awa
are of BIM pr
ogrammes. Th
and many pro
ess of BIM ar
rogrammes
26%
No
50%
No
s on BIM pro
reness amon
rogrammes, h
his can be con
ogrammes ha
re still yet at a
ogrammes su
g the respon
however, the
ncluded that,
ad been cond
a low rate.
25
uch as
dents
same
, even
ucted
Th
programm
Fi
seminars,
had parti
programm
in BIM are
Th
programm
he responden
mes (seminars
Programme
igure 14 sho
conferences
icipated in B
mes. This sho
e still very po
he responden
mes (seminars
nts who are a
s, conference
es Title
A
A
B
P
B
Q
Q
Q
ows the distr
s or workshop
BIM program
ws that, the
or even thou
F
nts whom had
s, conference
aware of the B
es or worksho
Table 3: B
AGM
Awareness BIM
BIM Awarene
Product Launc
Building Inform
QS Conferenc
QSIC 2012
QS Principals'
ribution of re
p. From this
mmes, while
level of QS p
gh various pr
igure 14: Partici
d participated
es or worksho
71%
BIM program
op) as specifie
IM programmes
M (CREAM)
ss for JKR Sta
ch ‐ Glodon
mation Mode
e 2012
Dialogue
espondents’
pie chart, on
majority of
articipation i
rogrammes h
ipation in BIM p
d in BIM prog
op) they atten
29%
Yes No
mes had also
ed in the Tabl
s title
ff (PROKOM J
eling Confere
participation
nly twenty ni
them has n
n any progra
ad been orga
programmes
grammes had
nded as speci
%
o stated the ti
le 3 below.
JKR)
nce & Exhibit
n in BIM pro
ne percent o
ever particip
mmes as to a
anized.
stated the tit
fied in the Ta
tle of the BIM
tion
ogrammes su
of the respon
pated in any
acquire know
tle of the BIM
able 4 below.
26
M
ch as
dents
y BIM
wledge
M
27
Table 4: BIM programmes title
Programmes Title
AGM
Awareness BIM (CREAM)
BIM Awareness for JKR Staff (PROKOM JKR)
Product Launch ‐ Glodon
Building Information Modeling Conference & Exhibition
QS Conference 2012
QSIC 2012
QS Principals' Dialogue
Building Smart Singapore
Lake Constance Germany 5D Conference
Workshop by Cost X
PAQS 2010, PAQS 2011, PAQS 2012
As for the respondents that attended and participated in BIM programmers, the question “Did
you attend such seminars/conference/workshop at your own accord or sponsored by your firm?” was
asked. This is to obtain information of whether the BIM participation is due to instructions from the
firm or because of own self‐awareness.
Figure 15 shows the distribution of respondents’ sponsorship, either they had participated in the
BIM programmes (seminars/conference/workshop) at their own accord or been sponsored by firm.
Sixty three percent of the respondents were sponsored by the firm to participate in such BIM
programmes, while only thirty seven of them participated in the BIM programmes at their own accord.
This results show that the awareness of BIM in firm are higher than awareness as an individual by
twenty six percent. Nevertheless, more awareness programmes of BIM should be organized as there is
no doubt that BIM do bring improvement in the quality of construction project.
3.6 Invol
A
questionn
Fi
all of the
BIM, whil
of the re
applicatio
lvement in B
question “H
naire, to know
igure 16 show
respondents
e only ten pe
espondents h
on of BIM in c
Percen
tage
%
BIM projects
Have you eve
w how many r
ws the distrib
s (ninety perc
ercent of them
have never e
onstruction p
Figur
0
20
40
60
80
A
Figure 15: Re
s
er been invo
respondents
bution of resp
cent) have ne
m involved ha
experienced
projects in Ma
re 16: Responde
37
At my own acco
90%
spondents’ spon
lved in any
have had han
pondents’ han
ever been inv
ands on in pr
in projects
alaysia are sti
nt involvement
ord
Yes No
nsorship
projects that
nds on experi
nds on involv
volved in any
rojects that u
that apply B
ill very low.
in BIM projects
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Sponsored by
10%
t use BIM?”
ence in hand
vement in BIM
construction
se BIM. This
BIM and it a
s
y my firm
was asked i
ling BIM proj
M project. A
n projects tha
s shows that,
also indicate
28
n the
ects.
Almost
at use
most
s the
29
Next, the respondents who had been involved in the BIM projects were asked more about BIM
application in construction stages, the problems faced and the benefit gains from applying BIM in the
projects.
Table 5: BIM application in construction stages
BIM Application in Construction Stages Design
Construction
Feasibility
Table 5 shows the stages that BIM was being used in the construction project that the
respondents had been involved in. From these responses, it shows that BIM had been applied in three
stages of construction, which are design stage, construction stage and feasibility stage. None of the
respondents had any experience using BIM in the maintenance stage.
Table 6: Problems experienced
Problems
Understanding of BIM concept among fresh grade, and expertise for implementing BIM
Not much experience in BIM
Internet Connections
Lack of training for the designers, PC technical issues (not compatible), no standard library for taking off purposes (using 3D Model), no standard input/measures to create info in the Revit Family/Components for the purpose of taking off
Limited within LAN
Non‐standard object parameters, step learning curve for the 5D BIM software, resistant from internal & external parties, lack of knowledge sharing among governments & industry player, and no standard BIM modeling, QTO & BQ standard imposed by government/authorities
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Table 6 shows the problems experienced by the respondents during the course of the project
that uses BIM application. From these responses, it shows that the respondents had a difficulty in
understanding BIM concept, have limitations on knowledge of BIM software, and also faces technical
problems such as poor internet connections and limited access.
