Bibliography - Springer978-0-230-27751-9/1.pdf · Bibliography A. UNPUBLISHED P ... between Jawaharlal Nehru and Karan Singh. ... G., ed. Letters to Chief Ministers 1947–1964. 5

Bibliography

A. UNPUBLISHED PRIMARY SOURCES

1. Manuscript Sources

Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi

Subimal Dutt PapersP.N. Haksar PapersMirza Ismail PapersT.N. Kaul PapersT.T. Krishnamachari PapersK.P.S. Menon PapersD.P. Mishra PapersK.M. Munshi PapersR.K. Nehru PapersVijayalakshmi Pandit PapersApa Pant PapersC. Rajagopalachari PapersK.S. Thimayya Papers

National Archives of India, New Delhi

K.M. Cariappa Papers

Asia, Pacific, and Africa Collection, British Library, London

Ali Ahmedshah PapersGeorge Cunningham PapersAmar Devi Gupta Papers

Louis Mountbatten PapersFrancis Mudie PapersRichard Powell PapersPermanent Under-Secretaries’ Papers

Imperial War Museum, London

B.L. Montgomery Papers

Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, London

Hastings Ismay PapersBasil Liddell Hart Papers

National Army Museum, London

Roy Bucher PapersRob Lockhart Papers

School of Oriental and African Studies, London

Frank Moraes Papers

University of Southampton Library, Southampton

Louis Mountbatten Papers

Bodleian Library, Oxford

Paul Gore-Booth PapersHarold Macmillan PapersWalter Monckton Papers

Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge

Malcolm Darling PapersP.C. Garrett Papers

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324 WAR AND PEACE IN MODERN INDIA

2. Official Records

Asia, Pacific, and Africa Collection, British Library, London

IOR L/PS: Records of the Political and Secret Department of theIndia Office

IOR L/WS: Records of the War StaffIOR L/PO: Private [India] Office Papers

The National Archives, London

CAB 21: Records of the Cabinet OfficeDO 35: Records of the Dominion Office and Commonwealth

Relations OfficeDO 196: Records of the Commonwealth Relations Office and

Commonwealth OfficeFO 371: Records of the Foreign OfficePREM 8: Records of the Prime Minister’s Office

US National Archives and Records Administration, Maryland

Record Group 59: Records of the Department of State

National Archives of Australia, Canberra

Series A1838: Records of the Department of External Affairs

3. Oral Testimony

Oral History Transcripts, Nehru Memorial Museum andLibrary, New Delhi

J.N. ChaudhuriB.M. KaulS.S. KheraT.T. KrishnamachariDalai LamaKingsley Martin and Dorothy WoodmanK.P.S. MenonR.K. NehruH.C. SarinDharma Vira

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Interviews

Romesh Bhandari, New Delhi, 9 May 2005Mira Sinha Bhattacharjea, New Delhi, 12 May 2005A.K. Damodaran, New Delhi, 12 May 2005Kuldip Nayar, New Delhi, 13 May 2005Major General D.K. Palit, London, 27 June 2005K. Subrahmanyam, New Delhi, 11 May 2005

B. PUBLISHED PRIMARY SOURCES

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Alam, Jawaid, ed. Jammu & Kashmir 1949–64: Select Correspondencebetween Jawaharlal Nehru and Karan Singh. New Delhi: PenguinViking, 2006

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———. “Memorandum of Conversation of N.S. Khrushchev withMao Zedong, Beijing, 2 October 1962.” Cold War InternationalHistory Project Bulletin 12/13 (Fall/Winter 2001): 262–70

Das, Durga, ed. Sardar Patel’s Correspondence 1945–50. 10 vols.Ahmedabad: Navjivan, 1971–4

Fursenko, Aleksandr, ed. Prezidium TsK KPSS 1954–1964: ChernovyeProtokolnye Zapisi Zasedani, Stenogrammy, Postanovleniia. Moscow:Rosspen, 2003

Gandhi, Gopalkrishna, ed. Gandhi is Gone. Who Will Guide Us Now?Sevagram, March 1948. Delhi: Permanent Black, 2007

Gopal, Sarvepalli, ed. Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, 1st series.15 vols. New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1972–82

Gopal, Sarvepalli, Ravinder Kumar, H.Y. Sharada Prasad, A.K.Damodaran, and Mushirul Hasan, eds. Selected Works of Jawa-harlal Nehru, 2nd series. 37 vols. New Delhi: Jawaharlal NehruMemorial Fund, 1984–. In the process of publication

Lakhanpal, P.L., ed. Essential Documents and Notes on Kashmir Dispute.New Delhi: International Books, 1965

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Power 1942–7. 12 vols. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office,1970–83

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Parthasarathi, G., ed. Letters to Chief Ministers 1947–1964. 5 vols.New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, 1985–9

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John Garver. “Review Essay: India, China, the United States, Tibet,and the Origins of the 1962 War.” India Review 3, no. 2 (April2004): 171–82


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Guha, Ramachandra. “The Challenge of Contemporary History.”Economic & Political Weekly (28 June 2008): 192–200

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Hoffmann, Steven. “Rethinking the Linkage between Tibet and theChina–India Border Conflict: A Realist Approach.” Journal ofCold War Studies 8, no. 3 (Summer 2006): 165–94

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Index

Abbas, Ghulam, 103, 127, 129–30Abdullah, Sheikh Mohammed

Abbas and, 103, 129–30, 138accession of Kashmir to India, 106,

112, 221, 223Ayub Khan and, in 1964, 313background of, 102Bakshi and, 130, 188, 224Bengal crisis and, 188condominium of India and

Pakistan, 223, 313confederation of India, Pakistan,

and Kashmir, 313Delhi Agreement and, 220–3deposition of Maharaja, demand

for, 220–2dismissal and imprisonment of,

224–5independence, stance on, 118,

127–30, 138, 147, 188,219–20, 222–4

Indian government and, 190,219–20, 222, 224

Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 106,108, 108n22, 111–12, 116–18,126–32, 138, 143–4, 146–7

Kashmir crisis (1951) and, 213land reforms in Kashmir and,

189–90, 219Maharaja and, 102, 108, 147–8,

220

Muslim Conference and, 102National Conference and, 102–3,

188, 220, 223–4Pakistan, relationship with,

106, 113, 116, 127–8, 145,313

plebiscite, stance on, 117–18,127–8, 144

political opponents and 219political outlook of, 103Praja Parishad and, 219–20, 222release from prison, 312rift with Nehru, 219–25standing in Kashmir valley, 147–8,

220, 223Abyssinia, 16Accession of states, India’s policy on,

29, 33–4, 71, 102Acheson, Dean, 206, 215, 217–18Aeronautical and Industrial Research

Corporation, 94Afghanistan, 191, 228Akhnur, 119Aksai Chin, 228–9, 240, 245–9,

252–3, 257, 260–2, 266, 284,286, 288, 315

Alexander, Horace, 129Ali, Laik. See LaikAli, Mohammed, 112, 116, 128, 139,

141, 144Ali, S.M., 250

340 INDEX

All India Congress Committee, 83,182

All Jammu and Kashmir MuslimConference. See MuslimConference

Allahabad, 12America. See United States of AmericaAntonov, Sergei, 253–4Anwar, Khurshid, 106Ardagh, Major General Sir J., 228Article 370, of Indian constitution,

