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Bibliography
Amnesty International, Turkische Rechtsextremisten in tier Turkei und in Europa (Bonn: Amnesty International, 1979).
Amnesty International, Alleged Torture and Ill-treatment of Roma in Piata Rahova in Bucharest. AI Index: EUR 01/04/92 (London, 1992).
Andison, F. S., T.V. Violence and viewer aggression: A culimination of study results, 1956-1976', Public Opinion Quarterly, 41 (1977) pp. 314-31.
Aronson, I. Michael, Troubled Waters: The Origins of the 1881 Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Russia (Pittsburgh, 1990).
Assoulinge, D., 'Ce jour hi', Politics (19 September 1991 ). Auswartiges Amt/Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Logebericht Rumdnien 514-
516.80/3 (Bonn, 1991 ). Barker, M., The New Racism (London: Junction Books, 1981). Bayerisches Staatsministerium des lnnern, Verfassungsschutzbericht Bayern
(1991). Bech, Sam and Nicolae Gheorghe, From Slaves to Nationality: Political
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Benyon, J., A Tale of Failure: Race and Policing, CREC policy paper, no 3 (Coventry: University of Warwick, 1986).
Benyon, J., 'Unrest and the Political Agenda', in J. Benyon and J. Solomos, The Roots of Urban Unrest (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987).
Benz, Wolfgang, Rechtsextremismus in tier Buntiesrepublilc (Fischer lnformationen zur Zeit, 1984).
Bernheim, J. C. and G. Borghese, Racisme et Police en France, Rapport Federation lnternationale des Droits de I'Homme, no 51 (1992).
Be~il~i. 1., Kurtlerin Mecburi lskani (Ankara, Komal Publishing, 1977a). Be~il~. 1., Turk Tarih Tezi, Gune~-Di1 Teoresi ve Kurt Sorunu (Ankara: Komal
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Bjorgo, Tore, 'Legal Reactions to Racism: Law and Practice in Scandinavia', in Hamm (1994).
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Bjorgo, Tore and Daniel Heradstveit, Politisk terrorisme (Oslo: TANO, 1993). Blagg, H., Pearson, G. Sampson, S. Smith, D. and Stubbs, P., 'Inter-agency
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assimilation of Belgians into France 209 Turkish policy of 182
asylum-secken and Asylum debate in
Germany 7--8, I 59-62, 203 attacks on 3, S, 10, 83; in
Germany 21, 117; in Scandinavia 29-43, 77, 78, 100, 106-7
see also Hoyerswerda; immigrants; migrant worken; minorities; M61ln; Rostock
AtaUlrk, Kemal 180, 186 Atatilrk Peace Award 187 see also Kemalism
Augstein, Rudolf I 58-9 Australia 92 Austria 81, 92 autonomous National
Socialists 84-S
Baku (1881 anti-Muslim riots) 134 banning of organisations 48--9, 58,
59, 89, ISS 'Barefoot Brigade' 135, 136 Ba1buj 183 Belgians, as targets 208-9 Belgium 80, 81 Ben Klassen Academy 67 Berdichev pogrom 132 Bethnal Green and Stepney Trades
IS4-6S Bast 18-20,21, 2s-7, 90, 122, 124 Bast and West compared 18-27,
163 extent of violence 19, 98, 126,
154-S, 163 and international Nazi
cooperation 81-4 national policies on racist
violence 123-4 and racist violence on political
agenda 143, IS2 relations with Romania 139, lSI,
202-S Romain 201-2, 203, lOS and Turkish migrants 187-92 West 18-2S s~~ also Hoyerswerda; Molin;
Rostock G~silurungsg~nwin.sc/rqft tkr N~n Front see N~ Front (NF, Germany)
Gheorghe, Nicolae 200 Glasgsow (Scotland) 167 Goldenberg Restaurant, Paris (1982,
France) 21S Gomel pogroms 130, 132, 13S
2S2 Index
Gothenburg (Sweden) 64, 70, 71, 72, 74, 78-9
government see local authorities; state response to racist violence
Government Commission of Local Conflicts (Romania) 200
Graman, Y ge 57 Greece, and Cyprus problem 185--<i Greeks, as targets 182 Green Jackets (Denmark) 33--4 'Grey Wolves' 183, 187, 188, 191 group-dynamic aspect of racist
violence 39, 40-2 Gulf War (1991) 3 Gy6rkos, Istvan 91, 92 Gypsies IS, I SO, 194-205
see also Roma; Sinti Gysi, Gregor I 58
Hague, The (Netherlands) 52, 54-S Haider, J()rg 113 Hainke, Thomas 90, 92 Haitians, as targets 54, 56 Balkin Emets Partisi (People's
Labour Party, Turkey) 184, 186
Hanover (Germany), Public Prosecutor SS
'harkis' 120 hate crime I S
see also anti-Semitism; communists; homosexuals; immigrants; victims
Helsingborg (Sweden) 71-2 Helsinki Watch 164 Hitler, Adolf 59, 70, 88, I 58