Table 7: Benefits experienced
Benefits
No information lost, able to visualize the end result, and changing 3D at the same time changes 2D
Increase in technological experience and paperless technology
Time saving in measurement, object visualization, and close detection reduce revoke
With the clash detection, the coordination meeting becomes more efficient and much easier for the designers to facilitate the whole design process
Table 7 shows the benefit experienced by the respondents during the course of the project that
uses BIM application. From these responses, it shows that the respondents agreed that BIM helps to
visualize the projects in 3D, taking off is done much faster, and increases the technology experience.
One of the response also said that the coordination meeting becomes more efficient and much easier
for the designers to facilitate the whole design process, thus, this enhances the collaboration and
communication between the construction player’s team
4.0 Level of awareness of Building Information Modeling (BIM)
4.1 Feasibility stage
Figure 17 and Table 8 shows the BIM awareness at feasibility stage. From the figure above, we
can notice that less than 7% of respondents (which means that only 2 to 3 respondents) are not aware
about the function of BIM during feasibility stage. Approximately 93% or 44 to 45 out of a total of 47
revealed they are aware about the true function of BIM during this stage. In addition to that, we can
see that more than 70% or 29 to 31 respondents are aware that BIM is able to project a model of the
project during this stage as to provide a better visualisation to all parties involved. This would able the
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clients and designers to make any changes onto the model of which cost implication could be analysed
automatically.
Table 8: BIM awareness at feasibility stage
Not at all aware
Somewhat aware
Aware Total
Percent
(Frequency) Percent
(Frequency) Percent
(Frequency) Percent
(Frequency)
1
A brief design or model can be projected at early stage
MODEAS 4.26 (2) 34.04 (16) 61.70 (29) 100.00 (47)
2 Pre‐estimation can be identified within a shorter period
PRESHO 4.26 (2) 31.91( 15) 63.83 (30) 100.00 (47)
3 Any changes in the design will give effect to the pre‐estimate
CHADPR 6.38 (3) 29.79 (14) 63.83 (30) 100.00 (47)
4 Forming a better integration between designers and client
It is a platform that links all the data from different software such as AutoCAD, Tekla, Vico and etc.
LINDIFS 4.35 (2) 50 (23) 45.65 (21) 100.00 (46)
4 It reduces discrepancies between architect and engineer drawings
REDIAE 2.13 (1) 40.43 (19) 57.4 (27) 100.00 (47)
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5 It reduces discrepancies between drawings and bill of quantities
REDRAB 4.35 (2) 45.65 (21) 50 (23) 100.00 (46)
6 It detects clashes between structures and ducting for services
DETCLA 2.27 (1) 40.91 (18) 56.82 (25) 100.00 (44)
7
Provide information such as building’s natural lighting system, building’s components and etc. For example, the door carries information about its fire rating, construction, glazing and also information about suppliers
INFNAT 4.26 (2) 48.94 46.81 (22) 100.00 (47)
8 It can automatically quantify every element and generate Bills of Quantities
AUTQUG 6.38 (3) 48.94 (23) 44.68 (21) 100.00 (47)
9 It increases the accuracy of the quantification for every item
INCACC 4.26 (2) 40.43 (19) 55.32 (26) 100.00 (47)
10 It provides auto quantification with zero miss counting or zero double counting
ZEMISC 6.38 (3) 46.81 (22) 46.81 (22) 100.00 (47)
11 It is able to cut short the duration of tendering by eliminating the taking off process
CUTDUR 6.38 (3) 31.91 (15) 61.70 (29) 100.00 (47)
12 Heading towards paperless technology by storing records in digital form
Table 12: QS tasks with the incorporation of Building Information Modeling
Not at all aware
Somewhat aware
Aware Total
Valid
Percent Valid
Percent Valid
Percent Valid Percent
1 QS is still needed to carry out feasibility study
FESTUD 0 (0) 35.42 (17) 64.58 (31) 100.00 (48)
2 QS is still needed to prepare cost estimate and cost plan for new projects
COESPL 0 (0) 27.08 (13) 72.92 (35) 100.00 (48)
3
QS is still needed for contractual task such as preparing condition of contract
PRECON 0 (0) 27.08 (13) 72.92 (35) 100.00 (48)
4
QS is still needed for documentation in preparing tender document
PRETEND 0 (0) 18.75 (9) 81.25 (39) 100.00 (48)
5 QS is still needed to call for tenders
CALTEND 0 (0) 22.9 (11) 77.08 (37) 100.00 (48)
6 QS is still needed to evaluate tenders
EVATEND 0 (0) 20.83 (10) 79.17 (38) 100.00 (48)
7 QS is still needed to carry out interim valuation
INTEVAL 0 (0) 27.08 (13) 72.92 (35) 100.00 (48)
8 QS is still needed to prepare interim certificate
INTECER 0 (0) 25 (12) 75 (36) 100.00 (48)
9 QS is still needed to prepare of final account
FINACC 0 (0) 20.83 (10) 79.17 (38) 100.00 (48)
Figure 21: QS tasks with the incorporation of Building Information Modeling
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5.0 Cross Tabulation Analysis
5.1 Level of awareness vs gender
Feasibility Stage
Figure 22: BIM awareness at feasibility stage vs gender
Figure 22 illustrates the BIM Awareness at Feasibility Stage against gender. From the figure
shown, the awareness towards BIM in the feasibility stage by female gender is the highest compared to
the male, with an average of sixty percent to seventy five percent awareness. Both female and male
gender had the same percentage of awareness in ‘pre‐estimation can be identified within a shorter
period’ with sixty four percent. From the figure also, it can be seen that there are percentage of male
gender that are Not At All Aware of BIM in feasibility stage compared to none by the female.
