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Abélès, Marc (ed.) (2011), Des anthropologues à l’OMC: Scènes de la gouvernance mondiale. Paris: Centre national de la recherche scientifique Éditions.
Adams, Richard, Phillipa Dee, Jyothi Goli and Greg McGuire (2003), The Trade and Investment Effects of Preferential Trading Arrangements: Old and New Evidence. Canberra: Australia Productivity Commission.
Advisory Centre for WTO Law (2012), Report on Operations 2012. Geneva: Advisory Centre WTO Law.
Alonso Cano, Guiomar (ed.) (2006), Trends in Audiovisual Markets: Regional Perspectives from the South. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Alvarez-Jiménez, Alberto (2009), “Improvements to the WTO Decision-Making Process: Lessons from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank”, in Steger (2009b).
Amiti, Mary and John Romalis (2007), “Will the Doha Round Lead to Preference Erosion?”, IMF Staff Papers 54(2): 338-384.
Amorim, Celso (2003), “The Real Cancún”, The Wall Street Journal, 25 September.
Ancharaz, Vinaye (2012), “Can the Doha Round Be Saved?”, in Meléndez-Ortiz et al. (2012).
Andriamananjara, Soamiely (2003), “Competitive Liberalization or Competitive Diversion? Preferential Trade Agreements and the Multilateral Trading System”, Paper presented at the PECC Trade Forum Meetings, at the Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC.
Babe, Robert E. (1996), “Convergence and the New Technologies”, in Dorland (1996).
Bacchetta, Marc, Jürgen Richtering and Roy Santana (2012), “How Much Light Do WTO Notifications Shed on NTMs?”, in Cadot and Malouce (2012).
Bacchus, James (2012), “A Way Forward for the WTO”, in Meléndez-Ortiz et al. (2012).
Baker, James (1988), “The Geopolitical Implications of the US–Canada Trade Pact”, The International Economy 2(1): 34-41.
Barfield, Claude (2001), Free Trade, Sovereignty, Democracy: The Future of the World Trade Organization. Washington, DC: AEI Press.
Barnett, Michael and Raymond Duvall (eds.) (2005), Power in Global Governance: Cambridge Studies in International Relations 98. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Barshefsky, Charlene (1996), Letter to Representative Robert Matsui, 25 October.
Barton, John H., Judith L. Goldstein, Timothy E. Josling and Richard H. Steinberg (2006), The Evolution of the Trade Regime: Politics, Law, and Economics of the GATT and WTO. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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494tariffs, 313-4, 319-20technical assistance, see technical assistance
textiles, 384TPRM negotiations, 286trade and development, 18-21TRIPS and public health, 352-8Uruguay Round, 20, 51, 130WTO and UNCTAD, 158-60see also least-developed countries
development roundBrasilia Declaration (2003), 442developing countries, 395-6Doha Development Agenda, 408see also Doha Round
EU disputesagricultural policy, 249anti-dumping, 254bananas, 243, 400, 453complaints against United States, 236government procurement, 363joint complaints, 245safeguards, 256-7with United States, 247-9
632 THE HISTORY AND FUTURE OF THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
modes of supply, 326-7negotiations, 304, 315, 326-9positive list system, 326Protocols, 339-47scope of commitments, 339-40Uruguay Round, 48see also services
Graham, Thomas, 579Great Depression, 40, 42, 293Great Recession (2008-2009), 293, 456, 550green room, 83, 92, 99, 204-7, 517, 560Grenada, 87Groser, Tim, 529, 544-53, 579Grotius, Hugo, 5-7, 41, 566Guatemala, 403, 441Gucht, Karel de, 576Guidelines and Procedures for the Negotiations on Trade in Services, 431Guidelines for the Accession of LDCs, 133-4Guidelines for Appointment of Officers to WTO
Bodies, 510Guidelines for Arrangements on Relations with
Hong Kong Ministerial Conference (2005)achievements, 414-5, 447Aid for Trade initiative, 192Arab League and, 166cotton, 430development package, 447DFQF treatment, 476services, 434-5
Arab League boycott, 137-8, 140, 143-5Arab League observer status and, 166legal services, 328Palestinian observer status and, 213Palestinian peace process, 308US FTA, 487, 493-4
ItalyAppellate Body member from, 592deputy director-general from, 531director-general from, 591-2dispute settlement panellists from, 258Secretariat staff from, 536
coalitions, see coalitionsenlargement, 537expulsion threats, 217-8large and small members, 506-8list, 111-4observers, 87, 161-6, 213withdrawal, 157see also accessions
338, 551sovereignty and, 202-7status quo commitments, 340tariffs, see tariff negotiationstrade in services, 304, 315, 326-9transition periods, 313TRIPS and public health, 352-8see also decision-making; specific rounds
Soviet Unionannexation of Georgia, 146collapse, 26, 415invasion of Finland, 217League of Nations and, 42United States and, 139, 145see also Russian Federation
Spain, 91, 124, 233, 536, 579, 584-5Spanish–American War (1899), 486special and differential treatment, 438-9, 473, 494square brackets, 374, 386, 397, 430, 436Sri Lanka, 93, 376, 392, 421Stamper, Norm, 389 Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF),
The History and Future of the World Trade Organization
Craig VanGrasstek
The History and Future of the World Trade Organization draws on a wealth of human, documentary and statistical sources to examine in depth the economic, political and legal issues surrounding the creation of the WTO in 1995 and its subsequent evolution. Among the topics covered are the intellectual roots of the trading system, membership of the WTO and the growth of the Geneva trade community, trade negotiations and the development of coalitions among the membership, and the WTO’s relations with other international organizations and civil society. Also covered are the organization's robust dispute settlement rules, the launch and evolution of the Doha Round, the rise of regional trade agreements, and the leadership and management of the WTO. It reviews the WTO's achievements as well as the challenges faced by the organization, and identifies the key questions that WTO members need to address in the future.
Craig VanGrasstek is publisher of the Washington Trade Report and a trade consultant. He earned his doctorate in political science from Princeton University, and has taught political economy at the Harvard Kennedy School, international relations at American University’s School of International Service, and literature at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service and in its Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures.