Biggest misconception is “Indian Hindu festivals observance date in the Indian calendar / panchang is applicable for all location in world”. We contact our parents in India to find the festival observance dates. Some use their favorite Panchangam brought from India to find an observance date for an Indian festival. In reality observance dates from Indian Panchangam is valid only in India and is not transferrable to other locations. If the earth is flat we can use Indian calendar everywhere in the world. If the earth is flat then Sun & Moon will rise all places at the same time, and no need of time zones and hence Indian Panchangam can be used everywhere in the world but the trouble is the earth is round and the Sun does not rise at the same time, or set at the same time all over the world. Additionally, we have time zones and time differenes. Due to the time zones/differences there is another misconception that as USA/Canada and Europe is behind in time then Festival will come a day later in USA/Canada and Europe. This is absurd. One needs to learn mathematics to remove the confusion. If Seattle/Vancouver/California is 13 hours 30 minutes behind Indian Standard Time and say an event is occurring in India (For example One day International Cricket match at 8 AM in India then will it be the previous day in USA/Canada or the next day? If you think next day then it is not a live telecast. It is just a relay. To arrive the time you’ll subtract 13 hours 30 minutes from 8 AM. Which gives 6 hours 30 PM the previous day in USA/Canada. Same rule is applied here. Tithis, Nakshatras, Yoga and Karana ends at the same instance all over the world (Like any celestial event). After having tithi and nakshatra endtimes, the rules used to determine festivals in India are applied for overseas panchangam. This requires extensive knowledge of Panchangam Agama (Shastras) with mathematical knowledge to calculate Tithi, Nakshatra, Yoga and Karana, Day (Vaar) and Local factors like Sunrise, Sunset, Moonrise, and Moonset. Hence, sometimes festivals may appear on the same day as India or a day before in the countries west of India. Where as in the countries east of India the festival may appear on the same date as India or a day later. There is a basic difference between English date and Hindu Date: The English date and the day (Sunday, Monday, etc.) changes at the midnight. Hindu day (Vaar) also doesn't change at the midnight. But changes at the sunrise, a Hindu day is from one sunrise to another. The Hindu date or tithi (the festival falls in to) doesn't change at the midnight. o The Hindu date (tithi -- depends on the positions of sun and the moon at any given time) changes anytime as celestial bodies keep moving. o The Tithi duration is the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the moon and the sun to increase by 12°. Hence it varies from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours. It can change anytime between one Sunrise to another Sunrise. If a tithi ends today at 23:02 it doesn't mean that next tithi will end tomorrow at the same time. It can end at 18:00, 18:09 or 20:27. Panchangam contains two types of calculations: Local coordinates like longitude and latitude. (The earth is kinda round and horizon will vary from place to place on earth. Hence these calculation may vary from the place to place.): Sunrise, Sunset, Moonrise, Moonset Geocentric astronomical phenomenon (The planetary positions will be different for every second) like: (The tithi, nakshatra, yoga and karana are based on this set of calculations): Positions of Sun, Moon etc. The astronomical phenomenon happens instantly at the same moment on the earth and hence thithis, nakshatra will end at the same time / instance all over the world and we have to convert them to the local standard time. When an astronomical phenomina occurs and it's occurs all over the world at the same instance. One has to converts timings into their respective timezone. The planets don't wait for sunrise or sunset at the particular place. They just keep moving, like earth is moving around the Sun. Hence the distance we call it tithi (quotient or the result of the division = (sun - moon)/12.0) can change at any time. So new thithi can change at 6:00 AM, 6:32 AM, or 11:57 PM or any time during the day. There is no fix tithi ending time like English date and hence they are not associated with the English date. Planets are calculated from the center of the earth -- Geocentric. Hence, their position at the given time (at the same instance) will be same all over the world (After subtracting the time difference). If we want to observe any celestial event, we need to convert it to our local time, same goes for thithi, nakshatra, yoga and karna positions are same at any given time in the world. So Indian panchang makers convert this to Indian time. The very same say we need to covert it to our time zone for America (PST/PDT, CST/CDT, MST/MDT, EST/EDT). After adding the time difference they'll assign to the resulting English date. Hence, when the calendar is made of India the date they mention is when that tithi will end as per the English date in India. If you take the same date and time use it anywhere in the world as it is then we have a wrong result because of the time difference. The time difference between the India and the London is 5 hours 30 minutes, Time difference between Seattle, WA and India is 13 hours 30 minutes. The planets don't remain static during that time. They keep on moving and hence at the same time. If you add and subtract the time difference from the Indian calendar you'll arrive at the time when that tithi will change in your locality too. For example: October 17th 2008 the Ashwayuja (Ashwin) Krishna Paksha / Poornimant Kartik Krishna paksha tithi Tritiya ends at 16:39:21 Indian Standard Time, and chturthi starts. That means at 16:00 hours there is tritiya still prevailing in India. Now on October 17th 2008 in Seattle, WA at the 16:00 hours we won't have tritiya at that time. We already have chaturthi started why? a) Planets keep on moving.... 