Hitler salute 149 Holocaust I, IS, 203--4 'Holy Racial War' 75-7 Homan, Eite 59 Home Affairs Committee
(UK) 172-3, 174, 222, 224 Home Office Report on Racial
Attacks (1982, UK) 168, 169, 170, 222
homosexuals as the enemy and targets of
violence 65, 71, 73-S, 77, 78, 83
and National Socialist controversy 88, 89
see also hate crime Hoorn (1992, Netherlands) 144, 145 HOS see Croatian Liberation
Ku Klux Klan 67-8 Kilbnen, Michael 87-8, 89-90, 93 Kupfer, Lothar 162 Kurdistan 186, J 92 Kurds
in Germany 189-91 in Netherlands J 90 in Turkey 181, 182, 184, 185,
186-7 Kilssel, Gottfried 84, ~1. 92
Lampertheim (J 992, Germany) J 55 Landowski, Klaus J 60 Landskrona 79 Lane, David 85 Langlois training centre 91 'Laser Man' (Sweden) 33, 64, 98 Latin America 80 Lauck, Gerhard (Gary) 85, 86-7,
89 law
civil or criminal 228 and recognition of racial
element 123, 124, 149 Law against Racism (France) 213 LePen,Jean-Marie 93,216 Lebach (Germany) 202 Lebanese, as targets 78 Lega Nord (LN, Italy) 2 Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger,
Sabine 124 Liverpool (UK) 167 LN see Lega Nord (LN, Italy) local authorities 125-6
see also multi-agency approach; North Plaistow Racial Harassment Project
local heroes, youth gangs as 38, 42, 101
254 Index
local level response to racist violence 124--6, 143, 221-33
London (UK) 167, 221-33 East 168, 171-2, 221 GLC racial harassment
policy 222 New Cross 168 Newham 173-4, 221, 224-S Notting Hill 167, 175-7 Southall 168-9 see also North Plaistow Racial
Harassment Project Lyon (France), early
1980s 217-18
Macdonald, Andrew 76 Macedonia 181 Malmii (Sweden) 69 Mancha Real (1991, Spain) 140,
ISO Mandela, Nelson 187 Marchandeau Law repeal (1939,
France) 210 marginalisation of minorities 3,
134, 144, 146, 204 Marseille (France) attacks
(1973) 144, lSI, 212-13 Mathews, Robert J. 70 Matthaei, Walther 88 media coverage
levels of 4, 19, 52 and nco-Nazis 101-3 role of in racist violence 13, 43,
9frll2, 215 sensationalised I 03-4, I 05-6 violence-aggravating
constraints on 229-31 Muslim fundamentalists 182, 183,
184, 187, 189, 215 Muslims, as targets 6, SS, 11~14,
134 Myrdal, Arne 109 mythology of militant
underground 67-70, 74, 75-7
Nagomo-Karabakh 1 S Namibians, as targets 113 Nasjonalt Follceparti (NF,
Norway) 102 national character 9 National Front (UK) 82-3, 144-S,
147 National Intelligence Agency (MIT,
Turkey) 186, 188 national level response to racist
violence 12~. 143 National Liberation Front (FLN,
France) 211, 212 National Socialism
autonomous groups 84-S international terrorist
network 80-94 in Sweden 62-3, 64, 70, 77 see also nco-Nazis and extreme
Right National Socialist Action Group
(Hungary) 91 National Socialist Combat Groups
(NSKG, Germany) 86 National Socialist World
Offensive 89 NatioMI Sozialistischer Partei
Deutsch/ands (NSPD, Germany) 189
National Youth Front (Netherlands) SO
Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutsch/ands (NPD, Germany) 156, 164
Nationale Centrum Partij (National Centre Party, NCP, Netherlands) 46-7, 49
Nationale Uste (NL, Germany) 89, 90
Nationale Offensi~ (NO, Germany) 89, 90, 1 SS
nationalism 2, 233 in France 215 in Germany 22, 25, 26-8, 1 Ss-65 post-Communist 81 , 193 in Romania 199 in Sweden 63 in Turkey 181-4, 185-7, 188
Nationalist Movement Party (MHP, Turkey) 188-9
Nationa/istische Front (NF, Germany) 85-6, 89, 90, 93, ISS
Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei/ Awlandorganisation und Aujbauorganisation (NSDAP/ AO) 82-3, 85-7, 88, 89, 90-1
'Nazi' trials (Gothenburg, Sweden) 70, 79
Nazism see National Socialism; nco-Nazis and extreme-Right
NCP see Nationale Centrum Partij (Nationa• Centre Party, NCP, Netherlands)
Neder/andse Volks-Unie (NVU, Netherlands) 49, 59
neo-Nazis and extreme-Right and adaptation dilemma 48-9,
57-8; front- or back-stage appearance 48, 58
attitude to the media 101-3 in Germany 27, 82, 1 54-65 in Netherlands 46-7, 48, 55-8 organisations banned: in
France 88, 93; in Germany 86, 88, 89, 90, 124, ISO, ISS, 164; in Hungary 91; in Netherlands 48, 58; Turkish 187
as political parties 49-SO, 52 and racism 11-12, 49 and terrorism in Scandinavia 30,
31, 33-4, 35 Turkish 187, 188-92
256 lntkx
neo-Nazis and extremc-Ript and adaptation dilemma (cont.)