F M F M F M
Not at all aware Somewhat aware Aware
MODEAS 0 9 36 32 64 59
PRESHO 0 9 36 27 64 64
CHADPR 0 14 28 32 72 55
INTDECL 0 9 28 32 72 59
BETDEC 0 9 28 36 72 55
0
20
40
60
80
100
Valid Percentage (%
)
40
Design Stage
Figure 23: BIM awareness at design stage vs gender
Figure 23 shows the BIM awareness at Design Stage vs gender. As in the feasibility stage, the
female gender again showed a great response in design stage compared to the male. The percentage of
Not At All Aware for female group also none except for, only thirteen percent of female which Not At All
Aware that BIM can converts 2D drawings into 3D models.
F M F M F M
Not at all aware Somewhat aware Aware
CO2DND 13 23 21 41 67 36
INFOCEN 0 5 21 36 79 59
LINDIFS 0 9 46 55 54 36
REDIAE 0 5 44 36 56 59
REDRAB 0 9 50 41 50 50
DETCLA 0 5 43 38 57 57
INFNAT 0 9 52 45 48 45
AUTQUG 0 14 60 36 40 50
INCACC 0 9 44 36 56 55
ZEMISC 0 14 60 32 40 55
CUTDUR 0 14 36 27 64 59
STORDIG 0 9 24 41 76 50
0
20
40
60
80
100
Valid Percentage (%
)
41
Construction Stage
Figure 24: BIM Awareness at Construction Stage vs Gender
Figure 24 shows the BIM awareness at Construction Stage against gender. For this particular
stage, both gender had the same level of awareness. Although the Not At All Aware percentage of male
are higher than the female, the percentage of Aware and Somewhat Aware are almost in the same
range for both male and female gender.
F M F M F M
Not at all aware Somewhat aware Aware
REDWAS 4 14 42 41 54 45
SHOCOP 4 14 54 45 42 41
REDVO 4 9 46 36 50 55
REDEOT 0 14 50 36 50 50
FOLOSHE 0 14 54 41 46 45
REDISCR 0 14 54 41 46 45
ENDCRE 0 5 50 45 50 50
0
20
40
60
80
100
Valid Percentage (%
)
42
Inuse and maintenance stage
Figure 25: BIM awareness at in‐use and maintenance stage vs gender
Figure 25 reveals the BIM awareness at In‐Use and Maintenance Stage against gender. The
highest percentage of Aware is from the female, while the Somewhat Aware is higher among males. The
male also showed a small percentage of Not At All Aware status. In overall, although female gender did
show higher percentage of BIM awareness compared to male, the awareness at In‐Use and
Maintenance stage is still low as the percentage of awareness are in the average of fifty percent.
F M F M F M
Not at all aware Somewhat aware Aware
STOHISD 0 9 29 41 71 50
PRESMAC 0 9 43 45 57 45
REDENER 4 14 35 50 61 36
CORTIMS 0 14 39 41 61 45
RETDAT 0 9 46 50 54 41
0
20
40
60
80
100
Valid Percentage (%
)
43
5.2 Level of awareness vs experience
Feasibility Stage
Figure 26: BIM awareness at feasibility stage vs experience
Figure 26 reveals the BIM awareness at Feasibility Stage against experience. From the figure,
the awareness level is high across all groups of respondents except for the group with 11 to 15 years of
experience, with an average of twenty percent only. The awareness of the group with more than 16
years experience, 6 to 11 years experience and below 5 years experience shows more than fifty percent
that they are aware of BIM in implementation in feasibility stage. Nonetheless, the only groups that are
fully agree by hundred percent on the statement that BIM is forming a better integration between
designers and client is the group that have below 5 years of experience.
≤ 5 yrs6‐10 yrs
11‐15 yrs
≥ 16 yrs
≤ 5 yrs6‐10 yrs
11‐15 yrs
≥ 16 yrs
≤ 5 yrs6‐10 yrs
11‐15 yrs
≥ 16 yrs
Not at all aware Somewhat aware Aware
MODEAS 0 0 40 0 18 40 40 38 82 60 20 62
PRESHO 0 0 40 0 27 40 40 29 73 60 20 71
CHADPR 0 10 40 0 18 40 40 29 82 50 20 71
INTDECL 0 0 40 0 0 40 40 38 100 60 20 62
BETDEC 0 0 40 0 27 30 40 33 73 70 20 67
0
20
40
60
80
100
Valid Percentage (%
)
44
Design Stage
Figure 27: BIM awareness at design stage vs experience
Figure 27 shows the BIM awareness at Design Stage versus experience. The Aware percentage
shows the highest in overall compare to Somewhat Aware and Not At All Aware. In the Aware
percentage, every group of the respondents shows a good percentage of awareness with the range of
fifty percent to eighty percent. This result is excluding the group of 11 to 15 years of experiences where
the Aware percentage of them are only in range of twenty to forty percent.
