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183

Bulletin of Insectology 59 (2): 129-134, 2006ISSN 1721-8861

Prospects of traditional seed storage strategiesgainst insect infestation adopted by two ethnic communities

of Tamil Nadu, southern peninsular Indiaolomon KIRUBA1 , Sathiadas SAM MANOHAR DAs', Smaragdi PAPADOPOULOL2r?esearch Department of Zoology, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, Indiaaboratory of Entomology, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece

bstract

ost harvest grain storage is intended to save grains and other commodities, which would otherwise be destroyed mainly by insectests. Post harvest storage techniques adopted by ethnic races are worth emulating. Seven different storage systems like Thombai3amboo bin), Mankaitai (Mud house), Kulukkai (Earthen bin), Addukkupaanai (Earthen pot-pile), Pathayan (Wooden bin),

hallpai (Straw bin) and Vattappetli (Palmyra leaf bin ), used by Kanikars of Kanyakumari District and Hindu Malaya/i of Thiru-

annamalai District, Tamil Nadu, India are found to be scientifically based. The basic design, the type of materials used and theigenuity of the storage systems have been elucidated with the view of modifying such a system to suit the present day storageeeds.

:ey words: Stored product pests, storehouses, post harvest activities, ethnic storage systems.

rtrod uction

torage and upkeep of agricultural products are very-nportant post harvest activities. Considerable amountf food grains is being spoiled after harvest due to lackf sufficient storage and processing facilities (Singh andatapathy, 2003). An FAO estimate of worldwide an-ual losses in stored produce has been given as 10% of11 stored grain. About 13 million tons of grain loss isue to 10 million tons to failure (Wolpert, 1966). Rou-ne management of stored produce pest through fumi-ation (Page and Lubatti, 1963), chemical pesticidesLemon, 1967) and plant based deterrents (Schmutterer,990), is intended to contain this loss.Storage practices vary and there are small or big

torehouses, indoor or outdoor, temporary or permanentnd individual or community storage structures. The in-loor storage is mainly for obtaining seed, whereas therains for consumption are stored in separate structureshat are constructed away from the residence (Jain et al.,004).Storage of food grains by the indigenous peopleroups of the tropics and subtropics is mainly tradi-ional. The traditional methods have been used for manyiears with little or no modification and are successful)ecause of the application of scientific principles,bough unawares. The selection of a traditional storageystem by an ethnic group is often related to climate,)ut local natural resources and customs also influencehe choice of the storage methods (Hall, 1970).Recent exploration of certain ethnic pockets in the In-

han sub-continent revealed the development and use ofs number of foolproof storage systems that protected;tored produce from insect infestation for considerablyonger periods. Kanikars of Kanyakumari District (lies)etween 8°03' and 835' of the northern latitude and77°05' to 77°36' of the eastern longitudes) and HinduvIalaya/i of Thiruvannamalai District (lies between

12°00' and 12°49' of the northern latitude and 78°38' to79°45' of the eastern longitudes) Tamil Nadu, India aretwo ethnic races with age-old customs and practices re-lated to food, medicines, agriculture and other topics. Inthis study, the strategies and tools adopted by these twoethnic groups for preserving stored produce have beenexclusively studied.

Materials and methods

The two localities were visited along with guides fromthe same ethnic groups and information was collectedabout the prevalent storage practices. Photographs of thestorage structures were taken and the basic scientificplan behind the design was established for most of thestructures. The grains or other products stored in thesestructures were personally observed and their qualitywas ascertained.

Results

Thombai (Bamboo bin)It is a chief storage structure made from Bambusa

arundinacea (Retzius) Rexburg (Bamboo) (figure 1)splits which are closely intertwined in such a way that abamboo skeletal structure is formed with a narrowopening at the top. This structure is placed over a foun-dation of boulders and covered over on all sides by clayand allowed to dry. The interior of the structure is limewashed while the exterior is fortified with cow dung.When the structure is fully dried, the major grain to bestored is put in to the interior. Any additional material tobe stored is taken in separate gunny bags or pots. Alarge Thomhai can hold about 30 tons of grains. A smallpothole alone is left at the top and this too is closed by alarge roof of Cymbopogan sp. Hackel (Ginger grass)

Indian Journal of Traditional KnowledgeVol. 5(l), January 2006, pp. 71-74

Traditional pest management practices in Kanyakumari districi,southern peninsular India

S 1< iruh;i'. B P Mishra 2 . S Israel Stalin', S Jeeva 2 & S Sam Manohar Dha7

Department ol PG 5, dies and Research Centre III Zoology. Scott Christ III (:011 COC. Nagercoi I 629 001. 1 ,1011 1 N adu

E-mail: sam h,ocontrol @yahoo.conm(c()logy Rescarch Lal.tnrmtom . Department of Botanr. School of Life Sciences. North - Eastern Hill U ii vers v. Ni iv. .1 U mnshi up

- Mawkynroh. Shillong 793 022. Meghalaya

'Depart mcnt of PG Studies and Research Centre i Botany. Scott Christ an Coil :c. Nagercot I 29 007 i,c ii Nadu

4 Departmcnt of PG S tidies and Research Centre ill Botany, \f imdhunagar Hindu N adars' Senthi ku mat a N adat College,

Virudhunagar 626 001, Tamil NIUU

Received 6 October 2005; revised 18 November 2005

The paper deals with pests of paddy crop and coconut plantation, and their management through traditional methods byindigenous people of Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu. A total of 10 insect pests and 2 non-insect pests were identified inpaddy fields. In coconut plantation, only 3 insect pests were recorded. The farmers use lime, fly ash and some plant species,

namely Azadiracta indica A Juss., Aloe barbadensis Mill., Coleus a,nboinicus Lour. and Pongamia pinnota Pierre as pest

deterrent materials as well as fertilizer. Different types of traps used against insect pests such as fire trap, meat trap., plant

trap and pot trap are effective in controlling pests.

