BIBLIOGRAPHY [Adams, 1954] E. M. Adams. The Fundamentals of General Logic. Longmans , Green & Co., New York, 1954. [Allport, 1958] Gordon W. Allport. The Nature of Prejudice. Doubleday An- chor Book s, Garden City, New York" 1958. [Atherton, 1993] Catherine Atherton. The Stoics on Ambiguity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993. [Atlas, 1989] Jay David Atlas. Philosophy Without Ambiguity: A Logico- Linguistic Essay. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989. [Barth and Krabbe, 1982] E. M. Barth and E. C. W. Krabbe. From Axiom to Dialogue. De Gruyter, New York, 1982. [Barth and Martens, 1977] E. M. Barth and J. L. Martens. Argumentum Ad Hominem : From chaos to formal dialectic. Logique et Analyse, 77-78:76- 96, 1977. [Beardsley, 1950] Monroe C. Beardsley. Practical Logic. Prentice-Hall, New York,1950 . [Beardsley, 1956] Monroe C. Beardsley. Thinking Straight. Prentice-Hall, En- glewood Cliffs, 1956. [Bentham, 1969] Jeremy Bentham. The book of fallacies (1824). In Mary P. Mack, editor, A Bentham Reader, pages 331-358. Pegasus, New York, 1969. [Bertin, 1995] Oliver Bertin. Poor communication cited in ship mishaps . The Globe and Mail, B2, 18 October 1995. [Black, 1946] Max Black . Critical Thinking . Prentice-Hall, New York, 1946. [Blair, 1988] J. Anthony Blair. What is bias? In Trudy Govier, editor, Selected Issues in Logic and Communication, pages 93-103. Wadsworth, Belmont, 1988. [Brinton, 1986] Alan Brinton. Ethotic argument. History of Philosophy Quar- terly, 3:245-257, 1986. [Broad and Wade, 1982] William Broad and Nicholas Wade. Betrayers of the Truth: Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science. Simon & Schuster, New York,1982. 281
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
[Adams, 1954] E. M. Adams. The Fundamentals ofGeneral Logic. Longmans ,Green & Co., New York, 1954.
[Allport, 1958] Gordon W. Allport. The Nature ofPrejudice. Doubleday Anchor Books, Garden City, New York" 1958.
[Atherton, 1993] Catherine Atherton. The Stoics on Ambiguity. CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge, 1993.
[Atlas, 1989] Jay David Atlas. Philosophy Without Ambiguity: A LogicoLinguistic Essay. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989.
[Barth and Krabbe, 1982] E. M. Barth and E. C. W. Krabbe. From Axiom toDialogue. De Gruyter, New York, 1982.
[Barth and Martens, 1977] E. M. Barth and J. L. Martens. Argumentum AdHominem : From chaos to formal dialectic. Logique et Analyse, 77-78:7696, 1977.
[Beardsley, 1950] Monroe C. Beardsley. Practical Logic. Prentice-Hall, NewYork,1950.
[Beardsley, 1956] Monroe C. Beardsley. Thinking Straight. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1956.
[Bentham, 1969] Jeremy Bentham. The book of fallacies (1824) . In Mary P.Mack, editor, A Bentham Reader, pages 331-358. Pegasus, New York, 1969.
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[Brinton, 1986] Alan Brinton. Ethotic argument. History ofPhilosophy Quarterly, 3:245-257, 1986.
[Broad and Wade, 1982] William Broad and Nicholas Wade. Betrayers of theTruth: Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science. Simon & Schuster, NewYork,1982.
281
282 FALLACIES ARISING FROM AMBIGUITY
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Index
'abusive' ad hominem, 228ad populum fallacy, 175apparentia or seeming-correctness,
180contra attitude, 247pro attitude, 247
absence of knowledge, 240accusatory questions, 199ad baculum, 141advertising, 115advice, 94
fabrication of data, 226failure of communicatin, 111, 176fallacy 'within language', 143fallacy dependent on language, 253fallacy of ambiguity, 70, 72, 256fallacy of ambiguous middle, 84fallacy of biased statistics, 235fallacy of composition of and divi-
sion, 274fallacy of figure of speech, 274fallacy of figures, 178fallacy of four terms, 84fallacy of gobbledygook, 182fallacy of hypostatization, 171fallacy of obfuscation, 175fallacy of paronymous words, 165fallacy of relative terms, 54fallacy of special pleading, 134,274false rumours, 188figurative language, 178figurative use of language, 256financial interest, 250flexibility of commitment, 244formal fallacy, 99, 103fraud,226
prejudice, 238presumption, 205probative function, 270problem of deep deception, 62problem of evaluation, 140problem of indentification, 142propaganda, 244public opinion, 196public pressure, 199
quarrelling, 224quaternio terminorum, 84questioning, 217quibbling, 53quotation of a whole passage out of
context, 131
Raymond of Pennafort, 71realistic deception, 72refutation, 74relevant evidence, 187reputation, 195
retraction, 190retraction of commitment, 194
rhetorical element of verbal presen-tation, 152
rigorous dialogues, 114RPD,266rumour, 195, 209
scaremongering tactics, 141scientific argumentation, 226scope of the modal operator, 99secundum quid, 238, 241selective quotation, 142semantic ambiguity, 260seriousness requirement, 78, 97shades of spoken intonation, 152shift, 55slanted discourse, 144slanted point of view, 133small print, 121, 129smoking example, 230sophism, 74sophistical deception, 150sophistical tactic, 11 0speech act, 206staining effect of innuendo, 195staining or sticking effect of gossip,
190standard treatment, 71, 155stereotypes, 239stipulative definition, 75stipulative versus real definitions, 54stress, 121, 125structurally ambiguous sentences, 79style of presentation, 177substantive dispute, 74subtle changes of emphasis, 132suggestion, 121,217suggestive ambiguity, 262
A PRAGMATIC SYNTHESIS
suppression of evidence, 121, 139suspension, 245syntactic ambiguity, 260
tacit inferences, 93technical bias , 236test for ambiguity, 255, 258tolerant of ambiguity, 113tricky tactic , 94tutiorism, 195type of dialogue, 113