Bibliography Works of Fiction Achebe, Chinua, A Man of the People (London: Heinemann, 1966). --, No Longer at Ease (London: Heinemann, 1963). Aidoo, Ama Ata, 'The Late Bud' and 'The Two Sisters' in No Sweetness Here (London: Longman Green, 1970). Aluko, T. M., Chiif the Honourable Minister (London: Heinemann, 1970) . Aniebo, I. N. C., The Journey Within (London: Heinemann, 1974)· Bebey, Francis, The Ashanti Doll, trans. Joyce A. Hutchinson (London: Heinemann, 1978). Chalilu, Bernard P, The Herdsman's Daughter (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1974)' Dipoko, Mbella Sonne, Because of Women (London: Heinemann, 1969) . Djoleto, Amu, Money Galore (London: Heinemann, 1975)' Easmon, Raymond, The Burnt-Out Marriage (London: Nelson, 1967) . Ekwensi, Cyprian, People of the City (London: Dakers, 1954). --,lska (London: Hutchinson, 1966). --, 'Lokotown' in Lokotown, and Other Stories (London: Heinemann, 1966). --, Beautiful Feathers (London: Heinemann, 1971). --, Jagua Nana (London: Heinemann, 1975)' --, Survive the Peace (London: Heinemann, 1976). Emecheta, Buchi, Second Class Citizen (London: Alison & Busby, 1974) . Farah, Nuruddin, From a Crooked Rib (London: Heinemann, 1970). Ike, Chukwuemeka, Sunset at Dawn (London: Harvill, 1976). --, Toadsfor Supper (London: Fontana, 1970). Kahiga, Samuel, The Girlfrom Abroad (London: Heinemann, 1974). Mwangi, Meja, Going Down River Road (London: Heinemann, 1976). 159
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Bibliography
Works of Fiction
Achebe, Chinua, A Man of the People (London: Heinemann, 1966). --, No Longer at Ease (London: Heinemann, 1963). Aidoo, Ama Ata, 'The Late Bud' and 'The Two Sisters' in No
Sweetness Here (London: Longman Green, 1970). Aluko, T. M., Chiif the Honourable Minister (London: Heinemann,
1970) . Aniebo, I. N. C., The Journey Within (London: Heinemann, 1974)· Bebey, Francis, The Ashanti Doll, trans. Joyce A. Hutchinson
(London: Heinemann, 1978). Chalilu, Bernard P, The Herdsman's Daughter (Nairobi: East African
Publishing House, 1974)' Dipoko, Mbella Sonne, Because of Women (London: Heinemann,
1969) . Djoleto, Amu, Money Galore (London: Heinemann, 1975)' Easmon, Raymond, The Burnt-Out Marriage (London: Nelson,
1967) . Ekwensi, Cyprian, People of the City (London: Dakers, 1954). --,lska (London: Hutchinson, 1966). --, 'Lokotown' in Lokotown, and Other Stories (London:
Heinemann, 1966). --, Beautiful Feathers (London: Heinemann, 1971). --, Jagua Nana (London: Heinemann, 1975)' --, Survive the Peace (London: Heinemann, 1976). Emecheta, Buchi, Second Class Citizen (London: Alison & Busby,
1974) . Farah, Nuruddin, From a Crooked Rib (London: Heinemann, 1970). Ike, Chukwuemeka, Sunset at Dawn (London: Harvill, 1976). --, Toadsfor Supper (London: Fontana, 1970). Kahiga, Samuel, The Girlfrom Abroad (London: Heinemann, 1974). Mwangi, Meja, Going Down River Road (London: Heinemann,
1976).
159
160 The Sociology if Urban Women's Image in African Literature
Ngugi, James, A Grain if Wheat (London: Heinemann, 1968). Ngugi wa Thiong'o, 'And the Rains came down' and 'Minutes of
Glory' and 'The Mubenzi Tribesman' in Secret Lives (London: Heinemann, 1975).