Key words: Coconut plantation. Pest deterrent, Insect pest control, Paddy field, Traditional pest management

IPC Jut. Cl. 7 : CO5G3/00, A01MI/00, AOIM5/00, AOIM3I/O0, AOIN3/00

Agriculture is the life blood of the national economy,as more than 70% of human population in Indiadepends on agriculture for their livelihood'. Of thetotal 329 in laud in India, about 142 m ha is undercultivation. Of India's net national product of aboutRs. 2000000 million, agriculture contributes about33%. In recent years. there has been a markedincrease in crop productivity due to geneticmanipulation, use of fertilizers, pest control measures,mechanization and sound ecological methods2.

Crop loss due to pests is a serious problemresulting in reduced production. The chemical controlof pests is predominant, but traditional pest controlpractices are still continued especially in remoteareas. The traditional pest control practices play animportant role in the management of agricultural landand it is an inevitable practice for sustainableagriculture. The proper control of pests minimizeseconomic losses and damage to the environment3'4.

Farm folk of southern peninsular India follow anumber of traditional pest management practices formanaging pests of paddy fields and coconut

*Corresponding author

plantations. Most of these strategies are fool proof andtarget specific. Traditional system of pestmanagement is an economic and environment friendlyapproach, as chemical pesticides are costly, and theyhave adverse effects on biotic and abiotic components

of an ecosys tem 5 '9 . Though, traditional practices ofpest management are boon for sustainable agriculture,but the traditional pest management practices are nowreplaced by chemical control of pests and are on theverge of extinction. The present study was carried outwith an aim to inventorize different kinds of pests,pest deterrent and common traps of paddy crop andcoconut plantation in Kanyakumari.

Kanyakumari district is situated in the southernmost part of Tamil Nadu. The district lies between770 15 and 77 36 of the eastern longitudes and 8° 03and 8° 35 of the northern latitudes and covers an areaof 1672 sq km of the state (Fig. I). Tirunelveli districtbinds the Kanyakumari district from the North and theEast. The Southeastern boundary is the Gulf ofMannar. On the South and the South West, theboundaries are the Indian Ocean and the Arabian sea.On the West and North West Kerala is situate

10

Indian Journal of Traditional KnowledgeVol. 5(4), October 2006. pp 576-578

Enumeration of ethnoveterinary plants of Cape Comorin, Tamil Nadu

S Kirnba S Jeeva 2 & SSM 1)11*

Department of Zooloer Scott Christian College. Nancreot 629 003, Tamil Nitric.

lorest Ecology Research L:ibnratory. Department ut finiany. School of Life Scicnce.North - Eastern Ili]] Universit y . Shillong 792 022, Meghalaya

Emails: sololnnnjce\a(0rcdiffmail.com. kirtihas2003 @yahoo.co.in , sninti I [email protected] ; [email protected]

Rec'/c1 /22 it/nv 2005: revised 2A 2005

From it snrev of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants of Puthalam village in Cape Comorin. Taniil Nadu, 34 speciesbelonging to 30 genera and 21 families of angiosperms were recorded. The medicinal importance of these plants used by therural peoples as traditional medicine for their cattle is enumerated in this communication.

Keywords: Cape Comorin, Ethnoveterinary practices, Medicinal plants, Puthalam, Tamil NaduIPC mt. C1. 8: A61K36/00, A61P1/00, A6IPI/04, A61P1/14, A61P1/16, A6IP11/00, A6IP11/10, A6IPI5/00, A61P15/14,

A61Pl7/00, A61P17/02, A61 P19/00, A61P29/00, A61P31/00. A61P39/02

\

Ethnoveterinary research and development is aholistic interdisciplinary study of indigenousknowledge and associated skills, practices, beliefs,and social structures pertaining to the healthcare andhusbandry of income producing animals, has emergedas a fertile field for generation and transferappropriate and sustainable veterinary alternatives tothe stock raisers 14 . In Indian agriculture, livestockplays a key role in the farmers' life. They providefarm power, rural transport, manure, fuel, milk andmeat, but also a major role in rural economy byproviding income and employment to the small holdfarmers and other weaker sections of the society5.Though, traditional uses of medicinal plants havebeen continuing since time immemorial and majorityof the people are depending on medicinal plants forvarious ailments, only a few reports are available forethnoveterina1ry pract ices 6'7.

The study was conducted at Puthalam villagesituated on the west coast of Cape Comorin, Arabiansea (Fig. 1), which is about 8 km from Cape Cornorin(8°1 I'N; and 77°28'E). The annual rainfall variesfrom 89-110 cm, and mean annual temperature is28°C. Topographically, this district is broadlyclassified into three distinct regions, i.e. coastal,middle and mountainous regions. Trees likeAnacardium occidentale, Azadiracta indica, Borassusflabellifer, Cocos nucifera, Mangifera indica,Taniarindus indica, etc. are the common


economically important plants of this area. Thepeople of the village besides practicing agriculturealso domesticated cattle for their use in agriculturalworks. Most of the people of this village treat theircattle using medicinal plants around themselves.Therefore, it is imperative to know theethnoveterinary medicinal plants of unexplored regionsuch as Puthalam, Cape Coniorin.

MethodologyDuring the field trips (2003-2004), a number of

rural people and veterinary medicinal, practitioners(commonly called Mattu Vaidhiyar) of the villagewho are using herbal remedies to cure their cattlesuffering from different diseases were interviewed.Specimens of plant species were collected andidentified with the help of different fioras 8 °. Theherbarium of Scott Christian College (SCH).Nagercoil, was consulted for correct identification ofplant specimens. The voucher specimens weredeposited at the herbarium of Scott Christian College,Nagercoi I.

EnumerationPlants that are known and highly regarded in

veterinary practices are enumerated with botanicalname, family, vernacular (Tamil) name and uses forvarious ailments.Abrus precatorius Linn. (Fabaceae); Kuntuniani,

Whole plant is given orally for dysentery.Abutilon indicun7 (Linn.) Sweet (Malvaceae); Thutti,

Leaf is given orally for dysentery.