148, 221–2Arunachal Pradesh, 227Assam, 34, 169, 185, 229, 244Attlee, Clement,

Bengal crisis and, 174, 178–80, 183Hyderabad crisis and, 96Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,

126–7, 131, 139–40, 142Kashmir crisis (1951), 205, 208

Auchinleck, Field Marshal Claude,109

Australia, 177–8, 180–1, 202Ayub (Khan), 212, 217–18, 268, 311Ayyangar, N. Gopalaswami, 44, 114,

130, 136, 194, 222Azad, Maulana, 188–9, 223–4,

224n168Azad Kashmir, 189

forces of, 114, 116, 127, 134,145–6

leadership of, 105, 118, 127, 130,132, 137–8, 145, 195

Babariawad, 35, 38–9, 41–2, 47–53,56, 60–1, 63

Bajpai, Sir Girja Shankarbackground of, 21Bengal crisis and, 157–8, 170–1,

177–8, 180, 188China, views on, 233, 235–7Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 112,

127, 135–6, 147

Kashmir crisis (1951) and, 192,205, 216

political outlook of, 21secretary general of ministry of

external affairs, 21Tibet and, 233

Bakshi, Ghulam Mohammedprime minister of Kashmir, 224–5Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 130Kashmir crisis (1951) and, 213independence for Kashmir, 188,

224Baltistan, 114Banerjee, P.K., 290–1Bantwa, 51, 54, 56, 63Baramula, 108–9, 123Beas (river), 196–7Beijing, 23, 237, 239, 243, 245Benediktov, Ivan, 307Bengal, 3, 9, 28, 34, 148, 311–12Bengal crisis, 149–87

aftermath, 185–7Amrita Bazar Patrika and, 168, 172Ansar, role of, 150army, internal use of, 153, 181Australia and, 177–8, 180–2Britain and, 157–8, 165, 170–1,

174, 177–80, 182–4British officers in India and, 163,

169, 179cabinet and, 166, 173–5, 183Cameron’s murder, impact of,

181–2Canada and, 177–80, 182chiefs of staff and, 163, 168–9,

171Congress Party and, 159–61,

165–7, 173–4, 181–2Defence Committee of the Cabinet

(DCC) and, 168–9defence policy and, 155defence secretary (of India) and,

161, 163

INDEX 341

deputy high commissioner of Indiain Dhaka and, 156, 160

editors of Calcutta newspapers and,168, 172

exchange of minorities, 159, 161,169, 170–3, 175, 182n137

external pressure on Pakistan,157–8, 165, 170–1, 174, 178

Hindu Mahasabha and, 150, 152,159, 166, 181, 181n131

joint declaration, 166, 171–2, 174joint fact-finding commissions,

156–8, 162, 164joint tour by prime ministers,

157–8, 160, 162, 164–5, 170Kashmir and, 155, 157–8, 185,

187lessons of, 187Liaquat’s visit to East Pakistan, 176military intervention in East

Pakistan and, 153–4, 159–61,163, 165–6, 166n66, 168–9,172, 175

military mobilization and, 162–3,167–8, 170–1, 176–8, 182, 184

military planning and, 155, 162,168–9

Nehru-Liaquat correspondence,156–7, 159, 164, 166, 170–2,182–3

Nehru-Liaquat pact, 175, 185,187

Nehru’s speech of 23 February1950, 161–2

Nehru’s speech of 3 March 1950,167–8, 170

Nehru’s speech of 17 March 1950,172–4

Nehru’s visits to Calcutta, 168–9,172

origins of, 150, 152, 160Pakistan’s assessment of, 169–70,

175–6, 184

Pakistan’s military and, 162,169–70, 175–7

Pakistan’s strategy, 164–5, 170,176–7

parliament and, 152, 155, 161–2,165, 172–3, 182, 185

Partition (of India) and 152–4,158, 160, 164

press in India and, 153, 163,168–9, 172–3, 176

press in Pakistan and, 155, 165prime ministers’ meeting, 171–2,

178, 182–5proposals advanced by India,

156–7, 162, 166proposals advanced by Pakistan,

156–7, 159, 164proscribing movement of refugees,

157–8, 164, 166provincial governments and, 166public opinion in India and, 153,

155–6, 160, 163–5, 168–9,172, 174, 176, 178

public opinion in Pakistan and,155, 158, 171, 176, 183

refugees, flow of, 150, 152–3,156–7, 161, 165, 167, 169,172, 174, 184

reputational concerns of Pakistan,158–9, 183

resignation, Nehru’s plans for,160–2, 173–4

Socialist Party and, 166, 166n66strategy, 153–6, 161–3, 165,

167, 169, 171, 173, 175,184

Times of India and, 173United Nations (UN) and, 170United States of America (US) and,

157, 168, 170–1, 174, 177,179–80, 182

violence in East Pakistan and, 150,152, 156, 158, 160, 165

342 INDEX

violence in West Bengal and, 150,152–3, 155–6, 165, 181

Benichou, Lucien, 90–1Bhattacharjea, Ajit, 117Bhimbar, 114–15, 134Bhutan, 230, 238Bhutto, Sir Shah Nawaz

appointment as Dewan ofJunagadh, 32

background of, 32Junagadh crisis and, 33, 36–7, 52,

59, 61–2Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 32, 310Bogra, Mohammed Ali, 225–6Bombay, 38, 40, 77, 85–6, 102Bomdila, 305Border Roads Organization, 271Boundary dispute with China,

227–66agreement with China on Tibet,

238, 240–1, 243Aksai Chin and, 228–9, 240,

245–9, 252–3, 257, 260–2, 266Ardagh alignment, 228–9, 240Assam Himalaya and, 229, 235,

256asylum to Dalai Lama and, 251Bara Hoti and, 243, 245–6, 249Beru Bari judgment and, 262–3Bhutan and, 230, 238Burma and, 244–5, 256Cabinet and, 263Chinese maps, Indian concerns

about, 243–7Chinese claim lines of 1956 and

1960, 266compromise solution, India’s idea

of, 263–5Congress Party and, 258construction of roads by China,

concerns about, 244, 245–6deficit of trust and, 255–7, 261,

263–4, 266

eastern sector, 235, 244–5, 247,255, 259–63

geography of, 227Himmatsinhji Committee and,

235–6, 238, 240historical legacy and, 227–30, 248,

260Indian army, role of, 233–4, 246,

259Indian nationalism and, 256Indian patrolling, 244, 246–7, 257Indian policy on Tibet, China’s

concerns about, 249–52infiltration, Indian concerns about,

233–4, 236, 239, 242–3Intelligence Bureau (IB) and,

245–6irredentism of China, 230, 233,

236–9, 257, 261Jan Sangh and, 262Kongka Pass, clash at, 257, 260Longju, clash at, 252MacDonald alignment, 228–9, 240McMahon Line and, 229–31,