--, Petals of Blood (London: Heinemann, 1977). Nicol, Abioseh, 'The Truly Married Woman' in The Truly Married
Woman and Other Stories (London: Oxford University Press, 1965). Njau, Rebeka, Ripples in the Pool (London: Heinemann, 1978). Nwankwo, Nkem, My Mercedes is Bigger than Yours (London:
Heinemann, 1975). Nwapa, Flora, Efuru (London: Heinemann, 1966). Ogot, Grace, 'Elizabeth' and 'The White Veil' in Land without
Thunder (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1968). --, 'The Honourable Minister' and 'The Other Woman' in The
Other Woman (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1976). Okpewho, Isidore, The Victims (London: Longman Green, 1970). Ousmane, Sembene, God's Bits if Wood, trans. Clive Wake (London:
Heinemann, 1976). --, Xala, trans. Clive Wake (London: Heinemann, 1976). Oyono, Ferdinand, Houseboy (London: Heinemann, 1966). p'Bitek, Okot, Song if Lawino (Nairobi: East African Publishing
House, 1966). Rubadiri, David, No Bride Price (Nairobi: East African Publishing
House, 1967). Ruheni, Mwangi, The Minister's Daughter (London: Heinemann,
1975)· Selormey, Francis, The Narrow path (London: Heinemann, 1967). Soyinka, Wole, Kongi's Harvest (Ibadan: Ibadan University Press,
1967) . --, The Interpreters (London: Andre Deutsch, 1972). Zeleza, Paul, 'The Married Woman' in Night if Darkness (Lilongwe:
Popular Publications in co-operation with Likuni Press, 1976).
Other Works
Calder, Jenni, Women and Marriage in Victorian Fiction (London: Thames and Hudson, 1976).
Dinan, Carmel, 'Pragmatists or Feminists? The Professional Single Woman of Accra, Ghana' in Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, 65, XVII (I), 1977.
Bibliography 161
Edwards, Paul, Equiano's Travels (ed) Paul Edwards (London: Heinemann, 1969).
Ha£kin, Nancy and Bay, Edna G. (eds) Women in Africa. Studies in Social and Economic Change (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1976).
Harrell-Bond, Barbara, Modern Marriage in Sierra Leone (The Hague: Moonton, 1975).
jellicoe, Marguerite, 'Women's Groups in Sierra Leone', African Women (London: London University Institute of Education I, NO.2, 1955).
La Fontaine,jean, 'The Free Women of Kinshasa: Prostitution in a City in Zaire', inj. Davis, (ed) Choice and Change: Essays in Honour if Lucy Mair (London: Athlone Press, 1974)·
Little, Kenneth, African Women in Towns (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974).
--, 'A Question of Matrimonial Strategy? A Comparison of Attitudes between Ghanaian and British University Students', Journal if Comparative Family Studies, VII, NO.1, 1976.
Mutiso, G.-C. M. Socio-Political Thought in African Literature, Weast? (London: Macmillan, 1974).
Obiechina, E. Culture, Tradition and Society in the West African Novel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975).
Oppong, Christine, Marriage among a Matrilineal Elite (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974).
Southall, A. W. and Gutkind, Peter, Townsmen in the Making (Kampala: East African Institute of Social Research, 1957).
Thompson, Patricia, The Victorian Heroine (London: Oxford University Press, 1956).
Index Achebe, Chinua,
appeal of, to Western and African audiences, 5-6; Arrow of God: 5; ideology of, 4;
A Man of the People: Akilo, Mrs Agnes, 13, 12 I, 124;
as source material, problems of using, 3-7; audience for, ix, 5--6, 154; centred on traditional village life,S; eighteenth century, ix; image of women in, see image; importance for everyday life, ix, 152-3; markets for, ix, 4-5; rolecategories derived from, 7, 8; sociological information gleaned from, ix-x, 7, 8, 153-7; volume of, ix; Western models used in, 4; see also authors, characterisation
Aidoo, Ama Ata, The Late Bud':
Maami, 74-5, 138; Yaaba, 74-5, 138
The Two Sisters': Mensar-Arthur, 13-14, 124-5;