ETI-INOMEDICINAL HERBS OF KOONTHAKULAM WATER BIRDSANCTUARY, NELLAI, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

S. Kiruba', S. Jeeva", N. Venugopal", S. S. M. Das', G. S. Regini'",R. C. Laloo" and B. P. Mishra"

Abstract: This pipo deals with medicinal hcrbs of koonthakulam Watcr Bird Sanctuary in Nellai Dstrct. TainilNadu, India. Diirins m' ctigation. 21 herbeeoi:s sdJcies from 20 genera and 17 fanilies were identified as medicinally

important. Die neWns a! uses of these herbs arc enumerated, using ethioinedicinal knowledge inherent among

indigenous communities li\ ing near Sanetuars.

INTRODUCTION

The value of medicinal plants to the mankind isvery well proven. It is estimated that 70 to 80%

of the people worldwide rely chiefly on traditionalhealth care system and largely on herbal medicines(Farnsworth et al., 1985; Farnsworth and Soejarto,1991; Pei Shengj i, 2002; Shanley and Luz, 2003). Theglobal demand for herbal medicines is not only large,but also growing (Srivastava, 2000). Approximately166 companies import crude extract of medicinal andaromatic plants from India. Nearly 90% of plantspecies used in the industries are collected from thewild habitat. As a result about 150 of the knownspecies of medicinal plants in India are threatenedor endangered (Syiem ci at.. 1999).

In recent years, herbal medicine is becomingeven more fashionable in developed countries, amarket sector which has grown at 10 - 20% in Europeand North America over recent years (ten Kate andLaird. 1999). Moreover, there are many relatedbotanical products sold as health foods. foodsupplements, herbal teas and for various otherpurposes related to health and personal care(Hamilton, 2004). Onl y 15% of pharmaceutical drugsare consumed in developing countries (Toledo,1995). The affluent people have little alternative toherbal medicine, and they depend on traditionalhealth care system (Marshall. 1998).

Thus, it is imperative to document medicinalwealth of plants at desired pace to get availableherbal medicines on sustained basis. In view of this,the present study was carried out to exploremedicinal herbs of Koonthakulam Water BirdSanctuary, Tamil Nadu, India.

Study Area

The Koonthakulam Water Bird Sanctuary is ariver-associated wetland and it receives water fromWestern Ghats through Manimuthar and Nangunericanal. It is situated 29 km from Nellai (Tirunelveli)on the way to Kanyakumari at an altitude of 50 masl and between 8°31 45'N latitude and 77040 7'Elongitude. This wetland is the heaven for migratoryAvi fauna. Acacia nilotica predominantly occupiesthe Sanctuary and Pro.vopis juli/loi'a (an exoticinvader) is co-dominant tree species. -

METHODS

The ethnobotanical study of Koonthakulamwater bird sanctuary was conducted during the year2002 and 2003. The elderly local people wereinterviewed for recording their unique knowledge onplant wealth and information on medicinal herbs wascollected from them. Plant specimens were identifiedwith help of regional and local floras (Gamble andFischer, 1956; Henry ci at., 1987 and Matthew, 1983).The voucher specimens were made as per the

Department of Zoolog y. Scott Christian College. Nagercoil - 629 003 (Tamil Nadu).Department of Botany. North - Eastern Hill University, Shillong - 793 022 (Meghalaya).Department of Botany, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil - 629 003 (Tamil Nadu).

Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products, Vol. 13(1): 25-27, 2006

Ethnomedicina

VVV

!1ii:tplants used by indigenous community in

traditional healthcare system

C. Kingston, B.S. Nisha, S. Kiruba"'and S. Jeeva2' *

Research Centre in Botany, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil - 629 003, Tamil Nadu, India.

Research Centre in Zoology, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil - 629 003, Tamil Nadu, India.

2 Centre for Biological Research, Solomons' Research Foundation, 2/92 - Kamaraj Street, East

Puthalam, Puthalam - 629 602, Kanyakurnari, Tamil Nadu.

*Ecology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, School of Life Sciences, North -

Eastern Hill University, Shillong - 793 022, Meghalaya, India

E-mail:S Jeeva - solomonjeevagmail.com

Abstract

The traditional health care system is quite prevalent in the rural aims of

Kanyakumari district. The present study deals with enumeration of 25 plant

species from 25 families, used as traditional medicine by local indigenous

community of the area. The different parts of the plants are used to cure several

kinds of illness. The leaf is predominantly used, and is followed by roots,

tubers, and rhizomes. The indigenous community prefers these plants as home

remedy against fever, leucorrhoea, rheumatism, headache, indigestion, etc.


Southern Illinois University Carbondale / Ethnobotanical leafletsURL: http://www.siu.edu/ebl/

Copyright © 2007, Board of Trustees, Southern Illinois University

Ethnobotanical Leaflets ii: 7 (Edition 2007) http://www.siu.edul-ebl/Ieaflets/kingStOfl.htm

J. Swamy But - Cl_ 22 :71-76 (Dec. 20051Printed in India. All rights reserved

IMPORTANCE OF WEEDS AS TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN KANYAKUMARIDISTRICT, SOUTHERN WESTERN GHATS

S. JEEVA, S. KIRUBA 5 , H.P. MISHRA*, C. KINGSTON # , N. VENUGOPAL* ANDR.C. LALOO*

* Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793 022, India.

School of Life Sciences. Scott Christian College, Nagercoil-629 602, india.

ABSTRACT

Ethnobotanical stud y of weeds used he local people was carried out in Kanyakumari distitct at southern Western

Ghats from 2000 to 2002. Medicinal inporLance of 92 weedy species was enumerated. lndicuous people for healthcare use these species. Latest nomencisiure was adopted after referring the current lileratuu available so far. Name

of the species together with respcct;ve family, local name and herbarium specimen onioher are given for theauthenticity Majority of weed species enumerated are mainly used for healing of wound. removal of stones from

kidney and far cure of skin diseases. Some ver y important and widely distributed species are .4/ac vera, Lipptu

noth/icra and .Ssoparia du/cis.

Keywords: Indigenous people, Medicinal importance, Traditional medicine, Weeds, Western Ghats.