234–8, 244–5, 247, 252, 255,257, 259, 261–2

middle sector, 243–6, 249negotiations with China, 236–7,

239–40, 242–4, 246–7, 249,252–3, 260

Nehru-Zhou correspondence,246–9, 255–6, 259, 261

Nehru-Zhou talks of June 1954,241–2

Nehru-Zhou talks of October1954, 243, 247

Nehru-Zhou talks of January 1957,245, 247, 249

Nehru-Zhou talks of April 1960,261, 264–5

Nehru’s directive of July 1954,242–3

Nepal and, 230

INDEX 343

new maps issued by India, 240,242–3, 247

North East Frontier Agency(NEFA) and, 227, 236, 239,247, 253, 256–7, 259–60

official correspondence, 246–7,252

officials’ meeting and report, 266package deal involving Ladakh and

NEFA, option of, 261–6parliament and, 252–3, 255–6,

258–60, 262–3press in India and, 252, 257–8,

258n90, 262public opinion in India and, 253,

257–8, 260, 262, 264reputation for firmness, India and,

233, 235, 239–40, 256, 264securing the boundary and 233–6,

238, 241–4, 259security concerns of India, 256–7Sikkim and, 230, 238Simla Conference of 1914 and,

229–30, 235, 238Soviet Union and, 253–4, 254n78,

255, 261status quo and, 248–9, 255, 259Tawang and, 230, 235Tibet and, 229–30, 233–8, 245,

249–52, 256Uttar Pradesh government and,

239, 241western sector, 240, 244, 246–9,

252–3, 255–7, 259–60, 261–3white paper and 253withdrawal of troops and 259–60Xinjiang-Tibet road (through Aksai

Chin), 245, 245–7, 252–3, 260Britain, 16–17, 19, 47

Bengal crisis and, 157–8, 165,170–1, 174, 177–80, 182–4

grand strategy in South Asia, 125,190

Hyderabad crisis and, 67–8, 71Junagadh crisis and, 42Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 115,

122, 125–31, 134, 138–9,141–4

Kashmir crisis (1951) and, 190,192, 194, 199–201, 203, 205,207–8, 210–12, 214, 216

Kashmir negotiations of 1962–3and, 310

Bucher, General RoyHyderabad crisis and, 80, 85Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 115,

124, 132, 134–5, 135n129,136, 142–3

Bunker, Ellsworth, 250n61Burma, 244, 256

Cabinet, 23–5Bengal crisis and, 166, 173–5boundary dispute with China, 263China crisis and, 287Hyderabad crisis and, 31, 70, 76,

84, 88, 91–3Junagadh crisis and, 36, 38, 39–40,

45, 49–50, 55, 62Kashmir crisis (1947–8), 122, 147

Cabinet Mission, 28Cabot, John, 289–90Cairo, 23Calcutta, 152–3, 156, 168Cameron, A.L., 181, 182n137Canada, 129, 147, 177–80, 205Cariappa, General K.M., 133, 193–4,

217Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),

214, 250Chaudhuri, Major General J.N., 85,

133Chen, Yi, 284, 286, 288, 290–1Chenab (river), 140–1, 189, 226Chhatari (nawab of ), 68, 71–3, 75Chiang, Kai-shek. See, Jiang Jieshi

344 INDEX

Chiefs of Staff Committee, 23, 85,278–9

China crisis, 267–309army and, 267–9, 271–4, 277–8,

284–5, 292–3, 294–7, 300–1,303–4

Assam Rifles and, 267balance of payments and, 278build-up of forces, 271–3, 276,

277n36, 285, 292Burma and, 283cabinet and, 287Congress Party and, 279chiefs of staff and, 272–3, 278–9,

282–3, 305China’s decision to attack, 291–2,

298–9, 301, 304China’s strategy, 285, 289–90,

298–9Chinese patrolling towards 1960

claim line, 271, 273, 275, 285Chip Chap valley incident (1961),

273–4Chip Chap valley stand-off, 286civil-military relations and, 268–9,

271, 277, 296, 301, 304–5Communist Party of India and,

307Cuban missile crisis and, 301–2,

309defence policy and, 278, 309–10diplomacy, 283–4, 286–8, 290–1,

299, 306forward policy, 273–7, 277n36,

283–5, 287, 291–3, 296,298

Galwan valley stand-off, 287Great Leap Forward, failure of,

284, 292, 298Indian patrolling, 271–2Intelligence Bureau (IB) and, 271,

273–5, 277–8Jan Sangh and, 294

Joint Intelligence Committee and,278

Kashmir and, 309–10Khrushchev-Nehru

correspondence, 306–8Laos accord and, 288–9logistical problems, 270–3, 276,

285, 293, 295military intelligence and, 270, 279military operations (October–

November 1962), 304–5, 308military planning, 268, 270–2,

294–5, 297–8, 300–1, 303–4official correspondence, 291, 296,

299Pakistan and, 309–10parliament and, 275, 277, 283,

291press in India and, 287, 291, 294,

301public opinion in India and, 283,

290–1, 294, 298, 304Sino-Soviet relationship and,

280–2, 298–300, 302–3, 307–8Soviet Union and, 280–2, 288,

290, 299–303, 306–9strategy, 270, 274, 276, 277n36,

279–80, 282–3, 293–4, 297–8,300–1

Swatantra Party and, 294Taiwan and, 285, 289–90Tawang, withdrawal from, 305Thagla ridge stand-off, 293–8,

300–1, 303–4Tibet and, 291, 298“the three reconciliations and the

one reduction,” 284, 288, 296United States of America (US) and,

280, 285, 289–90, 307–10unilateral ceasefire by China, 308war with China, Indian

expectations and, 270–2, 276,278–80, 282–3, 286, 295–6

INDEX 345

Western military supplies to India,307, 309

withdrawal of troops, 283–4, 286,288, 291

Zhou’s three point proposal,306–7

China, Republic of, 130Chittagong, 177Cold War, 1, 17, 125Commonwealth, 68, 70, 73, 125–6,

139, 179–80, 189, 199,212–13, 294

Communist Party of India (CPI), 95,307

Congo, 5Congress Party, 12, 15, 154

Bengal crisis and, 159–60, 165–7,173–4

boundary dispute with China and,258

China crisis and, 279Hyderabad crisis and, 65, 67, 83Junagadh crisis and, 28–9, 33, 38Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,

102Cotton, Sydney, 94, 94n115Crocker, Walter, 282Cunningham, Sir George, 106, 109,

111–12Czechoslovakia, 16

Dalai Lama, 249, 251Dange, Shripad, 307Dasgupta, C., 47, 115, 124,

135n129Defence Committee of the Cabinet

(DCC)Bengal crisis and, 168–9British officers in, 24creation of, 23, 46–7Hyderabad crisis and, 84–6, 96Junagadh crisis and, 49, 52–5,

56–7, 59–61

Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,107–8, 108n22, 110, 114, 119,121–2, 133

Dehra Dun, 88Delhi, 73–4, 82, 92–3, 108n22,

110–11, 116, 182–4, 207, 209Demchok, 241–2Deng, Xiaoping, 271, 284Desai, M.J., 22, 273–4, 276, 295–6Desai, Morarji, 38, 263Dewan (of Junagadh). See BhuttoDhaka, 152, 156, 160, 165Dhebar, U.N., 39–40Dixon, Sir Owen, 147, 181, 187,

