BIBLIOGRAPHY - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/33506/10/10... · 2018. 7. 2. · Dean, R.T. and Cheeseman, K.H. (1987). Vitamin E protects proteins against free

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBIOGRAPHY

Aeschbach, R., Loliger, J., Scott, B. C., Murcia, A., Buetle, J. and Halliwell, B. et al.

(1994). Antioxidant actions of thymol carbacrol 6 gingerol, zingerone and

hydroxytyrosol. Food Chem. Toxieol., 32,31-36.

Ahmed, R.S, Seth, V., Pasha, S.T. and Banerjee, B.D. (2000a). Influence of dietary

ginger (Zingiber offieinale Rose) on oxidative stress induced by malathion in rats.

Food Chem. Toxieol., 38, 443-450.

Ahmed, R.S. and Sharma, S.B. (1997). Biochemical studies on combined e.ects of garlic

(Allium sativum Linn) and ginger (Zingiber offieinale Rose) in albino rats. Indian

J. Exp. Bioi., 35, 841.,.843.

Ahmed, R.S., Seth, V. and Banerjee, B.D. (2000). Influence of dietary ginger (Zingiber

officinales Rose) on antioxidant defense system in rat, Comparison with ascorbic

acid Indian J. Exper. Bioi., 38, 604-606.

Aikawa, K., Uda, H., Tanaka, S., Shimamura, H., and Tsuchiya, S. (1998). Evaluation of

drug disappearance from nasal cavity by the deposit method. Drug Des. Diseov.,

15, 233-238.

Ajith, T,A., Nivitha, V. and Usha, S. (2007a). Zingiber officinale Roscoe alone and in

combination with alpha tocopherol protect the kidney against cisplatin induced

acute renal failure. Food Chem. Toxieol., 45, 921-927. ·

Ajith, T.A., Hema, U. and Aswathy, M.S. (2007b). Zingiber officinale Roscoe prevents

acetaminophen induced acute hepatotoxicity by enhancing hepatic antioxidant

status. Food Chem Toxieol., 45,2267-2272.

90

AI Amin, Z.M., Thomson, M., AI Qattan, K.K., Peltonen Shalaby, R and Ali, M. (2006).

Anti diabetic and hypolipidaemic properties of ginger (Zingiber officina/e) in

streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Br. J. Nutr., 96, 660--666.

Anundi, I., Kristoferson, A. and Hogberg, J. (1978). Xenbiotic induced toxicityin isolated

hepatocytes. Excerpta Medica Int. Cong. Series, 440, 270.

Arditti, R. (2005). Cosmetics, Deoderants, Parabens and Breast Cancer, Newsletter of the

Women's Community Cancer Project 23 January 2005

Awang, D.V.C. (1992). Ginger. Can. Pharm. J.., 125, 309-311.

Aydin, A., Orhan, H., Sayal, A., Ozata, M., Sahin, G. and lsimer, A. (2001). Oxidative

stress and nitric oxide related parameters in type II diabetes mellitus, effect of

glycemic control. Clin. Biochem., 34, 65-70.

Bairati, C., Goi, G., Lombardo, A. and Tettamanti, G. (1994). The esters of p-hydroxy­

benzoate (parabens) inhibit the release of lysosomal enzymes by mitogen­

stimulated peripheral human lymphocytes in culture. Clin. Chim. Acta., 224, 147-

157.

Bando, H., Mohri, S., Yamashita, F., Takakura, Y., and Hashida, M. (1997). Effects of

skin metabolism on percutaneous penetration of lipophilic drugs. J. Pharmaceut.

Sci., 86, 759-761.

Bartlett, H. and Epeijesi, F. (2003). Age-related macular degeneration and nutritional

supplementation : a review of randomized controlled trials. Opthalmic Physiol

Opt., 23, 383-399.

91

Beatty, C.H., Basinger, G.M., Dully, C.C. and Bocek, R.M. (1966). Comparison

of red and white voluntary skeletal muscle of several species of primates.

]. Histochem. Cytochem., 14, 590-600.

Berke, P.A., Steinberg, D.C and Rosen, W.E. (1982). Germaben II: a complete

preservative system clear liquid form. Cosm. Toil., 97, 89-93.

Beynen, A. C. and Geelen, M.J. (1982). Short term inhibition of fatty acid biasynthesis in

isolated hepatocytes by mono-aromatic compounds. Toxicol., 24, 183-197.

Bhattarai, S., Tran, V.H. and Duke, C. C. (2007). Stability of (6)-gingerol and (6)-shogaol

in stimulated gastric and intestinal fluids. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 30, 648-653.

Boehm, E.E. and. Maddox, D.N. (1972). Recent applications for preservatives of

pharmaceuticals. Manufac. Chern. Aerosol. N., 43,21-23.

Boham, B. A. and Kocipai, A. R. (1974). Flavonoids and condensed tannins from leaves.

of Hawaiian vaccinium vaticulatum and V. calycinium. Pacific Sci., 48, 458-

463.

Bone, M.E., Wilkinson, D.J., Young, J.R., McNeil, J. and Charlton, K. (1990). Ginger

root--a new antiemetic. The effect of ginger root on postoperative nausea and

vomiting after major gynaecological surgery S Department of Anaesthesia, St

Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Anaesthesia, 45, 669-671.

Bordla, A., Verma, S.K. and Srivastava, K.C. (1997). Effect of ginger (Zingiber ojjicinale

Rose.) and fenugreek (Triginella foenumgraecum L.) on blood lipids, blood sugar

and platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease. Prostaglandins

Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 56, 379-384.