13 hours have passed and the position of sun and moon have changed. So what time Tritiya will end in Seattle? The time difference is 13 hours 30 minutes (with one our day light saving time it gives the difference of 12 hours 30 minutes from IST). So, let's subtract 12 hours 30 minutes from the 16:39:21. That gives us 04:09:21 AM on October 17th. So on October 17th after that time we'll have chaturthi tithi and before we have tritiya. The same way if tithi ends at 8:39 AM on Sept 12 in India it will end at 20:09 PM on Sept 11th in Seattle. The same way Western Australia is 8 hours ahead of GMT and hence the chaturthi will end there at 12:09 PM on Sept 12th. The planets don't wait for appropriate tithi to arrive on some English date at any location in the world. If it really did we won't have any days and nights (If it happens then celestial bodies will remain static in sky). The earth is round and it keeps moving, we have days and nights. It doesn't wait for tithi or festivals to arrive in your timezone. Time never waits for anyone. It goes on. The sun doesn't rise instantly at the same time all over the world Hence we need to convert the tithi, nakshatra, yoga, and karana time to local standard time. After we know what time a given tithi ends it's a time to decide festival dates for each region. How festivals are determined? Each festival has a different rule, for example: Ganesh Chaturthi. Sankathara chaturthi, Janmashtami, Mahashivaratri, Karwa Chauth, etc. Ganesha chaturthi has to be oserved when the chaturthi tithi is observed during the 3/5th part of the dinmana. The dinmana is the difference of local sunset and the sunrise. The karwa chauth and the sankathara chaturthi the chaturthi tithi must be prevailing during the moonrise time. If one thithi is observed at the moonrise time in India it may or may not be observed during the moonrise time on the same day in the different part of the world. It may be very well observed on the previous day if you are in America or the next day if you are in Japan, Fiji, Australia, or it may very well could be observed on the same day as India, due to different sunrise times, different sunset, moonrise timings and tithi timings requires a separate panchangam for different places. If panchang makers in India cannot prepare printed panchang for each and every place, increasing printing costs etc. Hence, they just make panchang for the one of the city in India. Given that example even the IST remains same for Kashmir to Kanyakumari and from Kutch to West Bengal the festival dates could be very well different. Sankathara chaturthi moon rise time is important, same thing for karwa chauth. Moonrise in New Delhi on a given date is at 19:36 and in West Bengal, Kolkatta is at 19:25 PM. Now tritiya ends at 19:32 PM IST. So Kolkatta will celebrate karwa chauth/sankathara chaturthi on the next day where as people in New Delhi will celebrate on the same day.
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Biggest misconception is “Indian Hindu festivals observance date in the Indian calendar / panchang is applicable for all location in world”. We contact our parents in India to find the festival observance dates. Some use their favorite Panchangam brought from India to find an observance date for an Indian festival. In reality observance dates from Indian Panchangam is valid only in India and is not transferrable to other locations. If the earth is flat we can use Indian calendar everywhere in the world. If the earth is flat then Sun & Moon will rise all places at the same time, and no need of time zones and hence Indian Panchangam can be used everywhere in the world but the trouble is the earth is round and the Sun does not rise at the same time, or set at the same time all over the world. Additionally, we have time zones and time differenes. Due to the time zones/differences there is another misconception that as USA/Canada and Europe is behind in time then Festival will come a day later in USA/Canada and Europe. This is absurd. One needs to learn mathematics to remove the confusion. If Seattle/Vancouver/California is 13 hours 30 minutes behind Indian Standard Time and say an event is occurring in India (For example One day International Cricket match at 8 AM in India then will it be the previous day in USA/Canada or the next day? If you think next day then it is not a live telecast. It is just a relay. To arrive the time you’ll subtract 13 hours 30 minutes from 8 AM. Which gives 6 hours 30 PM the previous day in USA/Canada. Same rule is applied here. Tithis, Nakshatras, Yoga and Karana ends at the same instance all over the world (Like any celestial event). After having tithi and nakshatra endtimes, the rules used to determine festivals in India are applied for overseas panchangam. This requires extensive knowledge of Panchangam Agama (Shastras) with mathematical knowledge to calculate Tithi, Nakshatra, Yoga and Karana, Day (Vaar) and Local factors like Sunrise, Sunset, Moonrise, and Moonset. Hence, sometimes festivals may appear on the same day as India or a day before in the countries west of India. Where as in the countries east of India the festival may appear on the same date as India or a day later.