INTRODUCTION"Weeds are comprised of the more aggressive,

troublesome and undesirable elements of the World'svegetation"(King, 1974). More than 80% of thedeveloping world continues to rely on traditionalmedicines predominantly plants, for primary health care(Fransworth and Soejarto. 1991; Pei Shengi, 2001). Theglobal demand for herbal medicine is not only large,but also growing (Srivastava, 2000). The market forAyurvedic medicines is estimated to be expanding at

20% annually in India (Subrat, 2002):

Kanyakumari district is a part of Western Ghatsand it occupies an area of about 1672 sq. km . and isinhabited by 11,37, IS I people. The climate of thedistrict is favourably agro-climatic and rainfall variesfrom 103 cm to 310 cm - elevation from sea level to1829 in 2002). Fourteen types of forests (tropicalwet evergreen to tropical thorn forests) occur in thisdistrict because of diverse locality factors (Championand Seth. 1968) and harbour plenty of medicinallyimportant weeds, which may be a source for gainfulexploitation of natural resources. EthnobotanicallY, thearea remains unexplored and no comprehensive accountof local tradition is available. Nagendra ci cii. (1996)

and Rosakutty ci al (1999) have studied the medicinalplants of this area with limited objectives. In view ofthis fact, the present work was carried out and anextensive survey of the medicinal weeds, theirimportance and use as traditional medicine were

recorded.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Detailed methodology of the field survey of folkmedicine has been described elsewhere (Sezik ci al.,

1991). Informants were then asked to guide as to the

places where these weeds gresv or to bring the drug theeuse. Each interview was shown plant specimenscollected by the author. The medicinal property of eachspecies was accepted as valid if at least five separateinformants had similar opinion. The medicinal use ofspecies was cross-checked through the literatureavailable.

Plant specimens were identified with theregional and local floras (Gamble, 1956 and Mathew.1983). The voucher specimens are deposited in theherbarium of Botany Department, Scott ChristianCollege, Nagercoil.

ENUMERATIONThe weeds which are best known and most high lv

regarded in local medicine are enumerated inalphabetical order of botanical name, family name (inparentheses), vernacular name, collection number ofthe author and finally, use of the plant part in the varioustreatments.

Abrus precalorius L. (Fabaceae); Kuntumani;2000 - 10. Root paste is used in cough. cold andmenstrual trouble, also applied to cure wounds. Leafjuice is taken orally twice a da y to relieve from urinarycomplaints. The fresh leaves are mixed with coconutoil and applied externally on affected parts.

Abiiiilon indicum L. (Malvaceae); Thutti; 2000—23. Leaves are ground with buttermilk and extract isgiven orally to cure dysentery. The leaves are crushedin castor oil and used to relieve from pile trouble.

Acalypha indica L. ( ELI phorbiaceae)

Kuppairneni; 2000 - 45. The leaves ground withcommon salt and mixed with curd is applied on soresand scabies.

FLORA AND FAUNA

2005 Vol. 11 No. 2 PP 226-230

ISSN 0971 -6920

DIVERSITY OF MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT PLANT SPECIES UNDER COCONUTPLANTATION IN THE COASTAL REGION OF CAPE COMORN

S. JEEVA, S. KIRLJBA*, B.P. MISHRA, N. VENUGOPAL, L. KHARLUKHI, G.S.REGINI**,

S.S.M. DAS AND R.C. LALOO***

Department of Botany,

North Eastern Hill University,

SHILLONG - 793 022, INDIA.*Departmen t of Zoology,

Scott Christian College,

NAG ERCOIL -629 003, INDIA.

**Department of Botany,

Scott Christian College,

NAGERCOIL-629 003, INDIA.

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:

E-MAIL: RCLAL004©YAHOO.COM , [email protected]

ABSTRACTA detailed survey was done for ground vegetation under coconut plantation in the coastal region of Cape

Comorin. Eighty-nine plant species belonging to 85 genera and 40 families of angiosperms were recorded. Thevegetation under coconut plantation has great medicinal value. Indigenous people use these plants as medicine invarious kinds of ailments. The medicinal importance of these plants is reflected in this communication.

Table : 01 . Figure: 01 References : 15

KEY WORDS: Cape Comorin, coastal region, coconut plantation, medicinal plants.

Plantation is raised in India by plantingindigenous and exotic economically important plantspecies which is an age-old and one of the bestpractices to bring back the natural forestenvironment. Plantations are done in many partsof the world under diverge biophysical, social andeconomic environments'.

Plantation has a strong interaction witheconomic, environmental and socioeconomicvalues. The important purpose of plantation is to

produce wood biomass, food supply and otherminor products on commercial basis'.

Plantation forestry helps to restore degradedforestland and also plays an important role innutrient cycling, habitat conservation and soil andwater management. Maintenance of biologicaldiversity is also achieved by plantation forestry713.

There are only a few reports on thephytosociology of ground vegetation 8-10,15. Thepresent study is aimed to analyze medicinal

Arbuscu lar mycorrhizal fungi in the reclamation and restoration ofsoil fertility

P A 1) S Raj, and S Kip 0h"'Scott ( -hrRtiat College, Na g ercoi, Tamil Nadu 629 003 India

ritro; d . cr.i on

icnaain unexplot Rd d ue i n scarcemarginal 'il, even drought cnsditiy i , and variousanthron,.i1 activium Such si s; usually supportxeropdv' n. v,:c.ct ation, which c' ' lipt to harsh soilcondirinc.. lAssent studies wets '. ndured toevaiuR" 64mR of VA (vesicrrlr'_.li'hnscular)m yc-mjR! lu ryt in idaptarin : xcrophvticvegetar.. in .'.'astelands, which isa-s ultimatelyhein10 the :vC:,t nun of wasrcj .-R rv5t'ration ofsc'tl tsrri,.