92

Breimer, L.H. (1990). Molecular mechanisms of oxygen radical carcinogenesis and

mutagenesis: the role of DNA base damage. Mol. Carcinogesis, 3, 188-197.

Byford, J.R., Shaw, L.E., Drew, M.G., Pope, G.S., Sauer, M.J. and Darbre, P.D. (2002).

Oestrogenic activity of parabens in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. J. Steroid.

Biochem. Mol. Bioi., 80, 49-60.

Cavagna, D., Zorzato, F., Babin, E., Prestipino, G. and Trever, S. (2000). Methyl p-

hydroxybenzoate (E-218) a preservative for drugs and food is an activator of the

ryanodine receptor (Ca+2) release channel. Br. J. Pharmacal., 131, 335-341.

Chang, W.S., Chang, Y.H., Lu, F.J. and Chiang, H.C. (1994). Inhibitory effects of

phenolics on xanthine oxidase. Anticancer. Res.,l4, 501-506.

Chung, W.Y., Yow, C., Benzie, M.N. and Iris, F.F. (2003). Assessment of membrane

protection by traditional Chinese medicines using a flow cytometric technique,

Preliminary findings. Redox Report, 8, 31-33.

CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review). (1984). Final report on the safety assessment of

methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. J. Am. Coli.

Toxicol., 3, 147-209.

Claus, E.P. and. Tyler, V.E. (1967). Pharmacognosy. 5th edition. Lea and Febiger,

Philadelphia.

Cooper, G.M. (1997). The cell- A Molecular Approach, ASM Press, Washington, D.C.

Comoveld, M.C. Henderson, E.R. Parrell, A., Blake, D.R., Parkes, H.G. and Haycock, P.

(1993). Odixative damage to hyaluronate and glucose in synovial fluid during

exercise of the inflamed joint. Deletion of abnormal low-molecular weight

93

metabolites by protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochem. J.,,

273, 459-467.

Craig, W.J. (1997). Phytochemicals: guardians of our health. J. Am.Diet. Assoc., 10, 199-

204.

CTF A, (1981 ). Thirteen week subchronic dermal toxicity study in albino rats with

medicated cream containing methyl paraben and medicated lotion containing

propylparaben. Study Project Code AT0165. CTFA Code No.2 7 113.

Daniel, J.W. (1986). Metabolic aspects of antioxidants and preservatives. Xenobiotica,

16, 1073-1078.

Darbre, P. D., Byford, J.R., Shaw, L.E., Hall, S., Coldham, N.G., Pope, G.S. and Sauer,

M.J. (2003). Oestrogenic activityofbenzyl paraben. J. Appl. Toxicol., 23, 43-51.

Darbre, P.D. (2001). Underarm cosmetics are a cause of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer

Prev., 10, 389-393.

Darbre, P.D. (2003). Underarm Cosmetics and Breast Cancer. J. Appl. Toxicol., 23, 89-

95.

Darbre, P.D. (2004). Concentrations ofParabens in Human Breast Tumours. Toxicology,

24,4-13.

Darbre, P.D., Aljarrah, A., Miller, W.R., Coldham, N.G., Sauer, M.J., and Pope, G.S.

(2004). Concentrations of pai'abens in human breast tumours. J. Appl. Toxicol.,

24,5-13.

Darbre, P.D., Byford, J.R., Shaw, L.E., Horton, R.A., Pope, G.S. and Sauer, M.J. (2002).

Oestrogenic activity of isobutylparaben in vitro and in vivo. J. Appl. Toxicol., 22,

219-26.

94

Dean, R.T. and Cheeseman, K.H. (1987). Vitamin E protects proteins against free radical

damage in lipid environments. Biochem. Biphys. Res. Commun., 148, 1277-1282.

Demple, B. (1990). Oxidative DNA damage : repair and inducible cellular responses.

Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, 340A, 155-167.

Derache, R. and Gourdon, J. (1963). Metabolism of a food preservative: p­

hydroxybenzoic acid and its esters. Food Cosm. Toxicol., 1, 189-195.

Desai, H.G., Kalro, R.H. and Choksi, A.P. (1990). Effect of ginger and garlic on DNA

content of gastric aspirate. Indian J. Med. Res., 92, 139-141.

Ding, G.H. and Naora, K. (1991). Pharmacokinetics of [6]-gingerol after intravenous

administration in rats. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 39, 1612-1614.

Edwards, S.W., Humphreys, J.M., Taylor, C.D., Soulioti, A.M, Brunton, A.H, Gadd,

G.M. and Hart, C.A. (1990). Inhibition of neutrophil superoxide secretion by the

preservative, methylhydroxybenzoate: effects mediated by perturbation of

intracellular ci+? Free Radic Res Commun., 10, 333-343.

EFSA (2004). Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing

acids and materials in contact with food on a request from the commission related

to p-hydroxy berzoates (E-214-219). The EFSA Journal, 83, 1-26.

El Hussein, S., Muret, P., Berard, M., Makki, S. and Humbert, P. (2007). Assessment of

principal parabens usedin cosmetics after their passage through human epidermis­

dermis layers (ex-vivo study). Exp. Dermatol., 16, 830-836.

Elder, R L. (1984). Final report on the safety assessment of methylparaben, ethylparaben,

propylparaben and butylparaben. J. Amer. College ofToxi., 3, 147-209.

95

European Commission (1994). Opinion on p-hydroxybenzoic acid alkyl esters and their

sodium salts expressed on 25 February 1994. Reports of the Scientific Committee

for Food (Thirty fifth series), 9-12.

Fagian, M.M., Pereira-da-silva, L., Martins, I.S. and Vercesi, A.E. (1990). Membrane

protein thiol cross-linking associated with the permabilization of the inner

mitochondrial membrane by Ca2+ plus peroxidants. J. Bioi. Chem., 265, 19955.

Fang, H., Tong, W., Shi, L.M., Blair, R., Perkins, R., Branham, W., Hass, B.S., Xie, Q.

and Dial, S.L. (2001). Structure-activity relationships for a large diverse set of

natural, synthetic, and environmental estrogens. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 14,280-294.

FDA, (1973). Methyl paraben and propylparaben. Affirmation of GRAS status of direct

human food ingredients. Federal Register, 38, 20048-20050.

Fisher, A.A. (1975). Allergic paraben and benzyl alcohol hypersensitivity relationship of

the "delayed" and "immediate" varicteis. Contact Dermatitis., 1, 281-284.

Fisher, J.S., Turner, K.J., Brown, D., and Sharpe, R.M. (1999). Effect of neonatal

exposure to estrogenic compounds on development of the excurrent ducts of the

rat testis through puberty to adulthood. Environ Health Perspect, 107,397-405.

Fiske, C.H. and Subbarow, Y. (1925). The colorimetric determination of

phosphorus. ]. Biol. Chern., 66, 375.

Fraga, C.G., Zamora, R. and Tappel, A.L. (1989). Damage to protein synthesis

concurrent with lipid peroxidation in rat liver slices : effect of halogenated

compounds, peroxidases and vitamin El. Archives of Biochemistry and

Biophysics., 270, 84-91.

96

Fuhrman, B., Rosenblat, M., Hayek, T., Coleman, R. and Aviram, M. (2000).

Ginger extract consumption reduces plasma cholesterol, inhibits LDL

oxidation and attenuates development of atherosclerosis m

atherosclerotic, apolipoprotein E deficient mice.]. Nutr., 130,1124-1131.

Fujita, F., Moriyama, T., Higashi, T., Shima, A. and Tominaga, M. (2007). Methyl p­

hydroxybenzoate causes pain sensation through activation of TRPA1 channels.

Br. J.Pharmacol., 151, 153-160.

Fukugasako, S., Ito, S. and Ikemoto, Y. (2003). Effects of methyl p-hydroxy benzoate

(methyl paraben) on Ca +2 concentration and histamine release in rat peritoneal

mast cells. Br. J. Pharmacol., 92, 728-729.

Fukugasako, S., Ito, S. and Ikemoto, Y. (2003). Effects of methyl p-hydroxybenzoate

(methyl paraben) on Ca +2 concentration and histamine release in rat-peritoneal

mast cells. Br. J. Pharmaco/., 139, 138-147.

Giles, K.W. and Meyer, A. (1965). An improved diphenylamine method for the

estimation of DNA. Nature (London). 206, 93-94.

Ginger: Botanical Monograph Series (1998). United States Pharmacopeia! Convention,

Rockville M.D.

Goto, C., Kasuya, S., Koga, K., Ohtomo, H. and Kagei, N. (1990). Lethal efficacy of

extract from Zingiber offzcinale (traditional Chinese medicine) or [6]- shogaol and

[6]-gingerol in Anisakis larvae in vitro. Japan.Parasitol. Res., 76, 653-656.

Gottfried, N.S. (1962). Alkylp-hydroxybenzoate ester as pharmaceutical preservatives, A

review of the parabens. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm., 19,310-314.

97

Govindarajan, V.S. (1982). Ginger: Chemistry, technology and quality evaluation. Crit.

Rev. Food. Sci. Nutr., 17, 1-96.

Greenvald, R.A. and May, W.W. (1980). Effect of oxygen derived free radicals on

hyaluromic acid. Artherites. Rheum., 23, 455-463.

Grontved, A., Brask, T., Kambskard, J. and Hentzer, E. (1988). Ginger root against

seasickness. A controlled trial on the open sea. Department of Oto-Rhino­

Laryngology, Svendborg Hospital, Denmark. Acta Otolaryngol, lOS, 45-49.

Grunert, R.R. and Philips, P.H. (1951). A modification of the nitroprusside method of

analysis for glutathione. Arch. Biochem., 30, 217-225.

Gunter, T.E. and Pfeiffer, D.R. (1990). Mechanisms by which mitochondria transport

calcium. Am. J. Physiol., 258, 755-786.

Haksar, A., Sharma, A., Chawla, R., Kumar, R., Arora, R., Singh, S., Prasad, I., Gupta,

M., Tripathi, R.P., Arora, M.P., Islam, F. and Sharma, R.K. (2006). Zingiber

officinale exhibits behavioral radioprotection against radiation. 84, 179-188.

Haksar, A., Sharma, A., Chawla, R., Kumar, R., Arora, R., Singh, S., Prasad, J.,

Gupta,M., Tripathi, R.P., Arora, M.P .. and Sharma, R.K. (2006). Zingiber

Officinale exhibits behavioural radioprotection against radiation, 84, 179-188.

Handa, 0., Kokura, S., Adachi, S., Takagi, T., Naito, Y., Tanigawa, T., Yoshida, N. and

Yoshikawa, T. (2006). Methyl-paraben potentiates UV-induced damage of skin

keratinocytes. Toxicology,. 227, 62-72.

Harbome, J.B. (1973). Phytochemical methods, Chapman and Hall Ltd., London pp 49-

188.

98

Harvey, B.H., Carstens, M.E. and Taljaard, J.J. (1992). Central effects of the

preservative, methylparaben. In vivo activation of CAMP-specific

phosphodiesterase and reduction of cortical cAMP. Biochem. Pharmacol., 44,

1053-1057.

Harvey, H.B., Carstens, M.E. and Taljaard, J.J. (1992). Central effects of the

preservative, methyl paraben. In vivo activation of CAMP-specific

phosphodiesterase and reduction of cocticol cAMP. Biochem. Pharmacol., 44,

1053-1057.

Harvey, P.W. (2003). Parabens, oestrogenicity, underarm cosmetics and breast cancer: A

perspective on a hypothesis. J Appl Toxicol, 23, 285-288.

Harvey, P.W. and Dabre, P. (2004). Endocrine disrupters and human health : could

oestrogenic chemicals in body care cosmetics adversely affect breast cancer

incidence in women? J. App. Toxicol .. , 24, 167-176.

Hassler, W.H. (1954). Oral fat emulsions. Amer. Profes. Pharma., 20,427-467.

Henry, J.C., Tschen, E.H. and Becker, L.E. (1979). Contact urticaria to parabens, Ach.

Derm., 115, 1231-1232.

Holtmann, S., Clarke, A.H., Scherer, H. and Hohn, M. (1989). The anti-motion sickness

mechanism of ginger. A comparative study with placebo. Acta Otolaryngol, 108,

68-174.

Horvey, P.W. and Everett, D.J. (2004). Significance of the detection of esters of p­

hydroxy benzoic acid (parabens) in human breast tumours. J. App. Toxicol., 24, 1-

4.

99

Hossaini, A., Larsen, J.J., and Larsen, J.C. (2000). Lack of oestrogenic effects of food

preservatives (parabens) in uterotrophic assays. Food Chem Toxicol., 38,319-323.

Imberti, R, Niemenen, A.L., Herman, B. and Lemasters, J.J. (1993). Mitochondrial and

glycolytic dysfunction in lethal injury to hepatocytes by t-butylhydroperoxide.

Protection by fructose, cyclosporine A and trifluoperazine. J. Pharmacol. Exp.

Ther., 265; 392-400.

Inai, K., Aoki, Y., Akamizu, H., Eta, R., Nishida, T. and Tokuoka, S. (1985).

Tumorigenicity studyof butyl and isobutyl p-hydroxy benzoates administered

orally to mice. Food. Chem. Toxicol., 23, 575-578.

Ippoushi, K., Azuma, K., Ito, H., Horie, H. and Higashio, H. (2003). [6]-Gingerol inhibits

nitric acid synthesis in activated 1774.1 mouse macrophages and prevents

peroxynitric-induced oxidation and nitration reaction. Life Sci., 73, 3427-2437.

Ipsen, J. and. Feigh, P. (1970). Bancroffs Introduction to biostatics, Second Edition,

Harper and Row. Publishers, New York.

lshidate, M., Hayashi, M., Sawada, M. and Matsuoka, A. (1978). Cytotoxicity test on

medical drugs. Chromosome aberration tests with Chinese hamster cells in vitro.

Eisei Shikensho Hokoku, 96:55-61.

Ishiwata, H., Nishijima, M., Fukasawa, Y., Ito, Y. and Yamada, T. (1997). Evaluation of

preservatives contents in foods and the daily intake deduced from the results of

the official inspection in Japan in F.Y. 1994. J. Food Hygiene Soc., 38, 145-154.

lshiwatari, S., Suzuki,T., Hitomi, T., Yoshino, T., Matsukuma, S. and Tsuji, T. (2007).

Effects of methylparaben on skin keratino cybes. J. Appl. Toxicol., 27, 1-9.

100

Ito, N. and Hirose, M. (1987). The role of antioxidants in chemical carcinogenesis. Jap. J.

Can. Res., 78, 1011-1026.

Jacson, E.F. (1992). Mosturizers oftoday. J. Toxicol Cut Occ Toxicol., 11, 173-184

Jagetia, G.C., Baliga, M.S., Venkatesh, P. and Ulloor, J.N. (2003). Influence of ginger

rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rose.) on survival, glutathione and lipid peroxidation

in mice after whole body exposure to gamma radiation. Radiat. Res. 160, 584-

592.

JECFA (2004). List of substances scheduled for evaluation and request for data.

JELFN63/CD. 63rd Meeting (Food Additives), Geneva, June 8-17.

JECFA. (2001). (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). Safety

evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Hydroxy- and alkoxy-:­

substituted benzyl derivatives. WHO Food Additives Series No. 48.

Jewell, C., Prusakiewicz, J.J., Ackermann, C., Payne, N.A., Fate, G., Voorman, R. and

Wiliams, F.M. (2007). Hydrolysis of a series ofparabens by skin microsomes and

cytosol from human and minipigs and in whole skin in short term culture. Toxicol.

Appl. Pharmacal., 225,221-226.

Jeyakumar, S.M.,. Nalini, N. and Menon V.P. (1999). Antioxidant activity of ginger

(Zingiber officinale Rose) in rats fed a high fat diet. Med. Sci. Res., 27,341-344.

Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (2001). Safety evaluation of

certain food additives and contaminants. Hydroxy- and alkoxy-substituted benzyl

derivatives. WHO Food Additives Series No. 48.

Joint FAOIWHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (1974). p-Hydroxybenzoate,

ethyl, methyl, propyl esters. Toxicological evaluations of certain food additives

101

including anticancer agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers and

thickening agents. Seventeenth session of the joint F AOIWHO expert committee

on food additives. Geneva: WHO, 81-91.