There is a basic difference between English date and Hindu Date:
The English date and the day (Sunday, Monday, etc.) changes at the midnight. Hindu day (Vaar) also doesn't change at the midnight. But changes at the sunrise, a Hindu day is from one sunrise to another.
The Hindu date or tithi (the festival falls in to) doesn't change at the midnight. o The Hindu date (tithi -- depends on the positions of sun and the moon at any given time) changes anytime as celestial bodies keep moving. o The Tithi duration is the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the moon and the sun to increase by 12°. Hence it varies from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours. It can change anytime
between one Sunrise to another Sunrise. If a tithi ends today at 23:02 it doesn't mean that next tithi will end tomorrow at the same time. It can end at 18:00, 18:09 or 20:27.
Panchangam contains two types of calculations:
Local coordinates like longitude and latitude. (The earth is kinda round and horizon will vary from place to place on earth. Hence these calculation may vary from the place to place.): Sunrise, Sunset, Moonrise, Moonset
Geocentric astronomical phenomenon (The planetary positions will be different for every second) like: (The tithi, nakshatra, yoga and karana are based on this set of calculations): Positions of Sun, Moon etc.
The astronomical phenomenon happens instantly at the same moment on the earth and hence thithis, nakshatra will end at the same time / instance all over the world and we have to convert them to the local standard time. When an astronomical phenomina occurs and it's occurs all over the world at the same instance. One has to converts timings into their respective timezone. The planets don't wait for sunrise or sunset at the particular place. They just keep moving, like earth is moving around the Sun. Hence the distance we call it tithi (quotient or the result of the division = (sun - moon)/12.0) can change at any time. So new thithi can change at 6:00 AM, 6:32 AM, or 11:57 PM or any time during the day. There is no fix tithi ending time like English date and hence they are not associated with the English date.
Planets are calculated from the center of the earth -- Geocentric. Hence, their position at the given time (at the same instance) will be same all over the world (After subtracting the time difference). If we want to observe any celestial event, we need to convert it to our local time, same goes for thithi, nakshatra, yoga and karna positions are same at any given time in the world. So Indian panchang makers convert this to Indian time. The very same say we need to covert it to our time zone for America (PST/PDT, CST/CDT, MST/MDT, EST/EDT). After adding the time difference they'll assign to the resulting English date. Hence, when the calendar is made of India the date they mention is when that tithi will end as per the English date in India. If you take the same date and time use it anywhere in the world as it is then we have a wrong result because of the time difference. The time difference between the India and the London is 5 hours 30 minutes, Time difference between Seattle, WA and India is 13 hours 30 minutes. The planets don't remain static during that time. They keep on moving and hence at the same time. If you add and subtract the time difference from the Indian calendar you'll arrive at the time when that tithi will change in your locality too.
For example: October 17th 2008 the Ashwayuja (Ashwin) Krishna Paksha / Poornimant Kartik Krishna paksha tithi Tritiya ends at 16:39:21 Indian Standard Time, and chturthi starts. That means at 16:00 hours there is tritiya still prevailing in India. Now on October 17th 2008 in Seattle, WA at the 16:00 hours we won't have tritiya at that time. We already have chaturthi started why? a) Planets keep on moving.... 13 hours have passed and the position of sun and moon have changed. So what time Tritiya will end in Seattle? The time difference is 13 hours 30 minutes (with one our day light saving time it gives the difference of 12 hours 30 minutes from IST). So, let's subtract 12 hours 30 minutes from the 16:39:21. That gives us 04:09:21 AM on October 17th. So on October 17th after that time we'll have chaturthi tithi and before we have tritiya. The same way if tithi ends at 8:39 AM on Sept 12 in India it will end at 20:09 PM on Sept 11th in Seattle. The same way Western Australia is 8 hours ahead of GMT and hence the chaturthi will end there at 12:09 PM on Sept 12th. The planets don't wait for appropriate tithi to arrive on some English date at any location in the world. If it really did we won't have any days and nights (If it happens then celestial bodies will remain static in sky). The earth is round and it keeps moving, we have days and nights. It doesn't wait for tithi or festivals to arrive in your timezone. Time never waits for anyone. It goes on. The sun doesn't rise instantly at the same time all over the world Hence we need to convert the tithi, nakshatra, yoga, and karana time to local standard time. After we know what time a given tithi ends it's a time to decide festival dates for each region.