188–9Domel, 58, 107, 132–3, 135Dras, 135, 142Dutt, Subimal, 22, 200, 250n61

East Bengal. See East PakistanEast Pakistan, 3, 9, 150, 152–3,

156–60, 162, 164, 167, 169,171, 176, 185, 196, 198, 250,311

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 144Elmhirst, Air Chief Marshal Thomas,

163

Foreign Affairs Committee, 23–4,273

France, 16–17, 71, 212–13

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand(Mahatma), 12, 15–16, 40, 78,101, 160

Gandhi, Samaldas, 40, 62Geneva, 137–8, 288Gilgit, 114, 130, 132, 139–41Goa, 5, 18Gopal, Sarvepalli, 1, 98, 145, 238,

260Gracey, General Douglas

Bengal crisis and, 170, 175–6

346 INDEX

Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 109,133–5, 143

Grafftey-Smith, Sir Laurence, 178–9Graham, Frank, 189, 194–5, 197,

201, 204, 211, 214–17Gromyko, Andrei, 286Gujrat, 119, 122Gundevia, Y.D., 310Guomindang, 236, 249–50, 289Gurdaspur, 103

Hall, Rear Admiral J.T.S., 42Henderson, Loy, 180Himachal Pradesh, 227Himmatsinhji Committee, 235–6,

239–40Hindu Mahasabha, 150, 152Hyderabad, 3, 4, 9, 18, 26, 28, 101

accession to India, 29–30, 67–8,72

administrative and securitystructures of, 65, 93

attacks on Muslims after Indianinvasion, 98–9

desire for independence, 29, 44,67

political geography of, 65Hyderabad crisis, 65–100

aftermath, 98–100accession, India’s calls for, 76, 78,

80–1, 83, 86–7, 89, 91armaments, Hyderabad’s

procurement of, 77, 94–5Britain and, 67–8, 71, 96cabinet and, 31, 70, 76, 84, 91–3chiefs of staff and, 85clashes between Indian and

Hyderabad forces, 85–6, 97communal situation, India’s

concerns about, 71, 75, 77–80,85, 87, 89–91, 95–7

Communist Party of India (CPI)and, 95

Defence Committee of the Cabinet(DCC) and, 84–6, 96

deployment of forces, 84–5diplomatic exchanges, 80–2, 98economic blockade, 69, 77, 81, 89,

94France and, 71general staff and, 80, 85Ittehad-i-Muslimeen (Ittehad) and,

69, 70–1, 73–5, 78–84, 89–90,93, 95

Jinnah’s calculations, 67, 69Jinnah-Mountbatten meeting, 74Junagadh and, 68, 76Kashmir and, 74–7, 80, 88, 90, 93,

96–7military action, 98military calculations of Hyderabad,

86, 93military planning, 80, 84–6, 90military preparations by

Hyderabad, 93–4Nehru’s meetings with Hyderabad’s

representatives, 81–3, 86, 88, 90Nizam-Monckton correspondence,

68–9, 76Nizam-Mountbatten

correspondence, 67–8, 70,72–3, 75–6, 81–4

Operation Polo, 80, 84–6, 98Pakistan and, 68–70, 73–5, 77–9,

85, 90, 94–6plebiscite, option of, 87–91plebiscite and state government

reforms, 89–93proclamation of independence by

Nizam, 67provincial governments and, 77,

80–2, 85, 97public opinion and, 77, 79, 81,

94–7Razakar and, 77–8, 81, 83, 86,

91–2, 95, 97–8

INDEX 347

state government reforms, 77–9,81–4, 86

standstill agreement, 73–5, 76–80strategy, 84, 88, 90, 94, 97treaty with India, 68, 70, 72–3,

86–9United States and, 70, 96United Nations (UN) and, 76, 91,

96–8Hyderabad State People’s Congress,

65, 79, 83

Iftikharuddin, Mian, 105, 129–30India, 5, 7, 9, 27–8, See also specific

topicsIndian Civil Service, 7, 21, 29Indian National Congress. See

Congress PartyInstrument of Accession (of Kashmir),

108, 108n22, 148Intelligence Bureau (IB), 24–5,

245–6, 271, 273–5, 277–8International Red Cross, 162, 164Ismail, Mirza, 86Ismay, General Hastings, 41, 45–6,

60, 110, 116Ittehad-i-Muslimeen (Ittehad), 65, 69,

70–1, 73–5, 79–83, 89–90, 93,95

Ivelaw-Chapman, Air MarshalRonald, 169

Jammu, 103, 108n22, 114, 118–19,121, 123, 132, 140–2, 189,219–20, 222, 226

Jammu and Kashmir. See KashmirJammu and Kashmir Division, 114Jan Sangh, 222, 262, 294, 313Japan, 16Jha, Prem Shankar, 108n22Jhangar, 115, 123–4, 132Jhansi, 168Jhelum, 115, 119, 122, 134, 142

Jiang, Jieshi, 285, 289Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, 8

Hyderabad crisis and, 67–70, 72,74–5

Junagadh crisis and, 32–3, 34–5,37, 43, 50, 59–61

Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 103,106–12, 119–21, 126, 133

princely states and 28, 34–5, 43,60–1, 67, 110–11

Jodhpur, 28Johnson, W.H., 228Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC),

24, 278–9, 279n45Joint Intelligence Sub-Committee,

23–4, 89–90Jones, Harvey, 59, 63Junagadh (princely state of ), 3, 4, 9,

23, 101, 125Junagadh crisis, 27–64

accession to India, 29, 31–2accession to Pakistan, 31–6, 42–3,

62Babariawad and, 35–6, 38–9,

41–2, 47–53, 56–7, 60–1,63

Bantwa and, 51, 54, 56–7, 63Bombay government and, 38Britain and, 42cabinet and, 36, 38, 39–40, 45,

49–50, 55, 62chiefs of staff and, 41–2, 44–6,

52–3, 57Congress and, 38–9Defence Committee of the Cabinet

(DCC) and, 46–7, 52–3, 56–7,59–61

deployment of forces, 36, 39,41–2, 44, 48–9, 59–60

diplomacy, 43–4, 50, 52–3, 55–6,60–2

economic blockade, 33, 53, 59Exercise Peace, 57

348 INDEX

Harvey Jones’ mission to Pakistan,59, 63

Hyderabad and, 33, 43, 48–9, 61,63–4

India’s proposal for referendum,34, 37–8, 42–3, 49, 51, 53–4,56–62

strategy, 47–9military operations, 61–2military planning, 42, 44–5,

46n53, 49, 52–3, 57–8public opinion and, 48Jinnah’s initial calculations, 34–5,

37Jinnah-Mountbatten meeting,

60–1Kashmir and, 34–5, 49, 51, 54, 58,

60–1, 63–4Kutyana and, 61Manavadar and, 38, 57, 63Mangrol and, 38–9, 41–3, 47–53,

56–7, 60–1, 63Nawab flees to Karachi, 59Nawagadh and, 61Nawanagar and, 35–6Nehru-Liaquat correspondence,

33–4, 42, 51, 53–4, 55–8,62–3

Nehru-Liaquat meeting, 50, 52Pakistan’s military capability and,

35, 37, 41, 50–1, 52, 59plebiscite, outcome of, 62–3political geography of Kathiawar,