youth orpnisations SO su also National Socialism
Netherland& 3, 5, 9, II, 13, 46-60 and racist violence on political
atenda 140, 141, 150 New Front (NF, Germany) 86,
87-94 New Cross fire (1981, UK) 168 New European Order (NEO) 80 Newham (London, UK) 173-4,
224-5 Newham Monitoring Project (NMP,
UK) 147, 174 NF su Front Nationol (NF,
France); Nasjonolt Fo/lceparti (NF, Norway); Nationalutisclw Front (NF, Germany); New Front (NF, Germany)
Nigerians, as targets 144, 145 NL su Nationale Lisle (NL,
Germany) NMP su Newham Monitorina
Project (NMP, UK) NO su Nationale Offeui.e (NO,
Germany) Nordisk Kamp (Swedish NDP
paper) 71 Nordislca Rikspartkt (NRP,
Sweden) 33, 63, 70-4, 79 North Plaistow Racial Harassment
Project 224-32 Norway 5, 31-4, 37, 39, 41-2, 64
media coverage 101-2 and racist violence on political
agenda 149 see also Scandinavia
Norway apinst lmmiaration I 09 Norwegian Institute of International
Affairs, Oslo workshop vii, 14
Notting Hill (London) 167, 17~7 NPD see NationoldemolcratiscM
Parte/ Deutsch/ands (NPD, Germany)
NRP see Nordislca Rikspartkt (NRP, Sweden)
NS-Kampfruf 85, 86
NSDAP/AO su Nationaboz/Qiistisclw lhutsclw Arbeiterpartel/ Auslandorganbation lllfd Aujbauorganisation (NSDAP/ AO)
NSKG su Nationol Soc/Qiist Combat Gro~~ps (NSKG, Germany)
NSPD see Natlonol Soz/Qiistisclwr Partei Deutschlands (NSPD, Germany)
NVU su Nederlandse Volks-Unk (NVU, Netherlands)
Nys.eulca R6relsen (The New Swedish Orpnisation) 67
Odol ,roup, BeiJium 88 Odessa pogram 130, 135 Oarezeni (1991, Romania) 196-7 Oi skinhead music 83-4 Order, The (USA) 70, 85 Ordre Noureau (ON, France) 189,
212-13 Oredsson, GOran A. 71 Orpnisation Delta (France) 213 orpnisation-buildina effect of media
coverage 104-5, Ill Oslo workshop, Norweaian Institute
of International Affairs vii, 14 Oymen, Onur 192
Pakistanis, as targets 37, 39, 41-2, 101, 108-9
Palant, Charles 21~16 Pale of Settlement, Jewish 129, 130,
134, 136 Papon, Maurice 211, 212 Paris (Oct 1961, France) 212 Parisi, Vincenzo 139, 151 Part/ Nationa/e Fr~ais Europeen
(PNFE, France) 93, 215 Peach, Blair 147 Penal Code (Norway) 149 perception of racist violence 119-22 perpetrators of racist violence
active state involvement I SO, 186, 187, 188-90, 191, 199-201
Index 257
degree of organisation 34-7, 54-5, 77-9
motivation 3~2 youth gangs as 35, 36
Petliura, Simon 131 Pfaff, Wolfgang 119 Pleve, V.A. 130 PNFE see Parti Nationa/e Fr~ai.s
Europeen (PNFE, France) pogroms 114
against foreigners 160-1 against gypsies ISO, 194-9, 203,
205 and pogromshchilci 131, 132, 134,
139 in Romania 194-9, 203, 205 in Russia 10, 128-37
Pohl, Andreas 86 Poland 130, 202 Poles, as targets 210 police
Metropolitan 170, 172, 173, 17~7. 222, 223, 224-5
racist attitudes 1 56-7, 168, 17~7. 212, 214
response to racist violence 1 O-tt; arrest victims 78, 139, 144-5,168, 172;in Britain 167-78; in France 211-12, 213, 214; in Germany 123-4; inadequate 167-8, 169, 172-5; and media coverage I 08-9; minimising racist aspects 36-7, I 08, 155; passive 10--11, 43, 161; in Romania 195, 196-7, 198, 199; in Sweden 70--1; in Turkey 186; see also multiagency approach