Mateddj: .; and methods

The reseaRh work was carried out at a Site inChunkanisarIsi 1-lills Supporting thin, xerophyticvegetation It is located in Kanvakurnari district, theSouthern must part of the state Of Tamil Nadu. Thewasteland under smdy has Gyn bopogonfIxuou,s Neesex Steud, 7ciTrop!caglandtj/era Roxh and CalorropfsPro,,,-era, R. Br., as dominant vegetation AM(arhuscular mvcorrhizal) fungal associatioia and sporecontent of the rhizosphere soil of the pioneer plantsand two tuber y ielding plants, Dioacc-ca Clara andAictnO:v, cc u .S ire, were examined during this study.

Soil sit mules from the root acne of each plantalSeciCe Zto\i in in different location of the site wererandomly s:lc'cred physical and chemical propertiesof the sod erich as texture, pH, elccrricalcondusrie' i tv available nitrogen, phosphorus, andpotassium were determined b y standard analyticalmethods (j ackson 1973)

Rhi e phcrc soil samples with tender roots ofPlants vets cc! es ted randomly The ISret sampling\c'nrs done in AUPUSL 2003, and the svcc.nd iniTebriate 200o Roots were scpiirritcd, washed, and.ut into cmiii scy ments, cleared in 10(311 (potassiumhydroxidc, and stained with rrvparr bloc (Phillipsand H acme n I mcd) VA mvcnrrliizti in of each plantspecies \.a dcrcrmueed by estima tiny the percentrunt colonization (Gtovat-jnetti and Masse 19Sf))

For 'SM furrd Sparc enum eration, 100 g of thesubstratum \', n!,' di,, rcrsed in I litre ccc tci . Alter 15miriures ihe Sjs p cnsioic was dccaicred through 71 0 and-IS urn sieves, and the remains on the sieves were.vashcj into beakers The su p erncllmint was hlteredthough grided filtcr papers. Each filter paper wasspread onto a nnicro-slide and observed under adissecting nrlcr'osccpc at x40 ina g niflcarion The intactAMF spurv. were c ounted .Thu AM fYrnyal spores werePicked up wth a wet needle and mounted in poly-vinyl.ticr'ihcl lactophenol on a neicro-slidi- for identification

Table 1 'Soil characterratics of the study site

Parameter LI 'iii Mean v3frcp

Mechanical composibon Percentage

Coarse sand.. 52Fine sand

. 20Sit., 18Clay' 10texture

Yellowish redsandy clay

-ph5,9Organic carbon Percentage 0.32

Available nitrogen Kg/ha- 152.8Available phosphorus 38.5Available potassium " 1915

The intact and the crushed spores were examined undera compound microscope and identified according toSchenck and Perez (1987).

Results and dscussonJao'oplra glaiidu/r/e12 Roxh is a small evergreen plantof 4-8 feet, with a stout trunk and 3--5 lobedglandular leaves, Cy.'ur1opgrfiexiso5 Nees exSteud is a perennial grass, while Calotropis proce'a,R. Br., is an erect shrub with a normal root systemVA mycorrhizai association was observed in all theplants examined. Vesicles, arhuscules, and

- extrrmatrical Spores c haracteristic ofAMF wereobserved in the roots. The highest amount of AMco lonization was found in roots of Cassava (80%)and the lowest in Caloti'opr's (47%) (Table 2). The'm ots of introduced plants showed appressoria, welldeveloped arhuscules, and vesicles of various shapes.Both thick walled and thin walled hyphac wereobserved. In Dwscorea species, arhuscules showed,Ieeplv stained head like aggregations Degeneratearbuscules were seen with yellow pigmentation.L.issava showed small vesicles of varied shapes.

The pioneer plant Cvnpopogo7rfl i uosus producedfineIm branched roots. Root squash showed extensiveAMP hyphae, uniformly thin, running parallel to thelong axis. Extramatrical hypnae were moreabundant Penetration points more then I O/rnm wereobserved. These plants thrived well under extremeconditions, and survival Capacity was directlyproportional to the extent of AMF mycorrhtzationExamination of rhizosphere soils of all plants

tfv'omrlrsa VS,'d 18(2) July 200613

W-.-till

SACRED FORESTSTREASURE TROVE OF

MEDICINAL PLANTS: A CASE STUDY

FROM SOUT dl 1a'L1rE.] LI

S. JEEvA, C. KINGSTON, S. KJRUBA, D. KANNAN

INTRODUCTION

Plants from the earliest companion of mankind, not only by providing food andshelter but also by serving the humanity in the cure of different ailments. Most of theplants derived drugs were originally discovered through the study of traditional curesand folk knowledge of indigenous community and some of these could not besubstituted, despite the enormous advancement in synthetic chemistry. Herbal medicineis still the mainstay of about 80 per cent of the world population, mainly in thedeveloping countries to promote primary healthcare with better cultural acceptability,human compatibility and lesser side effects (Jeeva et al., 2007).

The sacred forests of South Travancore are relic patches of ancient forest conservedby the indigenous community due to religious and cultural values anointed to them.Most of them are located in proximity of human habitations and are small in area. Inspite of these limitatiojs, they retail' most floristic components having medicinal wealthof the region. As a result of these protective restrictions, preserved over countless years,sacred groves are now important reservoirs of biodiversity . Sacred groves are often thelast refuge for endemic and endangered plant and animal species. They are storehousesof medicinal plants valuable to village communities as well as modern pharmacopoeia,and they contain wild relatives of crop species that can help to improve cultivatedvarieties (Rarnanujam and Kadambai-i 2001 and Ramanujam and Cyril 2003). Manysacred groves contain water resources such as ponds and streams, and the vegetativemass that covers the floor of a grove can absorb water during rainy seasons and releaseit during times of drought. As a result they prove to he an important source ofwater for the nearby commu I l i ties, Moreover, trees also improve soil stability, prevent

Pruceccling.r of the ThirdMi,Ili/vciIiliflalY National SeminarVol. II (Zoology), August 2006. c: Scull Research Forum.