Mercy, 13-14, 121, 124-5, 150; the taxi-driver, 14, 125
Akilo, Mrs Agnes, 13, 12 I, 124 Aluko, To Mo,
Chiif the Honourable .'Ilinister: Alade Moses, 9, 10, 28, 102, I 17,
123-4; Bose, 9, 28, 29, 127-8, 156; Franco-John, 101-2, 146; Gloria, 9-10, II, 28, "7, 121, 123-4, Lola, I 17; the mistress, 101-2, 146
Amadi's mother, 69-70, 138 Aniebo, I. No Co,
The Journey Within: Christian, 30, 3 I, 32-5, 129-30,
anthropology, case-studies in, ix, 7; interest in status
of women, I; participant observation in, 2; role of informant in, 2-3; value ofliterature for, ix-x
authors, Achebe's view of mission and duty of,
4; artistic and creative abilities of, 1-2,3,4; as informants, 2-3, 152-3; credibility of, 2, 7, 152-3; economic motives of, 4-5,
Index
authors (eontd.) I SS; female reactions to male, 2; lbo, ix; ideological motives of, 4; interpretation of motives of, 3-4, 6-7; lack of experience of, 4; need for female, I S8; personal motives of, 4-S; related to contemporary scene, 1-2, 4; status of African, 4-S; writing for African audience, S
148; Spio, I I I bibliography, IS9-61 Bose, 9, 28, 29, 127-8, IS6 Britain,
market for African literature in, S; social life in Victorian, I, I S3-4, IS7
business women, absence of, IS4, IS7
Calder, Jenni, I, 161 carls),
as status symbol, 14; as the man, 14; 'free' women's attraction for, 61,64, 136; given to good-time girl, 20; good-time girls' attraction for, 14, 12S; wives' attraction for, 48
case-studies, based on urbanisation, 2, 8; from
literature, ix-x, 7-8; in anthropology, ix, 7
Chahilu, Bernard P., The Herdsman's Daughter:
Embenzi, I16-q; Lusala, I16, I I 7; Mahagama, II 6-I 7
characterisation of African women, as case-studies, 7-8; authenticity of,
2, 7, IS2-3; conclusions on, 149-S8; consideration of, 12 1-48; distortion of, 4, 6-7; feminist reaction to, 2; influence of, 2, 7; interpretation of, 7,8; of court-
esans, 76-89, 138-44; of 'free' women, S3-67, 134-7; of girlfriends, 7, 9-13, IS-19, 24-S, 121-4; of good-time girls, 7, 13-IS, 16, 19-24, 2S-7, 121-2, 124-7; of mothers, 68-7S, 137-8; of 'political' women, 9S-109, 144-8; of prostitutes, 89--g4, 142-4; of wives, 28-S2, 127-34; of workers, 109-20, 148; overdrawn, sociological significance of, 7; role-categories derived from, 8; selection of, based on urbanisation, 2,8; 'true to life', 7, IS2-3
children, child-bearing and, 58, 134, 135, 150-1; choosing men, 61-2, 63, 135-6, 139; conclusions on, 150-1 convention, rebelling against, 53, 55, 58, 60, 63, 134-5,136, 150; defined, 134;education of, 53, 55, 134, 137; emancipation as aim of, 53, 55, 60, 66, 137, 151; escapism of, 53-5, 60; freedom, search for, 54, 57, 59-60,61,62, 67, 135-6; freedom and urban characterisation, 67, 135-6; high life and enjoyment, 61-2, 63, 65, 136; idealism of, 54, 62, 63, 64, 65, 136; illiterate, 58, 135; impersonal attitude towards men, 53, 55, 56, 60, 6 I, 66, 134-5; independence, desire for, 55, 56, 60, 61,62,64-5,134,136,137,15 1, 152; intertribal relations, attitude towards, 54, 62-3; marriage, deciding against, 53, 55, 58, 134, 135; marriage for status and protection, 53, 58; marriage, uncertainty about, 56, 59; masculine traits in, 152; masculinity, admiration of male, 56-7, 63, 64, 135; materialism of, 62, 63, 136; personality, desire to develop, 59-60, 136-7; polygamy, views on, 53, 54, 137; pregnancy of, 57, 59,60,64,66,
Index
137; rebelling against traditional female roles, 134, 150-1; relations with native community, 54-5, 62, 137; religious background and, 65-6, 67, 135, 137; remaining single, 53, 54, 66, 67, 135, 150; role-category of, 7, 53-67; romantic ideal of, 53, 55, 66, 137; rural background of, 56, 58, 60, 66, 135; self-assurance of, 6 I, 135-6; social ambition of, 62, 63; sophistication of, 58, 60, 63, 65, 66, I 13, 135; urban life, ignorance of, 66, 137; urban life, problems of accommodating to, 6L, 64, 135; Western influence on, 53, 55, 62, 137