How festivals are determined? Each festival has a different rule, for example: Ganesh Chaturthi. Sankathara chaturthi, Janmashtami, Mahashivaratri, Karwa Chauth, etc. Ganesha chaturthi has to be oserved when the chaturthi tithi is observed during the 3/5th part of the dinmana. The dinmana is the difference of local sunset and the sunrise. The karwa chauth and the sankathara chaturthi the chaturthi tithi must be prevailing during the moonrise time. If one thithi is observed at the moonrise time in India it may or may not be observed during the moonrise time on the same day in the different part of the world. It may be very well observed on the previous day if you are in America or the next day if you are in Japan, Fiji, Australia, or it may very well could be observed on the same day as India, due to different sunrise times, different sunset, moonrise timings and tithi timings requires a separate panchangam for different places. If panchang makers in India cannot prepare printed panchang for each and every place, increasing printing costs etc. Hence, they just make panchang for the one of the city in India. Given that example even the IST remains same for Kashmir to Kanyakumari and from Kutch to West Bengal the festival dates could be very well different. Sankathara chaturthi moon rise time is important, same thing for karwa chauth. Moonrise in New Delhi on a given date is at 19:36 and in West Bengal, Kolkatta is at 19:25 PM. Now tritiya ends at 19:32 PM IST. So Kolkatta will celebrate karwa chauth/sankathara chaturthi on the next day where as people in New Delhi will celebrate on the same day.
वशिष्ठ॥ यशमिन ्पके्ष यत्र काले येन दृग्गशितैक्यि।् दृश्यते तेन पके्षि कुयााशिथ्याशिशनिायि॥् Biggest misconception is “Indian Hindu festivals observance date in the Indian calendar / panchang is applicable for all location in world”. Many people contact their parents to find the observance dates for Indian Hindu festivals. Some use their favorite panchangam from india to find an observance date for an Indian festival. In reality observance dates from indian panchangam is valid only in India and is not transferrable to other locations.
THE INDIAN DATE – TITHI: What is Indian date – Tithi? Why it is different from an English date? Why it is not exactly 24 hours? The Indian date or Tithi is “A lunar day, or the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the Moon and the Sun to increase by 12°. Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours”.This definition clearly says an Indian Tithi is based on the following: Daily motions and celestial longitude positions of the Sun and the Moon. Hence it is a celestial event and they
begin and end at the same instance all over the world. Because longitudes of the Sun and the Moon isn’t local to one particular country. They happen at the same instance. Longitudes of the Sun and the Moon are calculated from the center of the Earth.
The distance between them is measured in terms of degrees of longitudes and maximum degrees in a circle or ellipse is 360 degrees.
Each day is 12 degree distance between the Sun and the Moon. Length of English date is fixed – 24 hours whereas Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in
duration from approximately 19 to 26 hours. This is because the elliptical orbit of the earth and the Moon. Tithis can start and end anytime unlike English date that starts and end at midnight. The start and end times of Tithis are calculated using astronomical formula (for determining longitude
positions of the Sun and the Moon from the center of the earth). These times are usually as per UTC (Universal Time Coordinated – aka GMT).
Time difference to your country is applied to arrive at Tithi start ending times as per your country. When one Tithi ends the next Tithi starts.
FESTIVAL DETERMINATION: Each festival has a unique rule. These rules are written in Sanskrit as a part of dharmashastra or agama. For example one of the rule for the Karwa Chauth is: “The Karwa Chauth celebrated on the 4th Tithi of Ashwin Krishna paksha or Purnimant Karthik Krishna Paksha when the Tithi exists during the Moon rise”. Another rule for Ganesh Chaturthi says: “The Ganesh Chaturthi is observed when the Bhadrapada Shukla Chaturthi Tithi exists during the madhyahana (noon) time”. Likewise different rules exist for each festival. The noon, the midnight and other parts of the day cannot be calculated as per fixed clock time. These are based on local sunrise and local sunset. Hence, a festival observance date calculations requires Tithi begin and end times, Daily local Sunrise and sunset timings, Daily Moonrise and Moonset timings – These are always dependent on longitude, latitude, and altitude. Tithi begin and end times are calculated using the center of the earth using universal time and then later converted to local timezone.