Ovipositional Activity of Cowpea Weevil Cailosobruclius inaculatus (Fabricus)

E. Evarin Jeha Malar, S. Kiruba, S. Israel Stalin, S. Anitha and S. Sam Manohar DasDepartment of Zoology. Scott Christian College (Autonomous), Nagercoil 629 003

Introduction

The caloric and nutritional potential at haivested produce is full y utilized by man.Unfortunately this is not so because considerable quantities of food are wasted or eaten by pests.

particularly, insects and rodents.

'Stored Products include all durable aoiicttltural commodities that can he dried and stored

in bulk, such as cereal grains. flour, oil seeds, legumes. nuts, dried fruits_ animal products andpackaged, baked or processed foods. Of these legumes are major sources of protein in the

developing world.

Insects have infested stored food products since the beginning of human civilization.Common storage pests include the Indian meal moth and mediterranean flour moth, red andconfused flour beetles, flat and saw-toothed grain beetles, rice and granary weevils and lesser and

larger grain borers.

Beetles have been associated with human stores of legume seeds for thousands ofgenerations (Messina, 1998). Storage pests can be divided into primary and secondary pests.Bruchids are the primary pests which are able to develop on undamaged produce, while thesecondary pests will develop only on produce which was previously damaged by other insects or

mechanically.

Bruchids are the major pest of stored legumes across the tropical belt (Abate et at., 2000).

Ca//osobruchus have been intimately associated with legume seeds for much of the cenozoic

(Poinar, 1999). The covpea seed beetle, Ca//osoh,'uchus macu/allis (F.) has evolved multiple traits

(including a dispersal polymorphism and a facultat i ve diapause) that enable it -to infect legumeseeds both in human stores and in the fields (Utida. 1972). Females have long been known toproduce non-random, uniform distributions of eggs among seeds. (Utida. 1943).

Biology of C'. maculatu.s

C macu/allis weevils are small squat active insects with long conspicuous antennae. Female

of C macu/atu.c lay eggs singly on legume seeds. It avoid adding eggs to egg-laden seeds, andthereby reduce competition among larval progeny within seeds (Mitchell, 1975). Adults are short-lived The eclosing larva bores directly through the seed coat, tunneling down into the seed. Thelast larval stage occupies a cavity which is normally situated in the centre of one of the seed'scotyledons. Before pupation, this larva prepares a short tunnel outwards until just under the seed

coat. so that the adult beetle call emerge from the seed. The turmel just under the seed coat isvisible from the outside as a dark spot, which is called a 'Window".

Oviposition of C'. maculatus

Non-diapausing females lay eggs on the hosts within hours after they emerge, so thatpopulations build up rapidly in storage. The growth and development of C. macu/alus depends on

the nutritional value of the seeds (Howe and Currie, 1964). Shazali (1989) reported that

C. maculalus laid the highest number of eggs on pigeon pea, Cajanus ca/an, when compared to

other seed legumes, Giga and Smith (1987) obtained the highest number of eggs on Cowpea,followed by pigeon pea and chickpea. It was assumed that chickpea ('/cer arielinum was

responsible for the higher egg production of C. inacu/atus. This is because of the higher fat

content when compared with other leguminous seeds.

76

Proceedings of the Third Multi-dc ciplinai:v National SeminarVol. II (Zoology), August 2006. Scoit Research Forum.

A Review on Entomopathogenic Fungi

S. Anitha, S. Kiruba, S. Israel Stalin, E. Evarin Jeha Malar and S. Sam Manohar DasDepartment of Zoology. Scott Christian College (Autonomous). Nagerco .il 629 003

introduction

Entornopathogenic fungi are pathogenic te insects. Under natural conditions, fungi are

responsible for significant mortality factor in insect populations (Milner. 2000) About 500 (Starnes

ci c7!., 1993). Species of fungi are known to ha\ e insect pathogenic properties (Whitten &

Oakeshott. 1991 and Stanes e/ al., 1993). All give sub divisions of fungi (Mastigonlycotina,Zvgomygotina. Ascomvcotina, Basidiomycotina. Deuteromycotina) contain entomopathogenicspecies, while Beauveria and Metarhiziurn (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) represent the mostfrequently used genera (Burges and Hussey, 1971).

Compared to other micro organisms fungi are known to infect a broader range of insectsincluding Lepidoptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera. Some strains of

Beauvria bassiana and M. anisopiiae cover nearly all orders mentioned. Research has focussed onthe relatively easily produced asexual spores (Conidia) of the hyphornycete genera Metarhizium,Beauveria and Verticilliurn. These fungi often have a wide host range although there inconsiderable genetic diversity within species and some clades show a high degree of specificity

(Driver ci al. 2000).

Unlike other potential biocontrol agents, fungi do not have to be ingested to infect theirhosts but invade directly through the cuticle and so can. Potentially, be used for control of theinsects including sucking insects. The myco-insecticides are the major components of integratedpest management programs. This paper explores the use of these entomopathogenic fungi for themanagement of insects that damage vegetarian, stored produce and other valuable resources.

Metarhizium as a EntomopathogefliC Fungus

Metarhizium is a genus composed of three species divided into ten clades (or varities)

(Driver ci al.. 2000). The most common form is the genetically highly diverse Meiarhizium

an/sop//ac (Metsch.) Sorokin its natural habitats soil. Although it does not grow saprophytically insoil. it exists as dormant conidia which infect susceptible hosts on contact. Research on the green

muscardine fungus M. an/sop//ac started in Russia in order to control beetle larvae in sugar beet

(Greathead and Prior 1990).

The taxomony of the genus is still controversal. According to Bridge ci a/., (1993). DNA

fingerprints are required for the correct identification of Metarhizium. The current classification ofthe taxon is mainly based on the morphology of conidia and conidiogenous cells. Some authorscombine these with biochemical and molecular characteristics (Riba ci al.. 1986) and host

pathogenicity and odd activity (Yip etal., 1992 and Rath ci al.. 1995).