31–2provisional government and,

39–41, 53, 59, 61–3Sardargarh and, 51, 54, 56–7, 63United Nations and, 44, 46n53,

48–9, 62United Nations Security Council

and, 63

Kak, Ram Chandra, 106

Karachi, 31, 32, 59, 69, 94–5, 143,206

Kargil, 135, 142Kashmir, 2–4, 9, 10, 26

Abdullah’s imprisonment, 224–5accession to India, 29, 31, 58, 102,

106–7, 148, 213, 221accession to Pakistan, 102administrative structures of,

103Anglo-American interests in, 125,

189arbitration of dispute, 146–7, 189,

206Article 370 of Indian constitution

and, 148, 221–2autonomy of, 148, 220–1Bengal crisis and, 155, 157–8, 185,

188commonwealth, mediation and,

189contingency military plans for, 148,

193, 196constituent assembly of, 144–5,

148, 188–90, 192, 196,198, 203–4, 213–14, 217,219

creation of the state, 101Delhi Agreement and, 220–2demilitarization after ceasefire,

146–7, 189, 216Dixon’s attempt at mediation,

188–9Graham’s attempt at mediation,

189holy relic, theft of, 311independence, option of, 102,

118, 127–31, 138, 147, 188,219–20, 222–4

Maharaja, position of, 102, 147–8,220

McNaughton, and, 147Mookerjee and, 222, 224

INDEX 349

Muslims in India and, 101, 188,223

negotiations of 1962–3, 310Nehru and Abdullah’s attempt at

resolution (1964), 312–13partition, 118, 136, 138–41, 145,

310, 313partition-cum-plebiscite, 130,

139–41, 147, 188–9, 223,225–6, 313

plebiscite, 34–5, 49, 51, 54, 58,60–1, 107, 109–13, 116–18,120, 126, 129, 131, 135–41,143–6, 188–9, 192, 206, 213,223, 225–6, 313

political geography of, 101, 136political parties in, 102–3, 105Praja Parishad agitation, 219–20rift between Nehru and Abdullah,

219–25standstill agreement with Pakistan,

102strategic importance of, 101, 103,

140–1US-Pakistan alliance and, 226United Nations Security Council

resolutions on, 131–2, 136–7,139–40, 143–5, 147, 189–90

Kashmir crisis (1947–8), 101–48Abdullah and, 106, 108, 108n22,

111–12, 116, 126–32, 138,143–4, 146–8

accession to India, 107–8, 108n22,109, 111, 132, 148

arbitration, proposal for, 146–7Azad Kashmir forces and, 114,

116, 145–6Azad Kashmir leadership and, 105,

118, 127, 130, 132, 137–8,145–6

Bengal crisis, influence on, 148Britain and, 115, 122, 125–31,

134, 138–9, 141–4, 147

British officers, role of, 115, 124,134–5, 135n129, 143

Boundary Award and, 103ceasefire, 131, 136–8, 143, 146chiefs of staff and, 119–20, 122,

132, 136coalition government and, 116,

127, 131–2, 136, 138, 143constituent assembly election,

option of, 144–5Defence Committee of the Cabinet

(DCC) and, 107–8, 108n22,110, 114, 119, 121–2, 133

demilitarization and, 111–13,116–17, 120, 131–2, 136, 144,146–7

escalation, consideration of, 121–4,142, 145–6

general staff and, 133, 142Gilgit and, 114, 130, 132, 139–41Hyderabad and, 110–12, 116, 132,

135independence, option of, 118,

127–31, 138, 147Ismay-Menon-Mohammed Ali

meetings, 112–13, 116–17Jinnah-Mountbatten meeting,

110–12Jinnah’s assessment of military

situation (October 1947), 109,111

Junagadh and, 110–12, 121, 125Kashmir state forces, 147Menon-Mohammed Ali proposals,

117–21military operations, 108–9,

114–15, 121, 123, 132–5,141–2

military planning, 107, 114–16,119–20, 123–4, 132–3, 135,142

Muslim Conference and, 103,127–9, 132

350 INDEX

National Conference and, 103,117–18, 128, 132, 147

Nehru-Liaquat correspondence,112–13, 119, 137–8

Nehru-Liaquat meetings, 116–17,120, 140

Pakistan’s initial views on accession,103

Pakistan army and, 108–9, 126–7,131–6, 142–4, 146

partition, option of, 118, 136,138–41, 145

partition-cum-plebiscite, option of,130, 139–41, 147

plebiscite, option of, 107, 109–13,116–18, 120, 126, 129, 131,135–41, 143–6

plebiscite administrator, 131–2,143–4

Poonch revolt, 105–6Poonch area, India’s attitude to,

114–15, 117–18, 120, 130,139, 140, 142

strategy, 119, 121–3, 133, 135,142

tribal invasion, 105–10, 114truce agreement, steps towards,

136–7, 144, 146–7United Nations (UN) and,

110–13, 116–17, 120–3, 129,146–7

United Nations Commission onIndia and Pakistan and, 125,131–2, 134–9, 143–6

United Nations Security Counciland, 124–6, 128, 130–2, 140,143, 147

United Nations Security Councilresolution of April 1948, 131–2,137, 139–40, 147

United Nations Security Councilresolution of August 1948,136–7, 140, 143–5

United States of America (US) and,125–6, 128, 142–3, 147

withdrawal of raiders, India’sdemand for, 112, 116, 120

Kashmir crisis (1951), 188–218Abdullah and, 213Anglo-American relations and,

201–2, 211, 214Australia and, 202Bakshi and, 213Bengal crisis and, 199–201, 203Britain and, 190, 192, 194,

199–201, 203, 205, 207–8,210–12, 214, 216

Canada and, 205ceasefire, violations of, 193–5,

200civil defence measures, Pakistan’s

adoption of, 199, 203–4, 206Commonwealth prime ministers’

conference, 201–2, 211, 214constituent assembly, elections to,

190, 192, 196, 198, 203–4,213–14, 217

defence policy and, 193economic sanctions against

Pakistan, option of, 210external pressure on Pakistan,

attempts to invoke, 200–1, 203,208

France and, 212–13Five Year Plan and, 197–8general staff and, 193, 196–7Graham’s mission and, 194–5, 197,

201, 204, 211, 214–17Hyderabad crisis and, 203impact of the crisis on Pakistan,

218India’s concerns, 191–5intelligence inputs, 191–2, 195,

197Junagadh crisis and, 203Liaquat’s assassination, and 216–17

INDEX 351

Liaquat’s five-point proposal,206–7, 209

liberation of Kashmir, calls for,191, 194, 200, 203

“Locarno guarantee,” 211military mobilization, 193, 198,

200, 215military planning, 193, 196–8National Conference and, 190,

213, 215Nehru-Liaquat correspondence,

199–200, 203, 206–7, 209Pakistan army and, 195, 197, 199,

204, 212Pakistan’s assessment of India’s

intentions, 198Pakistan’s strategy, 198–9, 212, 214President (of India) and, 196press in India, 200, 207press in Pakistan and, 191–2, 194,