Jolad, S.D., Lantz, R.C., Chen, G.J., Bares, R.B. and Timmermann, B.N. (2005).

Commercially processed dry ginger (Zingiber officianale) : composition and

effects on LPS stimulated PGE2. Production Phytochem., 66, 1614-1635.

Jolad, S.D., Lantz, R.C., Solyon, A.M., Chen, G.J., Bates, R.B. and Timmermann, B.N.

(2004). Fresh organically grown ginger (Zingiber officinale): composition and

effects on LPS- induced. PGE2 Production. Phytochem., 65, 1937-1954.

Jones, P.S., Thigpen, D., Morrison, J.L. and Richardson, A.P. (1956). p-Hydroxybenzoic

acid esters as preservatives. III. The physiological disposition of p­

hydroxybenzoic acid and its esters. J. Amer. Phann. Asso., 45,265-273.

Kadnur, S.V. and Goyal, R.K. (2005). Beneficial effects of Zingiber officinale Roscoe on

fructose induced hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia in rats. Indian J. Exp.

Bioi., 43, 1161-1164.

Kakkar, P., Das, B. and Viswanathan, P.N. (1984). A modified spectrophotometric

assay ofsuperoxide dismutase. Indian. J. Biochem. Biophys., 21, 130-132.

Kang, K.S., Che, J.H., Ryu, D.Y., Kim, T.W., Li, G.X., and Lee, Y.S. (2002b). Decreased

sperm number and motile activity on the f1 offspring maternally exposed to butyl

p-hydroxybenzoic acid (butyl paraben). J. Vet. Med. Sci., 64,227-235.

Kang, K.S., Cho, S.D., and Lee, Y.S. (2002a). Additive estrogenic activities of the binary

mixtures of four estrogenic chemicals in recombinant yeast expressing human

estrogen receptor. J. Vet. Sci., 3, 1-5.

102

Katiyar, S.K., Agarwal, R. and Mukhtar, H. (1996). Inhibition of tumor promotion in

SENCAR mouse skin by ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale rhizome. Cancer

Res., 56, 1023-1030 .

Kehrer, J.P, Jones, D.P., Lemasters, J.J., Farber, J.L. and Jaeschke, H. (1990).

Contemporary issue in toxicology, Mechanisms of hypoxic cell injury. Toxicol.

Appl. Pharmacol., 106, 165-178.

Kikuzaki, H. and Nakatani, N. (1993). Antioxidant effects of some ginger constituents. J.

Food Sci., 58, 1407-1410.

Kikuzaki, -H., Kawasaki, ·v. and Nakatani,-N. (1994). Structure of antioxidative

compounds in ginger. 4mer.Chem. Soc., 547, 237-243.

Kim, S.O., Chun, K.S., Kundu, J.K. and Surh, Y.J. (2004). Inhibitory effects of [6]

gingerol on PMA-induced Cox-2 expression and activation of NF-Kappa Band

p38 KAPK in mouse skin. Biofactors., 21, 27-31.

Kim, S.O., Kundu, J.K., Shin, Y.K., Park, J.H., Cho, H.H., Kim, T.Y. and Shrh, Y.J.

(2005). [6]-Gingerol inhibits COX-2 expression by blocking the activation ofP38

MAP kinase and NF-Kappa B in phorlbol stimulated mouse skin. Oncogene., 24,

2558-2567.

Kimura, 1., Kimura, M. and Pancho, L.R. (1989). Modulation of eicosanoid-induced

contraction of mouse and rat blood vessels by gingerols. Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 50,

253-261.

Kitagawa, S., Li, H. and Sato, S. (1997). Skin penneation ofparabens in excised guinea

pig dorsal skin, its modification by penetration enhancers and their relationship

with n-octane/water partition coefficients. Cli. Pharm. Bull., 45, 1354-1357.

103

Kiuchi, F., Shibuya, M. and Sankawa, V. (1993). Inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis

from ginger. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 30, 754.

Kobayashi, M., Shoji, N. and Ohizumi, Y. (1987). Gingerol, a novel cardiotonic agent,

activates the Ca2+ pumping ATPase in skeletal and cardiac sarcoplasmic

reticulum. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 903, 96-102.

Kokubu, M., Oda, M. and Shinya, N. (1989). Detection of serum IgE antiobody specific

for local anesthetics and methylparaben. Anesth Prog., 36, 187-187.

Komatsu, H., and Suzuki, M. (1979). Percutaneous absorption of butylparaben through

guinea pig skin in vitro. J. Pharm. Sci., 68, 596-598.

Krauze, S. and Fitak, B. (1971). Influence of preservatives on the biosynthesis of nucleic

acids on the protein content of animal cells . in tissue culture. Mitt. Geb.

Lebensmittelunter. Hyg., 62, 359-367.

Krishnakantha, T.P. and Lokesh, B.R. (1993). Scavenging of superoxide anions by spice

principles. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys., 30,, 133-134.

Kurata, Y ., Fukushima, S., Hasegawa, R., Hirose, M., Shibata, M.A. and Shirai, T.

(1990). Structure-activity relations in promotion of rat urinary bladder.

Carcinogenesis by phenolic antioxidants. Jap. J. Can. Res., 81, 754-759.

Lee, I.K. and Ahn, S.Y. (1985). The antioxidant activity of gingerol. Korean J. Food Sci.

Tech., 17, 55-59.