The toxins released by Meiarhizium include Destruxins, Swainsinone and Cytochalasin

(Strasser ci al., 2000). Histopathological studies of eleaterid tissues infected by M.an/sop//ac

suggest that toxins kill the host by inciting degeneration of the host tissues due to loss of thestructural integrity of membranes and then dehydration of cells by fluid loss (Ferron 1981). If theconditions are warm and moist, conidiophores will growth through the cuticle to cover the insectwith conidia. The fungus germinates and penetrates into the respiratory siphon, blocking and

breathing mechanisms (Daoust ci al., 1982). Plugging of spiracles usually leads to death before

significant invasion of the haemocoel has occured.

The optimal growth temperature for most strains is 27-28 0c, conidia normally require a

relative humidity of at least 92% to germinate (Ferron 1981). Samson ci at., (1999) reported that the

.lvieiarhizium sp. is used to control sugar cane grubs. Hanel and Watson (1983) in their classicpaper concluded that "Unknown factors" were responsible for limitting the speread of Metarhiziurn

79

than Journal of Traditional Knowledgeal. 5(4). October 2006, pp. 501-509

Weeds of Kanyalcurnari district and their value in rural life

S Jeeva' ' , S Kiruhi, J3(3 Mishra', N Ven Oji. SSM Dhas2 , GS Re g in: . C Kin gston' ,

A Kavitha 3 . S Sukumaran. \i Raj' & RC Laloo'

colsgs Research Lahoi aioI. DO,artment of Botan\. Sc 9 ol oi Life Sciences. NerO - LA ocrii Hill Universi iv,Shillong-793 021 2. Nicghalaya

2 Research Centre in Zoolog\, Scott Christian Cal Ieee. Nagercoil 629 003. ianiil Nadu3 Research Centre in Botany, Scott Christian colle g e. Nagercoil 629 003. 1 and I Nadu

Email: [email protected]: selectee eeva(4rediffmail.coni

Received 21 April 2005: isa/red 26 July 2005

The paper deals with enumeration of medicinally important weeds frequently used by local communities ofKanvakumari district, Tamil Nadu. A total of 93 medicinal weedy species from 85 genera used in traditional medicines wereidentified. Majority of species are used for curing skin diseases. fever, cold and cough, etc. Of 42 families, 20 families weremonospecific. Plants of family Fabaceae was largely represented 7 species) family followed by Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and

Euphorbiaceae.

Keywords: Indigenous people. Kanyakumari, Medicinal plants. Traditional medicine, Weeds, Western Ghats

IPC Int. C1. 5 : A61 K36/00, A6IPI/00, A6IPI/08, A6IPI/l0. A6IPI/16 7 A61 P9/14, A6IPI 1/00. A6IPII/14, A61P13/00.

A61P13/02. A61P15/00, A611`17/00, A61PI7/02. A611`17/14, A61P19/00, A61P19/02, A61P29/00,A6IP3I/00, A61 P31/02, A61 P39/02

Veeds are comprised of the more aggressive, trouble-Dine and undesirable elements of the World's vegeta-on'. More than 80% of the developing worldontinues to rel y on traditional medicines predomi-antly plants, for primary healthcare . The globalemand for herbal medicine is not only large, but alsorowin g'. The market for Ayurvedic medicines isstimated to he expanding at 20% annually in India3.)nly 15% of pharmaceutical drugs are consumed ineveloping countries, and relativel y more affluenteople take a large proportion of even this small per-en tageC . Medicinal plants can provide a significantource of income for rural life in developingountries, especially through the sale of wild-tarvested material. Between 50-100% of householdsn the northern part of central Nepal and about 25-0% in the middle part of the same region arenvolved in collecting medicinal plants for sale, thenaterials being traded on to wholesale markets inDelhi'.

Knowledge of medicinal plants is rapidly dis-Ippearing. Every year, the sum total of humannowledge about the types. distribution, ecology,

Corresponding author

methods of management and methods of extractingthe useful properties of medicinal plants is decliningrapidly-a continuation of a process of loss of localcultural diversity that has underway for hundreds ofvears S . Knowledge of the natural world is typically a

very important part of the knowledge-worlds of ruralpeople following more traditional life ways. Therevitalization of traditional systems of medicine canbe high on the agendas of those promoting local andindigenous cultures 5 . Kanyakumari district (.77'7-7735' E and 8 5'-8'35' N), it part of western Ghatsoccupies an area of about 1672 sq km and is inhabitedby 11.37,181 people (Fig. 1). The rainfall varies from103-3 10 cm and altitude is about I 829rn asl . Most ofthe district is composed of gneissic rocks''. Fourteentypes of forests occur in this district because ofdiverse locality factors and harbour plenty ofmedicinally important weeds'-. Topographically, thedistrict may be broadly classified as coastal region,middle region and mountainous

Ethnobotanically, the area remains unexplored andno comprehensive account of local tradition isavailable. The earlier studies on medicinal plant of thearea were fragmentary and with limited objectives

i!S

In view of this fact, the present work was carried out

Indian Journal of Traditional KnowledgeVol. 6(1), January 2007, pp. 199-203

Bamboo seeds as a means to sustenance of the indigenous community

S Kiruhai S Jeeva, S Sam Manohar Das t & D Kannan3

Post Graduate Studies and Research Centre in Zoology, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil 629 602, Tamil Nadu2Ecology Research Laboratory. Department of Botany. School of Life Sciences, North-Eastern Hill Universes, Umshing - Mawkyntoh,

Mawlai, Shillong 793 022. Meghalaya'Centre for Environmental Studies. Amrita Vishwa Vidyaeethain. Etttmadai, Coimbatore - 64 1 105, Tamil Nadu

E-mail: sambiocontrol fginail.com

Rccclied 24 August 2006; rceised Ii October 2006

Bamboo is a natural gift for human livelihood. Bamboo has the peculiarity of flowering and seeding only after a longvegetative phase, and it varies from species to species. The present paper deals with the use of seeds of Bambusa

arundinacea Willd. by the Kani tribes of Kanyakumari district, southern western Ghats. Method of seed collection, storageand mode of consumption by indigenous people have been described. The indigenous community not only uses the seeds asa food, but also as commercial commodity to improve the economy. The Kani tribes believe that the seeds of Bambusa

arundinacea enhance the fertility, so that there is great demand of seeds of this species in pharmaceutical industry tomanufacture drugs to improve fertility.