199, 204, 211, 216public opinion in India and, 204,

208–9public opinion in Pakistan and,

191, 197–8, 200, 204, 206,209–11, 215–16

refugees, influx of, 196reputation, Pakistan’s concern with,

198, 200, 206, 209reputation, India’s concern with,

208sanctions on India, 212strategy, 193, 197–8, 200, 202–3,

208–10United Nations and, 197, 200–1United Nations military observers

and, 193–6United Nations Security Council

and, 190, 192, 194, 196,201–2, 213, 215

United States of America (US)and, 190, 192, 194, 199–208,210–11, 213, 216

Karachi, 135, 182–3Karakoram, 247Kathiawar, 31, 32, 35–6, 38–9, 45,

48–9, 51, 55, 59–60Kathua, 141, 310Kaul, Lieutenant General B.M.,

274–6, 278, 286, 293, 297–8,300–1, 303–4, 305–6

Kaul, T.N., 239, 241–2Kaur, Amrit, 166Kennedy, John F., 290, 308Khan, Colonel Akbar, 105Khan, Ayub. See AyubKhan, Liaquat Ali. See LiaquatKhan, Sardar M. Ibrahim, 105, 128Khan, Osman Ali. See NizamKhan, Zafrullah. See ZafrullahKhilnani, Sunil, 13, 16Khrushchev, Nikita, 261

China and, 254–5, 281–2, 300,302–3, 309

Cuban missile crisis and, 302, 309India, attitude to, 254, 282, 309India-China boundary dispute,

254, 281, 300, 302, 306–8military supplies to India and,

299–300, 302–3, 309Nehru, views on, 254, 303Tibet and, 255

Khulna, 150, 153, 158Kishanganga (river), 139Kohala, 114, 133Korean War, 190Kotli, 114–15, 119, 123Kuen Lun, 228Kuomintang. See GuomindangKutyana, 61

Ladakh, 141–2, 189, 219, 227, 235,248, 252–3, 255–6, 259,270–1, 273, 276, 286

Lahiry, Ashutosh, 181n131Lahore, 55, 57, 59–60, 109–10, 117

352 INDEX

Laik (Ali), 75, 77–82, 86–8, 91–2Lake Success, 128Lamb, Alastair, 108n22, 112–13, 141Laos, 285, 288–9Lhasa, 238, 244Liaquat (Ali Khan), 10

assassination of, 216Bengal crisis and, 153, 156–9,

164–6, 170–2, 175–6, 179–80,182–5

Dixon’s attempt at mediation and,189

Junagadh crisis and, 33–4, 36, 41,50–1, 55–8, 62–3

Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 103,105, 109–11, 113, 116–17,119–20, 123, 128, 130, 134,136–8, 140–4, 146

Kashmir crisis (1951) and,199–200, 203–4, 206–7, 209,212–13, 215

procurement of arms for Pakistanand, 186, 186n157, 217–18

security guarantees for Pakistanand, 185–6, 190–1

visit to the United States ofAmerica (US), 186, 186n157

Liddell Hart, Basil, 16–18, 280Liu, Shaoqi, 284, 298Liu, Xiao, 302–3Lockhart, General Rob, 41, 45–6London, 140

MacDonald, Malcolm, 263–4Madras, 29, 77, 86Mahajan, M.C., 106Maharaja (of Kashmir), 9

accession to India, 31, 102, 106–7accession to Pakistan, 102character and qualities, 101–2demand for deposition of, 220departs from Kashmir, 148, 219desire for independence, 102

Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,105–7, 108n22, 117–18

Manavadar, 38, 63Mangrol, 38–9, 41–3, 47–53, 56,

60–1, 63Manchuria, 16Manekshaw, Field Marshal S.H.F.J.,

108n22Mao, Zedong

boundary dispute and Tibet, 251,255, 259

China crisis and, 271, 284, 289,298

Marx, Karl, 14Maxwell, Neville, 242, 274n25,

294n116McMahon, Sir Henry, 229McMahon Line, 229–31, 234–8,

244–5, 247, 252, 255, 257,259, 261–2, 288, 292–4, 306,308

McNaughton, A.G.L., 147Meerut, 168, 198Mehta, K.L., 279, 296Menon, K.P.S., 22–3, 236–7, 281–2Menon, V.K. Krishna

background of, 22Bengal crisis and, 165, 183–4character and qualities, 22China crisis and, 273, 275, 277–8,

280, 283, 286, 288, 290,294–5, 300, 304–5

Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 130,147

Thimayya and, 268–9Menon, V.P.

background of, 29Hyderabad crisis and, 68, 73–4,

76–8, 83–4, 86–7, 90–1,99

Junagadh crisis and, 32–3, 36,37–43, 53, 56–7, 59,61

INDEX 353

Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 107–8, 108n22, 110, 112–13, 116,136, 139

Mountbatten and, 29, 139Patel and, 29, 36, 39–40, 73, 91,

139Menzies, Robert, 202Messervy, General Frank, 35, 140Mikoyan, Anastas, 290Ministry of Defence (MoD), 193, 275Ministry of External Affairs (MEA),

246, 256–7, 260, 273, 276,278–9, 287, 293, 295–6

Ministry of States, 29, 40, 68, 80, 99,107, 114, 190, 219, 222

Mirpur, 114–15, 119, 123, 130,133–4, 139, 226

Mohammed, Ghulam, 75, 120,225–6

Monckton, Sir Walter, 8, 42, 50background and character, 66–7Hyderabad crisis and, 68–9,

71–3, 78–9, 81–3, 89,91–3

Mountbatten and, 66, 69, 71, 78Nizam and, 66, 71–2, 76, 79,

82–3, 89, 96Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard,

18Mookerjee, Syama Prasad

Bengal crisis and, 166, 173,182n137

creation of the Jan Sangh and,222

death, 224Kashmir’s autonomy and, 222resignation from cabinet, 185

Moral Man and Immoral Society(Niebuhr), 15

Moscow, 23Mountbatten, Edwina, 13Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 7, 28, 31,

208, 281

chairman of Defence Committeeof the Cabinet (DCC), role as,46–7, 57, 59–60

departure from India, 95, 136Hyderabad crisis and, 68, 70–1,

74–6, 78, 80–4, 86, 88, 91–3,95

Junagadh crisis and, 31–2, 35–7,40–4, 46, 50, 54–7, 59–60

Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 107,110–14, 116, 118, 120, 122–4,129, 136, 139

Mullik, B.N., 25, 245, 275–7, 300,304

Munshi, K.M., 76Muslim Conference, 102–3, 105,

115, 122, 127–9, 132Muslim League, 28–9, 32, 65, 67,

103, 105, 154, 216Muslim League National Guard, 106Muzaffarabad, 58, 119, 134–5, 139

Namboodiripad, E.M.S., 307Namkachu (river), 293, 300,

303–4Nanjing, 230Narayan, Jayaprakash, 166n66, 258,

313Nasser, Gamel Abdel, 19National Conference, 102, 117–18,

128, 132, 147, 190, 213, 215,223

Naushera, 114–15, 119, 123–4, 132,134

Nawab of Chhatari. See Chhatari.Nawab (of Junagadh)

character and qualities, 31flees to Karachi, 59relationship with Pakistan, 32Junagadh crisis and, 36–7, 40, 43,