≤ 5 yrs6‐10 yrs
11‐15 yrs
≥ 16 yrs
≤ 5 yrs6‐10 yrs
11‐15 yrs
≥ 16 yrs
≤ 5 yrs6‐10 yrs
11‐15 yrs
≥ 16 yrs
Not at all aware Somewhat aware Aware
CO2DND 9 11 40 19 36 11 40 33 55 78 20 48
INFOCEN 0 0 20 0 18 22 40 33 82 78 40 67
LINDIFS 0 0 20 5 55 33 60 52 45 67 20 43
REDIAE 0 0 20 0 45 44 40 36 55 56 40 64
REDRAB 0 0 20 5 36 44 60 48 64 56 20 48
DETCLA 0 0 20 0 50 38 40 38 50 63 40 62
INFNAT 0 11 20 0 45 33 40 59 55 56 40 41
AUTQUG 0 11 20 5 45 44 60 50 55 44 20 45
INCACC 0 0 20 5 36 33 60 41 64 67 20 55
ZEMISC 0 0 20 9 64 44 60 36 36 56 20 55
CUTDUR 0 0 20 9 18 44 60 27 82 56 20 64
STORDIG 0 0 20 5 27 22 60 32 73 78 20 64
0
20
40
60
80
100
Valid Percentage (%
)
45
Construction Stage
Figure 28: BIM awareness at construction stage vs experience
Figure 28 reveals the BIM awareness at Construction Stage against experience. In overall, the
level of awareness in this stage is quite poor, as the range of Aware and Somewhat Aware percentages
are within twenty percent to sixty percent only. For the Not At All Aware, the respondents with 11 to 15
years of experience shows the highest percentage, while respondents with more than 16 years of
experience has the least percentage, and none for below 5 years of experience nor the respondents with
6 to 10 years of experience.
≤ 5 yrs6‐10 yrs
11‐15 yrs
≥ 16 yrs
≤ 5 yrs6‐10 yrs
11‐15 yrs
≥ 16 yrs
≤ 5 yrs6‐10 yrs
11‐15 yrs
≥ 16 yrs
Not at all aware Somewhat aware Aware
REDWAS 0 0 60 5 45 38 20 45 55 63 20 50
SHOCOP 0 0 60 5 55 38 20 59 45 63 20 36
REDVO 0 0 60 0 55 38 20 41 45 63 20 59
REDEOT 0 0 40 5 45 38 40 45 55 63 20 50
FOLOSHE 0 0 40 5 45 50 40 50 55 50 20 45
REDISCR 0 0 40 5 45 50 40 50 55 50 20 45
ENDCRE 0 0 20 0 36 38 60 55 64 63 20 45
0
20
40
60
80
100
Valid Percentage (%
)
46
Inuse and Maintenance Stage
Figure 29: BIM awareness at in‐use and maintenance stage vs experience
Figure 29 reveals the BIM awareness at In‐Use and Maintenance Stage versus experience. In
overall, the level of awareness in this stage is quite poor, as the range of Aware and Somewhat Aware
percentages are within twenty percent to seventy five percent only. For Not At All Aware, the
respondents with 11 to 15 years of experience shows the highest percentage, followed by the
respondents with 6 to 10 years experience, while respondents with more than 16 years of experience
showed a very least percentage, and none for below 5 years of experience.
≤ 5 yrs6‐10 yrs
11‐15 yrs
≥ 16 yrs
≤ 5 yrs6‐10 yrs
11‐15 yrs
≥ 16 yrs
≤ 5 yrs6‐10 yrs
11‐15 yrs
≥ 16 yrs
Not at all aware Somewhat aware Aware
STOHISD 0 13 20 0 36 13 40 41 64 75 40 59
PRESMAC 0 13 20 0 36 38 40 52 64 50 40 48
REDENER 0 13 40 5 45 38 20 48 55 50 40 48
CORTIMS 0 13 20 5 36 25 40 48 64 63 40 48
RETDAT 0 13 20 0 55 38 40 50 45 50 40 50
0
20
40
60
80
100
Valid Percentage (%
)
47
5.3 Level of awareness vs registration
Feasibility Stage
Figure 30: BIM awareness at feasibility stage vs QS registration
Figure 30 illustrates the BIM Awareness at Feasibility Stage versus the QS Registration. From the
figure shown, the awareness of Non‐registered QS towards BIM in the feasibility stage is the highest
compared to the Registered Graduate QS and the Registered QS. In overall, every group of respondents
is aware of the role of BIM at the feasibility stage by more than fifty percent. They are aware and
concerned that BIM are a brief design or model that can be projected at early stage, pre‐estimation can
be identified within a shorter period, and any changes in the design will have effect on the pre‐
estimation. They are also aware that BIM is forming a better integration between designers and client,
thus client are able to make a better decision with the projected design or model.
Reg. QSReg.
Grad. QSNon Reg.
QSReg. QS
Reg. Grad. QS
Non Reg. QS
Reg. QSReg.
Grad. QSNon Reg.
QS
Not at all aware Somewhat aware Aware
MODEAS 4 6 0 39 39 0 57 56 100
PRESHO 4 6 0 35 39 0 61 56 100
CHADPR 9 6 0 30 33 17 61 61 83
INTDECL 4 6 0 39 28 0 57 67 100
BETDEC 4 6 0 39 28 17 57 67 83
0
20
40
60
80
100
Valid percentage (%
)
48
Design Stage
Figure 31: BIM awareness at design stage vs QS registration
Figure 31 illustrates the BIM awareness at Design Stage versus the QS registration. In overall,
the Non‐registered QS had shown a great awareness towards BIM at design stage compared to the
Registered Graduate QS and the Registered QS. The Aware percentage by the Non‐registered QS are the
highest among other groups with the range of eighty percent to hundred percent. The percentage of
Non‐ registered QS that Somewhat Aware is also very low and none in Not At All Aware. This shows that
the Non‐registered QS had more knowledge and concern about the BIM implementation in the
construction industry compared to the Registered Graduate QS and the Registered QS.
Reg. QSReg.
Grad. QSNon Reg.
QSReg. QS
Reg. Grad. QS
Non Reg. QS
Reg. QSReg.
Grad. QSNon Reg.
QS
Not at all aware Somewhat aware Aware
CO2DND 22 18 0 35 29 17 43 53 83
INFOCEN 0 6 0 39 24 0 61 71 100
LINDIFS 4 6 0 61 53 0 35 41 100
REDIAE 0 6 0 39 50 17 61 44 83
REDRAB 4 6 0 52 47 17 43 47 83
DETCLA 0 6 0 41 47 20 59 47 80
INFNAT 4 6 0 52 61 0 43 33 100
AUTQUG 9 6 0 48 67 0 43 28 100
INCACC 4 6 0 43 50 0 52 44 100
ZEMISC 9 6 0 39 67 17 52 28 83
CUTDUR 9 6 0 35 39 0 57 56 100
STORDIG 4 6 0 43 22 17 52 72 83
0
20
40
60
80
100
Valid Percentage (%
)
49
Construction Stage
Figure 32: BIM awareness at construction stage vs QS registration
Figure 32 reveals the BIM awareness at Construction Stage against QS registration. Similar to
Design stage, the Non‐registered QS again had the highest percentage in BIM awareness at Construction
stage, compared to other groups of respondent. While the percentage of awareness for Registered
Graduate QS and the Registered QS are almost the same.
Reg. QSReg.
Grad. QSNon Reg.
QSReg. QS
Reg. Grad. QS
Non Reg. QS
Reg. QSReg.
Grad. QSNon Reg.
QS
Not at all aware Somewhat aware Aware
REDWAS 9 12 0 48 41 17 43 47 83
SHOCOP 9 12 0 57 59 0 35 29 100
REDVO 4 12 0 39 53 17 57 35 83
REDEOT 9 6 0 43 59 0 48 35 100
FOLOSHE 9 6 0 48 65 0 43 29 100
REDISCR 9 6 0 48 59 17 43 35 83
ENDCRE 0 6 0 57 53 0 43 41 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Valid Percentage (%
)
50
Inuse and Maintenance Stage
Figure 33: BIM awareness at in‐use and maintenance stage vs QS registration
Figure 33 shows the BIM awareness at In‐Use and Maintenance Stage against QS registration.
The result of Aware percentage for Non‐registered QS is again higher than Registered Graduate QS and
Registered QS. Despite the low percentage of awareness for Registered Graduate QS and Registered QS
in Aware and Somewhat Aware, both groups also showed small percentage in Not At All Aware, while
none for Non‐registered QS.
Reg. QSReg.
Grad. QSNon Reg.
QSReg. QS
Reg. Grad. QS
Non Reg. QS
Reg. QSReg.
Grad. QSNon Reg.
QS
Not at all aware Somewhat aware Aware
STOHISD 4 6 0 43 35 0 52 59 100
PRESMAC 4 6 0 48 56 0 48 38 100
REDENER 9 13 0 43 44 33 48 44 67
CORTIMS 9 6 0 43 50 0 48 44 100
RETDAT 4 6 0 48 59 17 48 35 83
0
20
40
60
80
100
Valid Percentage (%
)
51
PART B: BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING READINESS AMONG QUANTITY SURVEYING FIRMS
6.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the interim findings and discussions of the survey. It is divided into a few
sections i.e. the organisations’ profile; the organisations’ readiness profile; the organisations’ level of
readiness in the aspect of technology, people, process and management; and finally the cross tabulation
analysis.
A total of 80 questionnaires were distributed to the firms’ owners during conferences and
seminars held between November 2012 and January 2013. The return rate is about 22.5% percent or 18
responded questionnaires with about 90%‐95% of validity. Bar charts, pie chart and tables were used to
present and summarise the findings.
7.0 Organisations’ profile
7.1 Designation
Figure 34 shows the respondents’ designation in the organisation. Thirty five percent of the
respondents are Directors, followed by Managing Director and Partner with percentage of (eighteen
percent). Principal and Senior Quantity Surveyors represents twelve percent each, while the remaining
six percent are other designations. This result shows that, a total of eighty two percent from the
respondents are represent by the upper level of an organisation which include Director, Managing
Director Partner and Principal. It expected that the persons that manage a firm should be most to
known the existence of Building Information Modelling (BIM) as this application can enhance the quality
of works and help the firm to deliver a project in way better.
52
Figure 34: Respondent’s designation
7.2 Years of establishment
Figure 35 shows the period of years the respondents company have in operation. 53% percent
of the respondent’s firm had been established for more than 15 years, while firms that had been
established in less than 5 years and between 6 to 10 years had equal percentage (18%). The least was
firms established between 11 to 15 years (18%). This illustrates that majority of the respondents
represent organisations which are well experienced in the industry.
Figure 35: Years of establishment
1218 18
35
126
0
10
20
30
40
Principal Partner Managing Director
Director Senior Quantity Surveyor
Others
Percen
tage
%
18 1812
53
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
less than 5 years
6 to 10 years 11 to 15years more than 15years
Percen
tage
%
7.3 Numb
Fi
of the res
having 11
By this re
(represen
sized firm
firms, wh
7.4 Comp
Fi
million rin
two perce
million w
companie
percent.
ber of empl
igure 36 show
spondent ha
1 to 20 emplo
esult, we can
nt by less than
m (represent b
ich makes the
pany turnov
igure 37 reve
nggit. In 2010
ent of them h
were sixty se
es with turnov
oyees
ws the respon
d less than 1
oyees. Only tw
n see that, th
n 10 employe
by more than
e findings som
ver
eals the resp
0, fifty eight
had turnover
even percent
ver below 1 m
le
ndents’ total
10 employee
wenty two pe
he responden
ees), medium‐
n 20 employe
mewhat inclu
Figure 36: Tot
pondents’ com
percent of t
below 1 milli
t, representin
million were
39%
ess than 10
employees in
s and the sa
ercent of the
nts had fulfill
‐sized firm (re
es). Thus, th
sive.
tal number of em
mpany turno
he responde
on. While in
ng an increa
thirty three p
39%
22%
11 to 20
n the firm org
me percenta
respondents
ed all three
epresent by 1
he findings of
mployees
over in 2010
nts had turno
2011, compa
ase of nine
percent, whic
%
more than 20
ganisation. T
age also fall i
s had more th
categories of
11 to 20 emp
f this survey c
and 2011 be
over above 1
anies that had
percent. On
ch represent
Thirty nine pe
in the catego
han 20 emplo
f firms; smal
loyees), and
covered all ty
elow and abo
1 million and
d turnover ab
the other
a decrease of
53
ercent
ory of
oyees.
l firm
large‐
ype of
ove 1
forty
bove 1
hand,
f nine
7.5 Mana
Fi
from firm
percent w
quality of
of the pro
responde
construct
agement cer
igure 38 show
m with an ISO
were from firm
f the products
oducts or effe
nt used the I
ion industry.
Percen
tage
%
rtification
ws the respon
O managemen
ms without IS
s manufactur
ectiveness of
SO managem
58
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Figure 37
ndents’ firm m
nt certificate
SO managem
red or service
the services.
ment in delive
Figure 38: Ma
8
42
2010
With IS
: Company turn
management
(sixty seven
ment certificat
es provided an
. From this re
ery their prod
anagement cert
67
33
2011
67%
33%
SO Withou
nover
certification
percent), w
tion. The cer
nd assure the
esult, it indic
uct and servi
tification
Ab
Be
ut ISO
. Half of the
hile the rema
rtifications fr
e public regar
ates that mo
ices, thus it is
bove 1 million
elow 1 million
respondents
aining thirty
om ISO signif
rding the relia
re than half o
s good sign fo
54
were
three
fy the
ability
of the
or our
55
7.6 Access to computer and internet connection
A question “How many percent of the staff in your firm have access to their own computer? And
“How many percent of computers in your company have access to the internet?” were asked. The
essence of the question is that internet has made information available in a quick and easy manner,
publicly accessible and within easy reach. It enhances communications and social networking, through
owning own computer with an internet access might helps to produce a better quality of product.
Figure 39 shows the distribution of computer ownership and internet access among the staff in
the organisation. Hundred percent of the respondents said that more than seventy five percent of their
staff had their own computer, while seventy eight percent of the respondents also reported that more
than 75 percent of their computers had an internet access. However, the result also shows six percent
of the respondents reported 25 percent to 50 percent of their computers had an internet access, and
the remaining seventeen percent of the respondents indicated that less than 25 percent of their
computer has internet access.
Figure 39: Own computers and internet access
100
17
6
78
0
20
40
60
80
100
<25% 25%‐50% >75%
Percen
tage
%
Staff had access to own computer
Computer with internet access
56
8.0 Readiness Profile
8.1 Information technology application in Malaysia
Figure 40 shows how the respondents rate the application of Information Technology (IT) in
Malaysia construction industry vis‐a‐vis the following scales: Construction industry recently has used
latest information technologies to enhance the performance of worker; increase the productivity and
improve safety; and information technology also plays important role to avoid and mitigate the conflict
and dispute between owner and contractor. The result indicates more than half of the respondent (sixty
one percent) agreed that IT in Malaysia construction industry is either good or very good. The result also
shows that thirty three percent of the respondents rated IT application in Malaysia construction industry
fair while only six percent said is poor.
Figure 40: Information Technology (IT) application in Malaysia construction
Figure 41 shows how the respondents rate the application of Information Technology (IT) by
Quantity Surveyor in Malaysia construction industry. Based on the result, more than half of the
respondents (seventy eight percent) agreed that IT in Malaysia construction industry is good or very
good. The result also shows that seventeen percent of the respondents rated it fair and only six percent
of the respondents is of the notion that application of Information Technology (IT) by Quantity Surveyor
in Malaysia construction industry is poor.
6
33
44
17
0
10
20
30
40
50
Poor Fair Good Very Good
Percen
tage
%
57
Figure 41: Information Technology (IT) application by QS in Malaysia
8.2 Knowledge on BIM
In the survey, respondents were asked to give a brief explanation about BIM based on their
knowledge or opinion. The responses were categories into four categories, namely “3D modelling”,
“managing construction information and integrate information”, “measurement tool” and “others”.
Table 13 shows the brief explanation about BIM knowledge by the respondents. From these
responses, it shows that the respondents do realise that BIM makes 3D modelling analysis clear, makes
visualization of buildings information in 3D models. The respondents also stated that BIM can be
described as measurement tool for taking off purposes, calculating GFA and preparing BQ. Apart from
that, a majority of the respondents had an opinion that BIM play roles as collective information among
industry players.
6
17
50
28
0
10
20
30
40
50
Poor Fair Good Very Good
Percen
tage
%
58
Table 13: Brief explanation about BIM knowledge
Categories of Answers Answers
3D Modeling
3D modeling, clear analysis
An overall modeling that incorporate most of the information for a buildings which is visualize
Collaborative software for clear analysis among 3D modeling during feasible/estimate stage as well as construction; and facilities maintenance after completion
Managing Construction Information and
Integrate Information Collective information among industry player
Measurement Tool
BQ measurement
Knowledge more related to measurement using CAD software
A model software of the various elements of a construction project, where the user can use to extract quantity & lost (the two mere elements among others) for quick production of BQ
Quantification for soft drawings
Softcopy drawings to be used for the purpose of calculating GFA, BQ preparation
Others Use the computer/project software in helping to complete the task
8.3 Participation in BIM program
A question “Have you ever sent your staff to any seminars/conferences/workshop on BIM?” was
asked in order to get the respondents’ feedback about the BIM awareness.
Figure 42 reveals the distribution of respondents’ staff participation in BIM programme. The
percentage of the result is quite close. Forty seven percent of the respondents had sent their staff for
BIM programmes such as seminars, conferences or workshop. And the remaining fifty three percent had
never sent their staff to participate in any BIM programmes. It can therefore be inferred that, even
Malaysia had already set up road shows about BIM and many programmes conducted to enhance the
awareness of BIM, the response from the construction players, precisely the Quantity Surveyor is still
not good enough. Respondents which had sent their staff BIM programmes also stated the title of the
BIM programmes (seminars, conferences or workshop) as specified in the Table 14 below.
R
programm
8.4 Parti
Fo
software?
Fi
training. F
attend or
send their
espondents
mes (seminars
BIM Progr
icipation in
or further an
?” was asked
igure 43 sho
From this pie
r participate
r staff to atte
Figu
whom had s
s, conference
rammes Title
BIM softwar
nalysis, a que
in the questio
ows the distr
e chart, only t
in BIM relate
end or particip
ure 42: Staff par
sent their st
es or worksho
Table 14: B
re training
estion “Have
onnaire.
ibution of re
twenty nine
ed software t
pated in any B
rticipation in BIM
aff BIM prog
op) as specifie
BIM programme
BIM seminars
Introduction
RISM Program
Product Laun
Seminar by C
e you ever se
espondents’ s
percent of th
training, whil
BIM related s
53%
Yes N
M programme
grammes had
ed in the Tabl
es title
s / software lau
to BIM related
mmes
nch ‐ Glodon
ost X
ent your sta
staff particip
he responden
le a majority
software train
47%
No
d stated the
le 14 below.
unch, training
d measuremen
ff for trainin
ation in BIM
nts that had m
of seventy o
ning.
e title of the
t (taking off)
ng on BIM re
M related soft
make their st
one percent
59
e BIM
elated
tware
taff to
never
R
the title o
8.5 Invol
To
involved i
involveme
involved i
involved i
that appli
very low.
N
applicatio
projects.
espondents’
of the BIM pro
lvement in B
o know the r
in any projec
ent in BIM p
in any project
in BIM projec
es BIM and it
ext, the resp
on in construc
Figure
whom sent t
ogrammes as
BIM Software
BIM Projects
espondents e
cts that use B
project. Alm
ts that use B
cts. This show
t also indicate
ondents who
ction stages,
e 43: Staff partic
their staff to
specified in t
Table 15: B
training
s
experience in
BIM?” was as
ost all of th
IM. Only the
ws that, most
es the applic
om had been
the problems
71%
cipation in BIM s
participate i
the Table 15 b
BIM software tra
Training for G
New IT ‐ Auto
n handling BIM
sked. Figure
e responden
e remaining tw
t of the respo
cation of BIM
involved in t
s faced and t
29%
Yes No
software trainin
n BIM relate
below.
aining
Glodon
oCAD
M projects, a
44 shows th
ts (eighty eig
welve percen
ondents neve
in constructi
he BIM proje
the benefit ga
%
ng
d software t
question “Ha
he distributio
ght percent)
nt of the resp
er been exper
on projects in
ect were aske
ained from a
raining had s
ave you ever
on of respond
have never
pondents had
rienced in pro
n Malaysia ar
d more abou
pplying BIM i
60
stated
been
dents’
been
been
ojects
re still
t BIM
in the
Ta
responde
construct
that BIM a
Ta
that used
new softw
the respo
able 16 show
nts had bee
ion which are
also might be
able 17 show
BIM applicat
ware and to p
ndent that th
P
Figure
ws the stage
n involved in
e design stag
e applied in th
Tab
BIM
ws the proble
tion. Their re
provide a tra
he software is
Problems
e 44: Responden
es that BIM
n. The resu
ge and constr
he maintenan
ble 16: BIM appl
M Application
Co
ms experienc
esponses show
ined staff for
s not as good
Table 17: P
Expens
New so
To acqu
Softwa
nt’s involvemen
was being u
lt shows tha
ruction stage
nce stage or in
ication in const
n in Construct
Design
onstruction
ced by the re
w that the fir
r that particu
as expected.
Problems experi
sive software
oftware need
uire / train st
re not as goo
88%
Yes No
t in BIM project
used in the
at BIM had b
. None of th
n feasibility st
ruction stages
tion Stages
espondents d
rms had a diff
ular software
.
enced
learning curv
aff
od as expecte
12%
ts
construction
been applied
he responden
tage.
uring the cou
ficulty allocat
. There is als
ve
d.
n project tha
in two stag
nts had an op
urse of the p
ting budget t
o an opinion
61
at the
ges of
pinion
roject
o buy
from
62
Table 18 below the benefit experienced by the respondents during the course of the project
that used BIM application. The result shows that the respondent agreed that BIM provides detailed
design which involves architect, M&E and engineers at early stage and helps to provide clear analysis,
whereby problems such as design matters can be sorted out earlier. Thus a considerable amount of
variation orders during construction can be prevented from occurring.
Table 18: Benefits experienced
Benefits
Detailed design involving architect, M&E and engineers at early stage and/or clear analysis sorts out design matters earlier and prevent considerable amount of VO's during construction.
9.0 Level of readiness among quantity surveying firms
9.1 Technology aspect
Figure 45 and Table 19 show the BIM readiness from the aspect of technology. In general, we
can notice that majority of the respondents moderately agree that our technology is ready to integrate
BIM in the construction industry. There are 23.53% or 4 respondents who disagree that they outsource
or appoint in‐house staff to be an IT manager for their company. This might be because there are still
some minor Quantity Surveying firms which do not focus much on IT and process their works manually.
Under moderate the first two questions recorded 64.71% (11 respondents) and 70.59% (12
respondents) respectively. The implication is that the current system we are using now is not well
integrated among the parties involved, but respondents did know that this feature is needed for data
and information sharing. For the rest, approximately 50% or more than 8 respondents do agree that we
are ready for the change.
63
Table 19: BIM readiness from the aspect of technology
Disagree Moderate Agree Total
Percent (Frequency)
Percent (Frequency)
Percent (Frequency)
Percent (Frequency)
1
We use collaborative system to record all transactions during a project and all the information required (i.e. integrated project delivery)
COLSYS 17.65 (3) 64.71 (11) 17.65 (3) 100.00 (17)
2
We use integrated system to enables all the data needed by any of the participants interlinked.
INTSYS 11.76 (2) 70.59 (12) 17.65 (3) 100.00 (17)
3
We adopt ICT to improve communication, closer relationships, and overcome the geographical problem.
ADOSIT 5.88 (1) 17.65 (3) 76.47 (13) 100.00 (17)
4
We have adequate information technology infrastructure in place and available to the people in the company.
ADEQIN 5.88 (1) 41.18 (7) 52.94 (9) 100.00 (17)
5
We do focus on ICT skills development and/or employing ICT experts (i.e. either outsourcing or appointing in‐house staff to be an IT Manager etc).
SKIDEV 23.53 (4) 47.06 (8) 29.41 (5) 100.00 (17)
6
We have the basic internet requirements to go online, such as modem, service provider etc.
BASREQ 0.00 (0) 11.76 (2) 88.24 (15) 100.00 (17)
7
We will install the necessary software that meets the minimum requirements to run the BIM software.
WILINS 5.88 (1) 23.53 (4) 70.59 (12) 100.00 (17)
8
We have sufficient hardware with minimum requirements to run the BIM software.
SUFHAR 17.65 (3) 35.29 (6) 47.06 (8) 100.00 (17)
64
Figure 45: BIM readiness from the aspect of technology
9.2 People aspect
Figure 46 and Table 20 show the BIM readiness from the aspect of people. From the figure, we
can see those employees are not familiar with BIM, they might know the function and how powerful
BIM are, but they have not come across with the platform and do not have the chance to experience it
by themselves. This problem can be overcome by proper training or seminars on using BIM. On top of
that, we notice that the firms are ready to provide specific training and available resources to employees
in implementing BIM, 100% or 17 respondents fall in the category of Moderate and Agree. We can say
that the employers can see the future of BIM and they are ready to provide trainings to their employees
to push them to the next level. Besides, 0% or none of the respondents disagree to assist their
workforce in re‐skilling and to capitalize on the rapidly emerging technologies. The rapidly emerging
technologies really change our lifestyle, it helps to improve and enhance the quality of our works or end
product. From the aspect of people, Quantity Surveying firms are ready to accept BIM as long as there is
sufficient training to guide them to the optimum level.
Our employees are ‘ready’ or have the correct skills and the right attitude to use the BIM software when it is introduced in our organization.
EMPREA 23.53 (4) 47.06 (8) 29.41 (5) 100.00 (17)
2
We are willing to adopt innovative approaches, using proven technologies, tools and practices.
INOTEC 11.76 (2) 23.53 (4) 64.71 (11) 100.00 (17)
3
Our employees are willing to change their way of work to avoid work inefficiency, disorganization, low morale, and no motivation when introducing BIM in our organization.
CHAGWA 17.65 (3) 35.29 (6) 47.06 (8) 100.00 (17)
4
Our firm will provide specific training and available resources to employees in implementing BIM.
TRARES 5.88 (1) 23.53 (4) 70.59 (12) 100.00 (17)
5
Our firm will provide technical assistance to our employees in implementing BIM.
TECASS 0.00 (0) 35.29 (6) 64.71 (11) 100.00 (17)
6 Our firm has the employees with prior experience in collaborative environments.
EXPCOL 23.53 (4) 52.94 (9) 23.53 (4) 100.00 (17)
7
We are confident in dealing with the education and training requirements of potential BIM users within our organization.
DEATRA 5.88 (1) 52.94 (9) 41.18 (7) 100.00 (17)
8
We will assist our workforce in re‐skilling and to capitalize on the rapidly emerging technologies.
WOFRES 0.00 (0) 47.06 (8) 52.94 (9) 100.00 (17)
9 Our employees are familiar with the BIM.
FAMBIM 58.82 (10) 29.41 (5) 11.76 (2) 100.00 (17)
66
Figure 46: BIM readiness from the aspect of people
9.3 Process aspect
Figure 47 and Table 21 show the BIM readiness from the aspect of process. Generally,
respondents moderately agree that we are ready to accept BIM except for question number 4, 5 and 6
where the score of agree are 81.25% or 13 respondents, 56.25% or 9 respondents and 81.25% or 13
respondents respectively. This showing that they believe BIM standard models will help QS in the
measurement process, confident that the BIM system will provide adequate security for exchange of
information or documents throughout the process and they believe that BIM process can help them to
be better Quantity Surveyor. Finding from question number 7, 8, 9 and 10 shows that respondents are
quite disagree that Malaysia have any proper legal terms to accommodate BIM in the construction
industry. The result ranging from 31.25% to 37.50% or 5 to 6 respondents out of 16 respondents
disagree with those statements. From the aspect of process, respondents are ready to accept the
emerging new technology to improve and enhance their quality of works provided that there are proper