BIBLIOGRAPHY THE sources for the biography of Bakunin are copious, but scattered and sometimes inaccessible. MANUSCRIPT SOURCES The largest collection of Bakunin manuscripts is the one made by Dr. Max N ettlau of Vienna, which has recently passed into the possession of the International Institute for Social History at Amsterdam. This collection contains, inter alia, all the political manuscripts left by Bakunin at his death. It has not yet been classified or made available to the student. Much of this material was, however, utilised and quoted by Dr. Nettlau himself in a three-volume manuscript biography of Bakunin (1896-1900), of which fifty duplicated and not easily legible copies were presented by him to the principal libraries of the world. (A copy is in the British Museum.) This biography also contains much information obtained by Dr. Nettlau orally from persons who had known Bakunin. A large part of the material contained in these volumes has been reproduced (for the most part in Russian translation) in various works listed below. The manuscripts of a personal character left by Bakunin at his death passed into the possession of his wife. None of them has been published, and it is not known whether they have been preserved. Surviving members of the family vouchsafe no information on the subject. A long letter from Bakunin to Herzen (seep. 293), withheld when the rest of Bakunin's letters to Herzen were published in 1896, remained in the possession of Herzen's eldest daughter. It is presumably among the papers which passed, on her death in 1936, to the Russky Zahranicni Arkhiv at Prague. But no information has yet been issued regarding these papers, which may include other unpublished Bakunin material. The Dresden Staatsarchiv contains all the manuscripts found in Bakunin's possession on his arrest in May 1849, together with a mass of documents relating to his imprisonment and examination in Saxony. Only a small fraction of this material has been published. The Archives of the Ministry of War at Prague contain the diary kept by Bakunin during his imprisonment at Konigstein, and many docu- ments relating to his imprisonment and examination in Austria. The diary and some of the other documents remain unpublished. PUBLISHED SOURCES The most important printed collections of writings of Bakunin are the following: M.A. Bakunin, Sobranie Sochinenii i Pisem, edited by Y. M. Steklov, 4 vols. (Moscow, 1934-6). This collection was designed to contain all 489
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
THE sources for the biography of Bakunin are copious, but scattered and sometimes inaccessible.
MANUSCRIPT SOURCES
The largest collection of Bakunin manuscripts is the one made by Dr. Max N ettlau of Vienna, which has recently passed into the possession of the International Institute for Social History at Amsterdam. This collection contains, inter alia, all the political manuscripts left by Bakunin at his death. It has not yet been classified or made available to the student. Much of this material was, however, utilised and quoted by Dr. Nettlau himself in a three-volume manuscript biography of Bakunin (1896-1900), of which fifty duplicated and not easily legible copies were presented by him to the principal libraries of the world. (A copy is in the British Museum.) This biography also contains much information obtained by Dr. Nettlau orally from persons who had known Bakunin. A large part of the material contained in these volumes has been reproduced (for the most part in Russian translation) in various works listed below.
The manuscripts of a personal character left by Bakunin at his death passed into the possession of his wife. None of them has been published, and it is not known whether they have been preserved. Surviving members of the family vouchsafe no information on the subject.
A long letter from Bakunin to Herzen (seep. 293), withheld when the rest of Bakunin's letters to Herzen were published in 1896, remained in the possession of Herzen's eldest daughter. It is presumably among the papers which passed, on her death in 1936, to the Russky Zahranicni Arkhiv at Prague. But no information has yet been issued regarding these papers, which may include other unpublished Bakunin material.
The Dresden Staatsarchiv contains all the manuscripts found in Bakunin's possession on his arrest in May 1849, together with a mass of documents relating to his imprisonment and examination in Saxony. Only a small fraction of this material has been published.
The Archives of the Ministry of War at Prague contain the diary kept by Bakunin during his imprisonment at Konigstein, and many documents relating to his imprisonment and examination in Austria. The diary and some of the other documents remain unpublished.
PUBLISHED SOURCES
The most important printed collections of writings of Bakunin are the following:
M.A. Bakunin, Sobranie Sochinenii i Pisem, edited by Y. M. Steklov, 4 vols. (Moscow, 1934-6). This collection was designed to contain all
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490 BIBLIOGRAPHY
the letters and other writings of Bakunin hitherto published in Russia or abroad or preserved in the Soviet Union in manuscript. No research abroad has been undertaken for it; and letters and other works originally written in foreign languages appear in Russian translations. The four volumes already published (out of twelve projected) carry us down to 1861. It is understood that two further volumes have been ready for the press for some time. But there is no sign of their early publication, and it is unfortunately doubtful whether this handy edition will be completed.
Pisma M.A. Bakunina k. A. I. Gertsenu i N.P. Ogarevu, edited by M. P. Dragomanov (Geneva, 1896). This was the first published collection of Bakunin's letters and is confined, with one or two exceptions, to letters to Herzen and Ogarev. The originals of most of these letters are in the Russky ZahranilSni Arkhiv at Prague, which has been good enough to communicate to me a few passages in them omitted by Dragomanov. This volume also contains a small and rather arbitrary selection of Bakunin's political writings and some biographical material. It is unfortunately full of minor mistakes due to inaccurate deciphering of Bakunin's handwriting.
Michel Bakounine, (Euvres, vol. i. edited by Max Nettlau; vols. ii.-vi., edited by James Guillaume (Paris, 1895-1913). This collection contains the more important of Bakunin's political writings from 1867 to his death and a few of his previously unpublished political manuscripts. Further volumes of this edition were projected, but never appeared.
Materiali dlya biografii M. A. Bakunina, edited by V. A. Polonsky (Moscow, vol. i., 1923; vol. ii., 1933; vol. iii., 1928). These volumes contain a miscellaneous, but valuable, collection of documents (including many Bakunin manuscripts) drawn from Russian, Saxon, and Austrian official archives, from Dr. Nettlau's manuscript biography, and from more or less inaccessible journalistic sources. They are unfortunately marred by much careless or ignorant copying and careless editing.
Bakuninstudien, by Josef Pfitzner (Prague, 1932). A series of essays on Bakunin's activities in 1848-9 based on thorough-going research in German, Austrian, Czechoslovak, and French archives. Many previously unpublished Bakunin manuscripts are printed in full or in extracts.
Ocherki Osvoboditelnogo Dvizheniya 60kll Godov, by M. K. Lemke (Petersburg, 1908). Contains many letters written by Bakunin from London in 1862 and intercepted by the Russian police, together with an account of the ensuing process.
Important material regarding Bakunin is to be found in the following: M olodye Gody M ikhaila Bakunina, by A. N. Kornilov (Moscow, 1917 ). Gody Stranstviya Mikhaila Bakunina, by A. N. Kornilov (Leningrad,
1925). These two volumes are based on documents from the Premukhino
archives, now in the Institute of Russian Literature at Leningrad, and cover the period down to Bakunin's exile to Siberia in 1857. The full text of Bakunin's letters quoted in them is now available in Steklov's Sobranie Sochinenii i Pisem. But they still contain important material
BIBLIOGRAPHY 491
not published elsewhere, notably letters from other members of the Bakunin family and from the Beyer family. Bakunin's letters subsequent to 1857 which were preserved in the Premukhino archives are printed in the journal Byloe, 1925, No. 3, pp. 49 sqq.
A. I. Gertsen, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii i Pisem, edited by M. K. Lemke, 21 vols. (Petersburg, 1919-25). In addition to Herzen's letters to Bakunin and letters and other works referring to him, this edition contains notes which are full of valuable information for the biographer of Bakunin.
L'Internationale: documents et souvenirs, by James Guillaume, 4 vols. (Paris, 1905-10). Guillaume's reminiscences are a primary source for an important period of Bakunin's career. These volumes also contain quotations from unpublished Bakunin manuscripts in Dr. Nettlau's collection, to which Guillaume had had access, as well as from manuscripts in his own possession, which he subsequently destroyed.
V Pogone za Nechaevym, by R. Kantor (Petersburg, 1922). This useful little brochure contains material from the Russian secret archives relating to the activities of the agent Roman-Postnikov.
The following collection of works or correspondence of contemporaries of Bakunin contains letters addressed to him or letters or other writings referring to him:
Perepiska Stankevicha, edited by A. Stankevich (Moscow, 1914). Belinsky, Pisma, edited by E. A. Lyatsky, 3 vols. (Petersburg, 1914). Arnold Ruges Briejwechsel und Tagebuchblatter aus den Jahren 1825-
1880, edited by P. Nerrlich, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1886). Brieje an und von Georg Herwegh (Stuttgart, 1895). Georg Herweghs Briejwechsel mit seiner Braut (Stuttgart, 1906). K. Marx iF. Engels, Sochineniya, 28 vols. (Moscow, 1928- ). The
now almost complete Russian translation of the writings of Marx and Engels, issued by the Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute, has been used in preference to the still far from complete edition of the original texts in course of publication by the same Institute.
The only biography of Bakunin of any great value (other than Dr. Nettlau's manuscript biography) is one by Y. M. Steklov in four volumes (Moscow, 1920-27). This is not an inspired work. It is frequently deficient in sympathy and understanding; and the canons of Soviet orthodoxy compel the author to take sides with Marx against Bakunin on every issue between them. But it is indispensable to the student, if only as a compilation of the available material; and references to it are given in the footnotes in the present biography wherever the original sources (e.g. Dr. Nettlau's biography or obscure journals) are likely to be difficult of access.
Numerous articles relating to episodes in Bakunin's career have appeared in Russian and German periodicals, and there are scattered references to Bakunin in many memoirs of the period. The titles of these have been cited in full in the relevant footnotes.
INDEX
Afanasiev, 233, 235 Aftonbladet, 290, 292, 305 Agassiz, 121, 234 Agoult, Comtesse d', 132 Aksakov, Konstantin, 180 Alexander I (of Russia), 5, 229 Alexander II (of Russia), 216, 222-3,
229, 240-41, 256, 260, 265-6, 288, 290, 294, 391
Alexis, Tsar (of Russia), 178 Alfonso XII (of Spain), 478 Altenburg, 197 Andrieux, 402, 405 Andrzejkowicz, 181, 187, 206 Anhalt, 165 Annenkov, 150 Appeal to the Slavs, An, 166, 169-70,