Gikere's mother, 2 I, 68-9, 126, 138 girl-friends,
affianced, 10, I I, 24, 121, 122; as mistresses, 9, 12-13, 15, 121, 122-3; as status symbols, 9, 13, 123; as stronger characters than men, 10, I I, 149; becoming friend offamily, 12-13,29,124; capacity to attract male admiration, 9, I I, 17, 123; characterisationof, 7,9-13,15-19,24-5, 121-4;
conclusions on, 149; conflict with family loyalty, 12-13, 17-18, 123, 124; conflict with political loyalty, 19, 122; contemplating marriage, 10-12, 24-5, 121, 122; depth of feeling of, 123; dilemmas of, 19, 122; dilemmas of boy-friends, 10-1 I, 12, 15-
16; distinction between goodtime girls and, 9, 12 I -; dress of, 9; education of, I I, 13, 15, 17, 24, 149; equality in interaction with men, 10, 11-12, 13, 17, 18, 12 I, 123, 149; femininity of, 152; financial independence of, I I, 18, 149; glamour of, 9, 123; idealism of, 24; illiterate, 15, 123, 149; legal wives contrasted with, 9; married lovers returning to wives, 12, 17, 123, 124; occupational status of, 9, 10, I I,
12, 13, 15, 17, 24, 122, 123; personality of, 10, I I, 17; platonic friendship, I I, 122, 149; pregnancy of, 10, 15-16, 122, 149; role-category of, 7, 9-13, 15-19, 24-5, 121-4; sex relationships of, 9-10, 13, 12 I, 149; sophistication of, 9-10, 16; understanding of men, 10, I I,
image of African women, absence of business, professional, and
public service women, 154, 157; accuracy of, 153-4; and 'real life', 7, 152-3; attitudes towards men, 152; compared with image of Victorian women, I, 153-4, 157; components of over-all [52; definitive place in community, 152; double standard of sexual morality, 156-7; femininity of, 152; independence, desire for, 152-3; male audience influencing, 154; male sexual prowess and, 155; motives for condoning infidelity, 156-7; psychological self-sufficiency, 152; relaxed attitude towards sex, 152; shortcomings of, 154, 157-8; significance of, 2, 7, 8, 152-3; social attitudes reflected in, 2, 7, 154; sociological research confirming, 153; sociology of, 8; space devoted to sex, 154-5; women's motives in, 155-6
independence, desire for, 152-3; financial, I I, 13,
14, 152-3; lack of financial,
Index 169
among good-time girls, 13, 20, 149; of courtesans, 78-9, 139-40, 151, 152; of 'free' women, 55,56,60,61,62,64-5, 134; of girl-friends, I I, 18, 149; of prostitutes, 142
of, 3, 152-3; in anthropological research, 2-3; in sociological research, 2, 3, 6-7; literary situation and, 3-4; motives of the author, 4-5
introduction, 1-8
Jagua Nana, acting as a prostitute, 139, 140, 151;
as a business woman, 76, 77, 78; as a courtesan, 76-8 I, 139-40, 155; as a 'political' woman, 104-6,146; as an urban character, 76, 79; character of, 81; compared with Madam Obbo, 81, 82, 140; compared with Moll Flanders, 78; compared with Wanja, 82, 140-1; generous aspect of, 78, 139, 140; independence of, 78-9, 139, 140; masculine streak in, 152; personality of, 79-80, 82, 139-40 ; rural background of, 76, 77, 79, 140 ; social ambition of, 76; values held by, 79-81, 139, 140
as a 'political' force, 97, 98, 101-6, 146-7; as workers, 109-1 I; combining business with pleasure, 102-4, 146-7
marriage, breakdown of, 28-9, 38-9, 40, 42-3,
150; caste forbidding, 10, 122; 'free' women deciding against, 53, 55, 58, 134, 135; 'free' women's uncertainty about, 56, 59; girl-friends contemplating, 10--12,24-5, 121, 122; in church, 32, 34, 35, 127; intertribal, I I, 35-8, 62-3; marrying for status and protection, 53, 58; of good-time girls, 20-2, 23, 126-7; rites, importance of, 127; sexual side of, in modern context, 40-4; sexual side of, in traditional context, 44-52; tribal customary, 39-40, 127; women postponing, 153
Martha, 114-15, 148 masculini ty,
admiration of male, 56-7, 63, 64, 135; traits of, attributed to forceful women, 152, 154;