Key words: Bambusa arundinacea, Bamboo, Fertility, Indigenous community, Kani tribes, Traditional knowledge

IPC Int. Cl.8: A61K36/00, AOIG1/00, AOIG17/00, A47G19/00, A231-1/00, A231-1/06, A231-2/02

Bamboo is one of the precious plant resources of theearth. It has played a significant role in humancivilization since ancient times, and is stillcontributing to the subsistence of over two billionpeople living in the tropical and sub-tropical belts inAsia, Latin America and Africa. Traditional uses ofbamboo are differing from region to region andpeople to people. Since time immemorial, bamboo isbeing used in fuel, food, housing and shelter byindigenous communities 1-3 . 26 bamboo species are

4used for edible purposes in pacific region of Asia.Southern western Ghats of Kanyakumari district,because of its geographical location, stable geologicalhistory, favorable agroclimate, heavy rainfall andgood soil conditions, support a gregarious growth of

two bamboo species, Banthusa arwidinacea Willd.

and Dendrocalamus strictus Nees.5 6 The tribals have

a vast knowledge about the utilization of thesebamboo resources for their day-to-day life. However,there is lack of information about the uses of bambooseeds. Hence, an attempt has been made to explore theindigenous knowledge about the use of bamboo seedsby the tribals of Kanyakumari district.

The present study was conducted at Kodayar andits vicinity located in the southern western Ghats of


Kanyakumari district (77°15'E, 8°29'N) at an elevationof 250-700m. It is a part of Agastyamalai hill rangeand falls in the Veerapuli forest reserve of Tamil

Nadu7t0. Rainfall varies from 103-310 cm", 2. The

climate of the district is favorable for agricultural

purposes' 3 . The Forests in Kanyakumari district is

verdant and virgin forests and said to be about 75million years old. Of the total district area of 167130ha Government forests occupy an area of 50486 ha,which comes to about 30.2 % of the total geographic

area of the district t4 . Fourteen types of forests fromluxuriant tropical wet evergreen to tropical thornforests occur in this district hecau;e of diverse localityfactors and edapho-climatic conditions'-5 . Kanis, the

tribals commonly called, as Kaoikaran or Kanikarsare basically agriculturists, living in forests ofKanyakumari and adjoining Kerala forests. There are

47 Kani settlements in Kanyakumari forest divisionwith an extent of 1250.05 ha of forestland allotted to

927 families 16 (Table 1). They have good knowledge

about natural resources as they chiefly depend on theforest for fuel wood, food and medicines. They alsohave a rich cultural heritage that is closely associatedwith nature. The deity of the Kani tribe is called.

Malai Devadai (Forest Goddesses). Hunting andgathering is an important activity of their daily life.

.Jou,-,,aI of Theoretical and Experimental Riologi. 3(1): 57-61. 2006© 2006 Elias Academic Publisherswww.ejteb.org

Synergistic Effects of a Target Insecticide, Acetamiprid and aNon-Target Fungicide, Copper Oxych1orde on aLepidopteran Caterpillar

M. Rarnarn Bai, S. Sam Manohar Das* and S. Kiruba

Department ofZooloci. Scott Christian Cohle, iVagercoil-629003 , Tamil .Vadii, India.

Received: 17 September, 2006; revised received: 26 December, 2006

AbstractSimultaneous application of insecticides and non-target pesticides cannot be-avoided in many of theagroecosystems. In the tropics, acetamiprid, a common insecticide and copper oxychloride, a fungicideare sprayed almost together to manage insect pests and fungal infestation respectively, and the presentstudy intends to find out whether the copper oxychloride has only combined action with acetamiprid iithe management of lepidopteran pests. In the light of the synergistic action observed, it is suggestedthat the recommended dosage of the insecticide can be reduced significantly with appreciable pay backsin the form of revenue gain and pollution abatement. Toxicant bioassay was done following the standardprocedure involving oral administration of the toxicants in a wide range of concentrations and obtainingnh LD50 values using probit analysis.In individual administrations acetamiprid is highly toxic to the testinsect compared to copper oxychloride. But in reciprocal combined doses, the toxicity of both thepesticides increased, bringing about a decrease in the concentrations required for mortality. The fungicide,anon-target pesticide, complements the action of an insecticide.

Keywords: Synergistic effect, Acetamiprid, Copper Oxychioride, Bombyx ,non

IntroductionChemical pesticides, when applied simultaneouslyelicited synchronized action leading to synergismor antagonism. Synergism between insecticides(Martin et al., 2003; Kodandaram and Dhingra,2003), insecticides and microbial pesticides(Jaramillo el al.. 2005; Purvar and Sachan 2006),plant products and microbial pesticides (Sangeetha,2006), insecticides and plant products (Andersonand Zhu 2004; Wei et al., 2004) and between plantproducts (George and Vincent, 2005; Noortheen et

al., 2006), had been reported. This helps to reducethe quantity of pesticides used (Sarode et al., 2000;Babu and Sharma 2003), and improve cost-effectiveness (Rahman and Wilkins 2001; YiLianget al., 2002). This work examines the combinedeffect of acetamiprid, an insecticide and copper

oxychioride, a common fungicide on a lepidopterancaterpillar.

Materials and Methods

Test AnimalBombyv mori L. caterpillars (model lepidopteran)were used as the test animals. Disease FreeLaying of silkworm B. n7ol

.i multivoltine PM x

NB 4D, were incubated in the laboratory at 20°Cand 70 to 80% RH. The caterpillars were fed adlibitum with mulberry leaves. Third, fourth andfifth instar caterpillars were used in the study. B.

mnoni, a beneficial insect, is used in this study a s itcan be easily cultured in the laboratory and theresults obtained are reproducible in most of thelepidopteran larvae that are pests inagroecosystems.

*Correspond i ng author; Email address:sambiocontrolgmai1.com

57

Bibliography - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/.../66122/13/14_bibliography.pdffamily as grain protectants against storage insect pests. Journal of Food Science and Technology,

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