Hence the festival dates you see in Indian calendar prepared in India from your local place is calculated based on your local place’s longitude, latitude. Hence it cannot be used outside of India. Panchangkartas (people who make panchangas) interpret these rules on the panchangas they have prepared using the astronomical formulae. Your pundit who performs puja at your home/temple may or may not know these lengthy rules and/or astronomical formulae, or some websites that show day to day panchang.
TIMINGS LISTED IN THE CALENDAR: The Tithi & Nakshatra times indicate a time when the Tithi or Nakshatra ends. The Panchanga uses the Vedic definition of a day, i.e., A day starts with Sunrise and ends with the subsequent Sunrise. Thus, a Tithi with a time of 29:00 indicates that the Tithi ends past midnight but before the next Sunrise at 5:00 AM (29:00 – 24:00) on the next calendar day. Hence 24:00 means 00:00 hours of the next day, 25:00 means 1:00 AM of the next day, and 29:00 means 5:00 AM of the next day. This is standard time notation for any Panchangam. The time for Sun’s Sankramana is when Sun will enter that rasi or sign on that day. eg. Makara 4:36 means Sun is entering Makara rasi at 4 hour 36 minute. All other times are the ending times. Please refer to the following hour guide to determine when Tithi or Nakshatra end times mentioned in the panchanga. The top row is hours and then the bottom row is what time they get translated to with reference to an English date.
Here if the hour number is greater than 12 it means PM. When the hour number is greater than 23 then it ends on the next English date before sunrise, that means subtract 24 hours from hour to get exact time and take next English date. For example tithi Amavasya ends at 26:36 on 19th March 2015 it means it really ends past midnight of 19th March 2015 but before next day sunrise of 20th March. Here it ends at 2:36 AM on 20th March. I know this is little complex but English Dates don’t exactly map to Hindu Day and Date. Hindu day is from one sunrise to another and Hindu Date don’t start at midnight.
The season occur based on earth’s position around the Sun. This is due to Earth’s
tilt of 23.45 degrees. The Earth circles around Sun with this tilt. When the tilt is facing the Sun we get summer and when the tilt is away from the Sun we get winter. Because of this tilt it seems like the Sun travels north and south of the equator. The Uttarayana is the Sun appearing to move north. The Dakshinayana is the Sun appearing to move towards South. This causes rise to seasons and dependent on equinoxes and solstices.
There is a common misconception that Makara Samkranti is the Uttarayana. This is because at one point in time Sayana and Nirayana Zodiac were same. Every year equinoxes slides by 50 seconds due to precision of equinoxes, giving birth to Ayanamsha and causing Makara Samkranti to slide further. As a result if you think Makara Samkranti is uttarayana then as it is sliding it will come in June after 9000 years. However Makara Samkranti still holds importance in our Rutuals as a Samkranti. All Drika Panchanga makers will use the position of the tropical Sun to determine Uttarayana and Dakshinayana. Hence January 14th isn’t Uttarayana. Actual Uttarayana occurs on December 21st/22nd of every year. Some people observe uttarayana and daskshinayana based on Nirayana positions of sun (although it’s not as per Drik Siddhanta) and we respect that. The same goes for Rutu. Rutus are always observed based on Tropical position of Sun but some observe based on Lunar month and some on Nirayana Sun. We at mypanchang.com are drika panchanga and Tropical positions for Ayana and Ritu as per Drika Sidddhanta. Note: We have used Dharmasindhu for festival determination and others may use other agamas and hence could be a differences in dates.
About myPanchang.com: myPanchang.com is the leading panchang maker providing the most accurate panchagam in English and various Indian languages and panchangam for over more than 394 cities all over the world based on highly accurate driga ganitha or thiruganitha. Most temples in the world rely on myPanchang.com for accurate Panchang data and festival observance times.
For more details please visit http://www.mypanchang.com.
2017 Calendar Acknowledgements Panchangam Data mypanchang.comFestivals & Muhurthas
Calculated by
Pandit Mahesh Shastriji
Panchang Ganitha, Panchang Siddhanti
mypanchang.com Seattle, WA USA
Advisors
Dr. Ramchandra Joisa, Sistla Somayajulu
mypanchang.com World’s leading Panchanga Maker
6696 Main Street Vancouver, B.C. V5X 3H2 604-327-9316 [email protected]
YEAR: DURMUKHI AYANA: UTTARA RITU: SHISHIRA
SOURMANA: DHANUSH – MAKARA
CHANDRAMANA: PUSHYA- MAGA TAMIL: MARGAZHI – THAI
Panchanga by mypanchang.com calculated as per Vancouver, BC, Canada’s Longitude & Latitude.