Mercy, 13-14, 121, 124-5, 150 Meredith, George, I
Miria, 15-16, 121, 123, 149
170 Index
Mom, 110-1 I, 148 mothers,
as son's confidant, 69-70; characterisation of, 68-75, 137-8;
North America, interest in Africa in, ix, 5 Novelists, see authors nurses, nursing sisters, g, 10, I I, 13, 19,
20, 123, 126 Nwankwo, Nkem,
My Mercedes is Bigger than Yours: Gloria, 14-15, 121, 124-5, 155;
Onuma,15 Nwapa, Flora,
Efuru: Efuru, 58, 134-5
Nyokabi, 70-1
Obiechina, E., 88, 161 occupational status,
of girl-friends, g, 10, I I, 12, 13, 15, 17, 24, 122, 123; of good-time girls, 13, 14, 16, 19,21,125,126, 149; of prostitutes in employment, 8g-go, 118-lg; of workers, IOg-20
Odofo, Lamptey, Madam, as a 'political' woman, 102-4, 146-7,
155; as a worker, IOg-1O Ogot, Grace,
'Elizabeth': Elizabeth, 115-16; Mr Jimbo,
115-16 'The Honourable Minister':
Jared, 25, 26; June Ogoo, 25-7, 122, 125-6; Kim Mawanga, 26-7; Wasra, Mrs, 26
Index
'The Other Woman': Anna, 42-4, 130; Jedidah, 43-4,
130; Jerry, 43, 44; Tapulalai, 43,44
'The White Veil': Achola, 24-5, 121, 122; Owila,
24-5 Ogugua,
as a 'political' woman, 101, 146; as a wife, 49-51, 131, 152
choosing lovers, 91, 143; conclusions on, 151; courtesans distinguished from, I 38~9; defined, 76, 138--g; disreputable, 92~4, 151; furthering career, 9 I ~2, I 42~3; getting their own back, 143~4; independence of, 142; lower-scale, 93~4; mechanical attitudes of, 94, 139; methods of procuring, I I 7~18, 119; Mwangi's depiction of, 92~3,
94; personality of, 15 I ; rolecategory of, 7, 89~94, I 42~4; Rubadiri's depiction of, 92~3; self-confidence of, 9 I, 143, 156; self-esteem, desire f~r, 89, 90; sexual elegance of, 143; sexual services for money, 76, 138~9; social ambition of, 91, 142~3;
studies on, 153; treated as nonpersons, 142; wage employment and, 89--g0, 118~19; younger and more attractive, 93
public service women, absence of, 154, 157
Ramatoulaye, 96, 97, 144 Remi,
as a good-time girl, 23~4, 60, 122, 124~5; friendship with Filia, 63, 65, 112
role-categories, ingredients of, 7~8; of courtesans, 76~
89; of 'free' women, 53~67; of girl-friends, 9~13, 15~19, 24~5;
of good-time girls, 7, I 3~ 15, I 9~ 24, 125~7; of mothers, 68~75; of 'political' women, 95~109; of prostitutes, 89~94; of wives, 28~ 52; of workers, 109~20
Rubadiri, David, No Bride Price:
depiction of prostitutes, 92~3;
Lomba, 15, 123; Miria, 15~16, 121, 123, 149
Ruheni, Mwargi, The Minister's Daughter:
Abdul Gana, 18; Ali Kamau, 16, 17; Eunice, 16~17, 66, 121~2,
context of, 1-2; plan of, 7-8; procedure followed, 2-7
Thomson, Patricia, I, 161 traditional roles,
in rural areas, I, 2, S, 10, 1 I; rebellion against, S3, SS, S8, 60, 63, 134-S, 136, 150
urban, areas, 2; conditions and prostitution,
92-4; corruption, 4, 6; influence in rural areas, 8; life, accommodating to, 23, 24, 60, 61, 64, 124, 13S; milieu, attraction for courtesans, 76, 79, 82, 83, 140; problems, Achebe's concern with, S-6; -rural outlook of Wanja, 8, 82-3, 84, 140-1; squalor, 4, 14, 79, 92
Vic, 17-18,39, 121, 122-3, 124
Wambuku, 19, 121, 122 Wanja,
as a courtesan, 92-7, 140-2, I S I , I )6i masculint strtak in, I S'2', revenge motive, 83-4, 85-6, 87, 140-'2, 1 )6; two personaiities of, 140-1,151; urban-rural outlook of, 8, 82-3, 84, 140-1
Western, influence on 'free' women, 53, 5S, 62,
137; literature as a model, 4 Wheatly, Phyllis, iJr Wini,
as a mother, 7S, 137-8; as a prostitute, 90-2, 142-3, lSI
Embenzi, 116-17; Filia, 64, I I 1-14, 148, 151; Konni, 118-19; Lola, 117; Martha, 114-15; Mom, 110-1 I, 148; Odofo Lamptey, Madam, 109; Salimatu, 109-10
combining prostitution and work, I 17-20; conclusions on, 15 I; education and career, 114-15, 148; in offices, 117; rolecategory of, 109-20, 148; secretaries, 109,. I 15- I 6, 153; teachers, 116-17
Yaniya, 12,28--9, 128 Yoruba-Ibo relationships, I I