Lemini, C., Silva, G., Timossi, C., Luque, D., Valverde, A., Gonzalez, M.,

Hernandez, A., Rubio, C., Chavez, B. and Valenzula, F. (1997). Estrogenic

effect ofp-hydroxybenzoic acid in COl mice. Environment. Res., 75, 130-134.

104

Lemini, C., Hernandez, A., Jaimez, R., Franco, Y., Avila, M.E. and Castell, A. (2004).

Morphometric analysis of mice uterus treated with preservatives methyl, ethyl,

propyl and butyl paraben. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 20, 123-132.

Levy, U., Zaltzber, H., Ben Amotz, A., Kanter, Y. and Aviran, M. (1999). ~-Carotene

affects antioxidant status in non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

Pathophysiology, 6, 157-161.

Liu, N., Huo, G., Zhang, L. and Zhang, X. (2003). Effect of Zingiber Officinale Rose on

lipid peroxidation in hyperlipidemia rats. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu., 32, 22-23.

Lodish, H., Baltimore, D., Berk, A., Zipursky, S.L., Matsudaira, P. and. Darnell, J.

(1995). Molecular Cell Biology, 3rd Edition, Scientific American Books, W.H.

Freeman and Co., New York.

Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein

measuresments with folin phenol reagent. J. Bioi. Chem., 193, 265-275

LSRO/FASEB (1972). Evaluation of the health aspects of methyl paraben and propyl

paraben as food ingredients. U.S. NTIS Report-(PB-221950), 10 pp.

Luck, H. (1963). A spectrophotometric method for the estimation of catalase. In :

Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Bergmeyer, H.U. ( ed.), Academic Press, New

York, pp. 886-887.

Lu-P., Lai, B.S., Liang, P., Chen, Z.T. and Shun, S.Q. (2003). Antioxidation activity and

protection effectionof ginger oil on DNA damage in vitro. Zhongguo-Zhongyao­

. Zazhi, 28, 873-875.

105

Mallikarjuna, K., Sahitya, C.P., Sathyavelu, R.K. and Rajendra, W. (2007). Ethanol

toxicity, rehabilitation of hepatic antioxidant defense system with dietary ginger.

Fitoterapia (in printing).

Mansour, E.H. and Khalil, A.H. (2000). Evaluation of antioxidant activity of some plant

extracts and their application to ground beef patties. Food Chem.,- 69, 135-141.

Masuda, Y., Kikuzaki, H., Hisamota, M. and Nakatani, N. (2004). Antioxidant properties

of gingerol related compounds from ginger. Biofactors, 21, 293-296.

Matthews, C., Davidson, J., Bauer, E., Morrison, J.L. and Richardson, A.P. (1956). p­

Hydroxybenzoic acid esters as preservatives. IT. Acute and chronic toxicity in

dogs, rats, and mice. J. Am. Pharmaceutical Assoc., 45, 260-267.

Mead, J.F. (19J6). Free radical mechanism of lipid damage and consequences for cellular

membranes. In :Free Radicals in Biology, Pryor, W.A. (Ed.), Academic Press,

New York, pp. 51

Mejboum, W. (1939). Estimation of small amounts ofPentose especially in derivative of

adenylic acid. Z. Physiol. Chem., 258, 117-120.

Mensor, L.L., Menezes, F.S., Leitao, G.G., Reis, A.S., Santos, T.S. and Coube, C.S.

(2001). Screening ofBrazilian plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of

DPPH free radical method. Phyto. Res., 15, 130.

Meyer, K., Schwartz, J., Crater, D. and Keyes, B. (1995). Zingiber officinale (ginger)

used to prevent 8-Mop associated nausea..Dermatol Nurs., 7, 242-244.

Miller, G.L. (1959). Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of sugar. Anal.

Chem., 31, 426.

106

Miller, D., Wheals, B.B., Beresford, N., and Sumpter, J.P. (2001). Estrogenic activity of

phenolic additives determined by an in vitro yeast bioassay. Environ. Health

Perspect., 109, 133-138.

Mowrey, D.B. and Clayson, D.E. (1982). Motion sickness, ginger, and psychophysics.

Lancet, 8273, 655-657.

Mukhrejee, K.L (1988). Medical Laboratory Technology, Tata McGraw Hill publishing

company Ltd., New Delhi.

Murakami, A. and Koshimizu, K. (1994). Antitumor promoters from edible plants.

Ohigashi,-H.; ACS-symp-ser. Washington, D.C. American Chern. Soc., 1974-.

1994. (547) p. 251-261.

Murata-Kamiya, N., Kamiya, H., Kaji, H. And Kasai, H. (1997). Glyoxal, a major

product of DNA oxidation, induced mutations at G:C sites on a shuttle vector

plasmid replecated in mammalian cells. Nuclic Acids Research., 25, 1897-1902.

Murcia, M.A., Egea, 1., Romojaro, F., Parras, P., Jimenez, A.M. and Martinez, T.M.

(2004). Antioxidant evaluation in dessert spices compared with common food

additives. Influence of irradiation procedure. J. Agri. Food. Chern., 52, 1872-

1881.

Mustafa, T. and. Srivastava, K.C. (1990). Ginger (Zingiber officina/e) in migraine

headache. J. Ethnopharmacol., 29,267-273.

Mustafa, T., Srivastava, K.C. and Jensen, K.B. (1993). Pharmacology of ginger, Zingiber

officinale. J. Drug Dev., 6, 24.

Nagel, J.E., Fuscaldo, J.T. and Fireman, P. (1977). Paraben allergy. JAMA, 237, 1594-

1995.