59, 61–2Nawagadh, 61Nawanagar, 35–6

354 INDEX

Nehru, Jawaharlal. See also specifictopics

AS AUTHOR

Autobiography, 15The Discovery of India, 18

FAMILY AND PRIVATE LIFE

background, 12, 13death, 12, 313education, 12marriage, 12Edwina Mountbatten and, 13Motilal Nehru and, 13

INTELLECTUAL BACKGROUND

force, understanding of, 14, 16, 18liberal idealism and, 8liberal realism and, 8, 14, 16, 280,

317, 320Liddell Hart, admiration of, 16–17lesser evil, idea of, 16, 18, 19,

19n27, 98Marx, influence of, 14Niebuhr, influence of, 14–15non-violence, debates with Gandhi

on, 15–16Russell, influence of, 14

PERSONAL POLITICS AND

CHARACTERISTICS

crisis management, style of, 19, 64,187, 314–15, 317

coercive strategies, preference for,19, 47–9, 84, 90, 148, 161–2,187, 317

escalation, concern with, 19, 48–9,64, 84, 90, 142, 145–6, 154,163, 168, 197–8, 283, 286–7,315

negotiations, attitude to, 19, 64,88, 90, 93, 118, 138, 171–2,238, 240, 242–3, 246–7, 249,256, 260, 283–4, 286–8,290–1, 314

military tactics, views on, 133norms of international politics and,

48–9, 60, 64, 122, 320Partition (of India), influence of,

16, 152–4, 160, 312, 314power, attitude to, 13, 16, 18–20,

100, 315, 320–1statesmanship, views on, 17–18war, desire to avoid, 11, 20, 48, 51,

64, 84, 121–2, 154–5, 160,162–3, 173–4, 197–8

POLITICAL ISSUES AND ACTIVITIES

Abdullah, rift with, 219–25, 314Abdullah’s dismissal and

imprisonment, role in, 224–5Anglo-American role in Kashmir,

views on, 202, 207–8appointing a foreign policy team,

21–4arbitration of Kashmir dispute,

views on, 147, 149Bengal crisis and, 152–7, 159–75,

178, 181–2, 182n137, 183–7boundary dispute with China,

234–5, 237–49, 252–3,255–66, 315

backchannel with Pakistan, 226China, views on, 233, 252, 255–9,

261–2China, policy of engagement with,

234, 251 China crisis and, 270, 273, 275–84,

286–8, 290–1, 294, 297–8,300–9, 316–17

civilian control of the military, viewson, 45, 269, 301, 305, 316

Cold War, attitude to, 1, 17communism, attitude to, 17Delhi Agreement and, 220–3Dixon’s proposals and, 189election of constituent assembly of

Kashmir, 144–5, 148, 188–90

INDEX 355

frontier areas, policy towards,234–5, 243

Hyderabad crisis and, 67, 73,77, 79–84, 87–8, 90, 92–100

independence for Kashmir, 118,128–9, 131, 138, 222–3

international crises of the 1930s,16

Junagadh crisis and, 33–4, 41–2,44–6, 46n53, 47–60, 62–4

Kashmir, attitude to, 13, 101, 141Kashmir, final attempt at

resolution, 312–15Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,

106–7, 108n22, 112–13,115–24, 126, 128–31, 133,135–42, 144–8

Kashmir crisis (1951) and, 192–8,200–10, 215, 217

Kashmir negotiations of 1962–3and, 310

Maharaja of Kashmir’s position,views on, 148, 221–2

Muslims in India, concern for, 48,64, 84, 96, 99, 101, 141,152–3, 160, 162–3, 167, 182,314

“no-war” declaration, proposal of,149–50

non-alignment and, 1, 20–1, 202,259, 268, 309

Pakistan-US relationship, 186, 194,207–8, 226, 314

partition of Kashmir, stance on,118, 130, 136, 138–40, 145,222, 225–6, 314

partition-cum-plebiscite inKashmir, stance on, 130, 139,147, 189, 223, 225–6, 314

plebiscite in Kashmir, stance on,49, 51, 58, 107–8, 110,112–13, 117–18, 120, 136,144–5, 148, 225–6, 314

Praja Parishad, attitude to, 220,223

princely states, policy on, 28, 67resignation, plans for, 160–2security of the Sino-Indian

boundary and, 234–5, 239, 241,256, 259, 270

Sino-Soviet relationship, 280–2,317

Soviet Union’s stance on theboundary dispute, 254, 281–2,309, 317

structure of the foreign policy teamand, 23–5

Tibet and, 234–5, 237–8, 240–1,249–50, 250n61, 251

United Nations military observersin Kashmir, attitude towards,195–6

war with China, beliefs about, 234,276, 279

POLITICAL AND PROFESSIONAL

RELATIONSHIPS

Abdullah, 103, 106, 117, 128–9,132, 138, 148, 189–90,219–25, 312–13

Attlee, 126, 174, 183–4Ayub, 218, 268–9, 311Bajpai, 21, 144, 147, 178, 233Bakshi, 225Baldev, 121, 124, 133Bogra, 225–6Bucher, 135–6, 142Cariappa, 193, 196, 215Dalai Lama, 249–51Desai, M.J., 22Dixon, 188–9Dutt, 22Gandhi, 12, 15–16, 18, 160Gopal, 260Kaul, B.M., 297–8, 305–6Kaul, T.N., 239, 241–2Kennedy, 308

356 INDEX

Khrushchev, 254, 261, 281, 303,306–8

Krishna Menon, 22–3, 130, 147,183–4, 268–9, 278, 288, 294,305

Liaquat, 33–4, 50–1, 53–4, 55–9,62–3, 112–13, 116, 119–20,123, 128, 137–8, 140–1,156–7, 159–60, 164–6, 170–2,182, 199–200, 203, 206–7

Maharaja (of Kashmir), 106, 118,148

Menon, K.P.S., 236–7Menzies, 202Monckton, 67, 81–2Mookerjee, 173, 182n137, 185Mountbatten, 28, 41, 44–6,

46n54, 47, 50, 60, 80, 83, 120,123–4, 129, 136, 208, 281,

Mullik, 25, 275Narayan, Jayaprakash, 166n66,

258Nehru, R.K., 244Nimitz, 226Pandit, Vijayalakshmi, 258Panikkar, 237–8Pant, G.B., 239, 241, 243–4, 260Patel, 42, 44–6, 46n53, 57, 60,

88–90, 92, 119, 121, 138–9,142, 161–2, 173, 181–3, 188,219, 233–4

Rajagopalachari, 258, 294Thapar, 276, 301, 305Thimayya, 268–9, 274Thorat, 196–7U Nu, 244, 256, 283Zhou, 237, 241–5, 247–9, 255–6,

259, 261, 264–5, 306Nehru, Kamala, 12Nehru, Motilal, 12Nehru, Ratan Kumar (R.K.), 22,

240–1, 244, 261, 280Nepal, 230, 235

Neogy, K.C., 185Niebuhr, Reinhold, 14–15Nimitz, Admiral Chester, 186,

186n157, 226Nizam (of Hyderabad), 9, 65, 112,

116character and qualities, 66desire for independence, 29, 44, 67Hyderabad crisis and, 67–8, 70–1,