violence of 212, 213 policy perspectives and racist
violence 122-6 local level 124-6, 143, 221-33 national level 123-4
political agenda, racist violence on 77-9, 139-52
Politilcen (newspaper, Denmark) 103-4
powerlessness, adolescent feelings of 23, 24, 26
prestige 41, I 07 see also status
propaganda neo-Nazi 85-6, 92-3, 215 racist: in Germany I 57-60; in
Sweden 64-5, 74 in Russia 129, 130 in Turkey 185-6, 188
protection against violence 132, 167, 168,
177, 232 see also self-defence
public agenda, racist violence on 148-9
public opinion on racist violence active support for 161, 162-3 apathetic to 43, 108-9 passive support for 119
Public Order Act (1986, UK) 123 publicity see media coverage punishment effect of media
coverage I 06-7, 111
Quedlinburg (1992, Germany) 125, 164
racial harassment 171, 222, 223 and the North Plaistow Racial
Harassment Project 224-33 racism 8
everyday 213, 217, 218 and German
reunification 155-65 international networks 64-5,
68-9, 75 played down 36-7, 144-6 in police 156-7, 168, 17~8. 212,
214 and right-extremist
organisations 49, 62-79, 216
in Romania 203--5 and Turkish migrant
workers 187-92 within Turkey 184-7
racist organisations 47, 49-SO, 59, 64, 74,77-9
258 Index
racist 'Violence agenda for research 1~1.5 causes 7-13, 43, .51-2;
socioeconomic 8-9, 17, 21-.S, 26, 33, 2ts-t7
circumstances favourable to 43 classification of II ~22 connections with right-
extremists 46-7, 55-8 defined 4-5, 6-7; and
redefined 17~1 dimensions ~.s. 172; in
France 214-15; in Germany 19, 81-2, 154-5, 163; in Netherlands 51, 52; in UK 169
individual or social problem 14~9
international pressure against 164, 200
and the media 4, 13, 19, 43, 52, 96-112, 215
motivation for 39-42 protection against 132, 167, 168,
177, 232 punishment 7~. 126, 145 as self-defence 59, 60, 71, 72 'waves' 3, 30, 33, 5 I, 53, 98-9 see abo state response to racist
violence RAG see Rilcsalctionsgruppen
(RAG, Sweden) Ragnarok (Swedish underground
paper) 65 ratonnades 211 Rebe//es Europeens music
publisher 83 recognition of racist violence
occasional state response 14s-6
state response excluding 149, 1~1
state response includin• 149-50 refugees see asylum-seekers;
British 147 Dutch 50, 53, 54, 56, 57 French 215 German 21, 26, 82, 84, 117 international subculture 82-6 Scandinavian 30, 107 Swedish 63, 64, 69, 72-3, 78, 84 see also terrorism; youth gangs
slavery 202 slogans and graffiti 37, 39-40, 47,
52, 149-50, 186 Socialist Party (Turkey) 184 socioeconomic factors in racist
violence 8-9, 17, 21-5, 26, 33, 215-17
Somalis 24
Son-Language Theory (Turkey) 181 Sonacotra hostels (France) 125,
213, 215 Sondh, Satwinder l~S SOS Rllcisme (France) 216, 218 Southall (1979, UK) 147, 168-9 Soysal, MGmtaz 190 Spain 5, 51, 80, 81, 92, 150 SpecialeinsatzlcomnJIIIIdo units 123 spoilt identity 48-9 Sri Lankans, as targets 155 state policies
as cause of racist violence 12, 33, 43, 184-7, 191