107

Nakagawa, Y. and Moldeus, P. (1998). Mechanism ofp-hydroxybenzoate ester induced

mitochondrial dysfunction and cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem.

Pharmacol., 55, 1907-1914.

Nakagawa, Y. Tayama, S., Suzuki, T., and Sasaki, M. (1999). p-Hydroxybenzoate alkyl.

esters cause cytotoxicity via mitochondrial dysfunction in isolated rat hepatocytes.

Tokyo Toritsu Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Nenpo., 49,297-301.

Nakamura, Y., Yoshida, C. Murakami, A., Oshigashi, H., Ozawa, T. and Uchido, K.

(2004). Zerumbone, A nopical ginger sesquiterpene, activates Phase II drug

metabolizing enymes. FEBS Lett., 572, 245-250.

Nakazawa, H., Oda, H., Fujisima, H., (1999). Analysis of chlorobenzenes, para­

hydroxybenzoic acid esters and herbicide. in human subjects using GC/MS. A

report of the Research Fund of Health and Welfare of Japan Tokyo: Ministry of

Health and Welfare of Japan, p. 16.

Nakazawa, T. and Ohsawa, K. (2002). Metabolism of (6)-gingerol in rats. Life Sci.., 70,

2165-2175.

Neidig, C.P. and Burrell, H. (1944). The esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acids as

preservatives. Drug. Cosmetic. Industry., 54,408-410.

Nera, E.A., Lok, E. and Iverson, F. (1984). Short-term pathological and proliferative

effects of butylated hydroxyanisole and other phenolic antioxidants in the

forestomach of Fisher 344 rats. Toxicol., 32, 197-213.

Nes, I.F. and Eklund, T. (1983). The effects of paraben on DNA, RNA and protein

synthesis in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. J.Appl. Bacteriol, 54, 237-242.

108

NICEATM (National Toxicology Program (NTP). Interagency Center for the Evaluation

of Alternative Toxicological Methods). (2002). Current status of test methods for

detecting endocrine disruptors: In vitro estrogen receptor binding assays.

Background Review Document. Nlli Publication No. 03-4504.

Nicoll, R. and. Henein, M. Y. (2007). Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), A hot remedy

for cardiovascular disease? Int. J. Cardiol. (in printing).

Nicotera, P, Bellomo, G. and Orrenius, S. (1994). Calcium mediated mechanisms in

chemically induced cell death. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 32, 449.

Nieminen, A.L., Gores, G.J., Dawson, T.L., Herman, B. and Lemasters, J.J. (1990).

Toxic injury from mercuric chloride in rat hepatocytes. J. Bioi. Chem., 265, 2399-

2408.

Niki, E., Yamamoto, Y, Komuro, E. and Sato, K. (1991). Membrane damage due to lipid

peroxidation. American J. Cli. Nutri., 53, 201S-205S.

Nirmala, K., Prasanna Krishna, T. and Polasa, K. (2007). Protective effect of ginger

against benzo (a) pyrene induced DNA damage. Inti. J. Cancer Res., 3, 13-24.

Nishihara, T., Nishikawa, J., Kanayama, T., Dakeyama, F., Saito, K., hnagawa, M.,

Takatori, S., Kitagawa, Y., Hori, S., and Utsumi, H. (2000). Estrogenic activities

of 517 chemicals by yeast two-hybrid assay. J. Health Sci., 46, 282-298.

Nishizawa, C., Takeshita, K., Ueda, J., Nakanishi, 1., Suzuki, K.T. and Ozawa, T. (2006).

Reaction of para hydroxybenzoic acid esters with singlet oxygen in the presence

of glutathione produces glutathione conjugates of hydroquinone, potent inducers

of oxidative stress. Free Radic. Res., 40, 233-240.

109

Norwegian Food Safety Authority (2004). Norwegian Risk Assessment of Parabens in

Cosmetics -letter to European Commission, Jan 30.

Obdoni, B.O and Ochuko, P.O. (2001). Phytochemical studies and comparative efficacy

of the crude extracts of some homostatic plants in Edo and Delta states ofNigeria.

Global. J. Pure Appl.Sci., Sb, 203-208.

Ohizumi, Y., Sasaki, S., Shibusawa, K., Ishikawa, K. and Ikemoto, F. (1996). Stimulation

of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+. ATPase by gingerol analogues. Bioi. Pharm. •

Bull., 19, 1377-1379.

Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N. and Yagi, K. (1979). Assay for lipid peroxides in animal

tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal. Biochem. 95, 351-358.

Oishi, S. (2001). Effects of butyl-paraben on the male reproductive system in rats.

Toxicol. Ind. Health.,·l7, 31-39.

Oishi, S. (2002). Effects of butyl paraben on the male reproductive system in mice. Arch

Toxicol., 76, 423-429.

Oishi, S. (2004). Lack of spermatotoxic effects of methyl and ethyl esters of p­

hydroxybenzoic acid in rats. Food.Chem. Toxicol., 42, 1845-1849.

Okamoto, H., Komatsu, H., Hashida, M., and Sezaki, H. (1986). Effects of beta

cyclodextrin and di-o-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin on the percutaneous absorption of

butylparaben indomethacin and sulfanilic-acid Int. J. Pharm., 30, 35-46.

Orth, D.S. (1980). Use ofparabens as cosmetic preservatives. Int. J. Derm., 19, 504-505.

Oshi, S. (2002b). Effects of propylparaben on male reproductive system. Food. Chem.

Toxicol., 40, 1807-1813.