76, 79, 81–4, 86, 89, 91–2,95–6

Muslimeen and, 71, 74, 89Jinnah and, 29, 67–8, 70, 72,

74Monckton and, 66, 71–2, 76, 79,

82–3, 89, 96Mountbatten and, 67–8, 70, 72–4,

76, 81, 83–4Noel-Baker, Philip, 126–7, 130–1,

141Noorani, A.G., 221North Eastern Frontier Agency

(NEFA), 227, 236, 239, 247,253, 270–1, 292, 294, 300,308

North West Frontier Province(NWFP), 34, 106, 109, 191,195

Northern Areas, 189Nye, Sir Archibald, 177–80

Pakistan, 4, 7, 9, 29, 149. See alsospecific topics

arms procurement, 186, 217–18Bengal crisis and, 150, 152–9,

161–6, 169–72, 175–80, 182–5China crisis and, 268, 309–10Hyderabad crisis and, 67–70,

73–5, 77–9, 85, 90, 94–6impact of the crises of 1950–1 on,

218Junagadh crisis and, 31–7, 41–3,

50–63

INDEX 357

Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,101–3, 105–12, 115, 117–48

Kashmir crisis (1951) and,191–200, 203–6, 209–13,215–17

security guarantees, quest for,185–6, 218

Palandri, 133Palestine, 125Palit, Brigadier D.K., 274, 277,

277n36, 286, 295, 305Pandit, Vijayalakshmi, 23, 258Panikkar, K.M., 23, 230–1, 236–7Pant, Apa, 249Pant, G.B., 239, 241, 243–4, 260Paramountcy, 26, 28, 35, 51Paris, 140, 143, 145Parry, Admiral William, 163Patel, Sardar Vallabhbhai, 29

Bengal crisis and, 153, 161, 173,181–3, 188

China and, 233–4Hyderabad crisis and, 44, 71–3,

75–8, 82–3, 85, 88–90, 99Junagadh crisis and, 32, 39–44,

46n53, 52–3, 56–7, 60Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,

106–7, 119, 138–40, 142People’s Republic of China (PRC). See

ChinaPeshawar, 195Pillai, N.R., 237Poonch, 105, 114–15, 117–18, 121,

123, 132–4, 139–42, 195,226

Porbandar, 46n53Praja Parishad, 219–20, 222Prasad, Major General Niranjan,

292–3, 300, 303Priyadarshini, Indira, 13Provisional Government (of

Junagadh), 39–41, 51, 53, 59,61, 63

Punjab, 28, 33–4, 48, 103, 109,132–3, 148–9, 158, 162, 164,168, 191, 197–8, 217, 271

Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, 23, 263–4Rahim, Abdur, 71–2Rajagopalachari, C., 19n27, 98, 258,

294, 313Rajauri, 114–15, 132Rajkot, 51, 62Rau, B.N., 201Rawalakot, 114, 195Razakar, 77–8, 81, 83, 86, 91–2, 95,

97–8Razvi, Kasim, 69, 74–5, 77, 79–83Russia. See Soviet UnionRussell, Bertrand, 14

Sadiq, G.M., 224Sardargarh, 51, 54, 56, 63Schelling, Thomas, 6Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 5Second World War, 125, 230Sela, 305Sen, Lieutenant General L.P., 271–2,

274, 294–5, 297, 300, 304Shatra, Lonchen, 229Sialkot, 119, 122, 140Sikkim, 230, 238, 249, 270Singh, Baldev

Bengal crisis and, 163–4Hyderabad crisis and, 85Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,

119–20, 124, 132–3Singh, Lieutenant General Daulet,

286Singh, Lieutenant General Harbaksh,

305–6Singh, Hari. See Maharaja (of

Kashmir)Singh, Jaswant, 318Singh, Lieutenant General Kalwant,

114, 133

358 INDEX

Singh, Karan, 148, 190, 224Singh, Lieutenant General Umrao,

293, 295, 297Socialist Party, 166, 166n66Society of Friends, 129Soviet Union, 8, 16, 17, 129, 202,

212India-China boundary and, 253–4,

254n78, 255, 302–3, 306–7China crisis and, 254–5, 300–3,

306–8Cuban missile crisis and, 301–2,

303military supplies to India,

299–300, 302–3Spain, 16Srinagar, 105–7, 108n22, 109, 123,

130, 135stand down instructions (for British

officers), 45–6, 109, 134, 179strategy, concepts of, 5–7Swatantra Party, 294Sylhet, 34

Taiwan, 250n61Tawang, 230, 235Thailand, 250Thapar, General P.N., 274–7,

277n36, 278, 286, 295–7, 300,303–5

Tharoor, Shashi, 1Thimayya, General K.S., 268–70,

273–4Thorat, Lieutenant General S.P.P.,

196–7Tibet

China and, 233, 237, 244–5, 249,251–2, 291, 298

émigrés, 245, 249Guomindang and, 249, 250n61India’s policy towards, 230, 233,

235–6, 249–50, 250n61,251

relations with China before 1950,229–30

relations with India before 1947,230

Sino-Indian agreement on, 238,240–1

United States of America (US) and,250, 250n61, 291

uprising in, 249–50, 256Tithwal, 135Travancore, 28Truman, Harry, 96, 211, 214Tsang Chokla, 242

U Nu, 244, 256, 283United Kingdom. See BritainUnited Nations (UN), 9, 75

Bengal crisis and, 170Hyderabad crisis and, 76, 91, 96–8Junagadh crisis and, 44, 46n53,

48–9, 62Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,

110–13, 116–17, 120–3, 129United Nations Commission on India

and Pakistan, 125, 131–2,134–9, 143–6

United Nations Security Council, 149Junagadh crisis and, 63Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,

124–5, 128, 130–2Kashmir crisis (1951), 190, 192,

194, 196, 201–2, 213, 215Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(USSR). See Soviet UnionUnited States of America (US), 17

Bengal crisis and, 157, 168,170–1, 174, 177, 179–80,182

China crisis and, 280, 285,289–90, 307–10

Hyderabad crisis and, 70Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,

125–6, 128, 142–3

INDEX 359

Kashmir crisis (1951) and, 190,192, 194, 199–208, 210–11,213, 216

Kashmir negotiations of 1962–3and, 309–10

Pakistan and, 186–7, 190–1, 226,314, 317

South Asia, attitude towards, 125,180, 186–7, 190

Uri, 58, 107, 114–15, 121, 123–4,133, 135

Uttar Pradesh (UP), 227, 239, 242,244, 276

Veraval, 31, 32, 34, 46n53

Wang, Bingnan, 289–90

Wang, Jiaxiang, 284, 298Washington, D.C., 23West Bengal, 3, 9, 150, 152, 159–60,

165, 168–9, 173, 181, 185,196, 311

West Pakistan, 162, 175, 184Wolpert, Stanley, 13

Zafrullah (Khan), 63, 135, 144,192–3, 205, 212–13, 215

Zhou, Enlaiboundary dispute and, 236–7,

241–5, 247–9, 251–2, 255–6,259, 261, 264–5

China crisis and, 271, 280, 284,288–9, 291–2, 299–300,306