110

Pagila, D.E. and Valentine, W.N. (1967). Studies on the quantitative and qualitative

characterization of erythrocyte. Peroxidase J. Lab. Clin. Med., 70, 158-169.

Park, J.W. and Floyd, R.A. (1992). Lipid peroxidation products nediate the formation of

8-ydroxy deoxyguanosine in DNA. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 12, 245-

250.

Park, K.K., Chun, K.S., Lee, J.M., Lee, S.S. and Surh, Y.J. (1998). Inhibitory effects of

[6]-gingerd, a major pungent principle of ginger, on phorbol easter-induced

inflammation, epidermal ornithine decarbodylase activity and skin tumor

prototion in ICR mice. Cancer Lett., 129, 139-144.

Park, Y., Devlin, T.M. and Jones, D.P. (1994). Protection of hepatocytes against death

due to mitochondrial failure : Effect of dicalciphor on antimycin A-induced

toxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 126, 33-38.

Paulsen, J.E. and Alexander, J. (2004). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food

Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food on a

Request from the Commission related to para hydroxybenzoates. The EFSA

Journal, 1-26. Norwegian Institute ofPublic Health. Feb 6.

Peungvicha, P., Thirawarapan, S.S. and Watanabe, H. (1998). Possible mechanism of

hypoglycemic effect of 4 hydroxybenzoic acid, a constituent of Pandanus odorus

root. Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 395-398.

Pfeiffer, E., Heusclunid, F.F., Kranz, S. and Metzler, M. (2006). Microsomal

hydroxylation and glucuronidation of (6)-gingerol. J. Agric. Food Chem .. , 54,

8769-8774.

Ill

Ping, L., Sen, L.B., Ping, L., Tong, C.Z., Ging, S.S. and Zazhi, Z.Z. (2003).

Antioxidation activity and protective effect of ginger oil on DNA damage. In

Vitro, 28, 873 875.

Plaa, G. L. and Witschi, H. (1976). Chemicals, drugs and Lipid peroxidation. Ann. Rev.

pharmacal. Toxicol., 16, 125.

Plummer, D. T. (1988). An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata Me Graw-Hill

Publishers~ New Delhi, India.

Prusakiewics, J.J., Harville, H.H., Zhang, Y., Acknermann, C. and Voorman, R.L.

(2007). Parabens inhibit human skin estrogen sulfotransferase activity : possible

link to paraben estrogenic effects. Toxicol., 232, 248-256.

Putilina, P.E. and Eschanko, N.D. (1969). Activity of some Kreb's cycle dehydrogenases

in the brain, liver and kidneys. Vestln. Leningrad. Univ. Ser. Bioi., 24, 112-116.

Quinn, P.J. and White, I.G. (1968). Distributions of adenosine triphosphatase

activity in ram and bull spermatozoa. ]. Reprod. Fertile, 15, 449-452.

Rajkumar, D.V. and Rao, M.N.A. (1993). Dihydrogingerone and isoeugenol as inhibitors

of lipid peroxidation and as free radical scavengers. Biochem. Pharmacal., 46,

2067-2072.

Rasmussen, L.F., Ahlfors, C.E. and. Wanneberg, R.P. (1976). The effect of paraben

preservatives on albumin binding ofbilinelein. J. Pediatr., 89, 475-478.

Reddy, A.C. and Lokesh, B.R. (1992). Studies on spice principles as antioxidants in the

inhibition of lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes. India.Mol. Cell

Biochem., 111, 117-124.

112

Redegeld, F.A.M., Moison, R.M.W., Koster, A.S.J. and Noordhoek, J. (1989).

Alterations in energy status by menadione metabolism in hepatocytes isolated

from fasted and fed rats. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 273,215-222.

Rehman, U., Salariya, A.M. and Habib, F. (2003). Antioxidant activity of ginger extract

in sunflower oil. J. Sci. Food Agri., 83, 624-629.

Reitman, S. and Frankel, S. (1957). A colorimetric method for the determination fserum

glutamic oxaloacetic acid and glutamic pyruvate transaminases. Am. J. Clin.

Pathol., 28, 56-63. ·

Rock Ville, M.D. (1998). Ginger : Botanical Monograph Series. United States

Pharmacopeia} Convection, 235-237.

Rodrigues, C., Lok, E., Nera, E., Iverson, F., Page, D., Karpinski, K., and Clayson, D.B.

(1986). Short-term effects of various phenols and acids on the Fischer 344 male

rat forestomach epithelium. Toxicol., 38, 103-117.

Roe, J.H. and Kuether, C.A. (1943). The determination of ascorbic acid in whole blood

and· urine through the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivative of dehydroascorbic

acid. J. Bio. Chem., 147, 399-407.

Routledge, E.J., Parker, J., Odum, J., Ashby, J., and Sumpter, J.P. (1998). Some alkyl

hydroxy benzoate preservatives (parabens) are estrogenic. Toxicol. Appl.

Pharmacol., 153, 12-19.

Sado, I. (1973). Synergistic toxicity of official permissible preservative food additives.

Jap. J. Hyg., 28,463-476.

113

•

Sasaki, H., Tei, C., Nishida, K. and Nakamuro, J. (1995). Effect of opthalmic

preservatives on serum concentration and local irritation of occularly applied

insulin. Bioi. Pharm. Bull., 18, 169-171.

Sato, K., Kazama, J.J., Wada, Y., Maruyama, H., Narita, I., Gejyo, F., Sugiyama, K. and

Satoh, H. (2003). Hypersensitivity to paraoxyberzoic acid esters (Prabens) in a

dialysis patient. Nephron, 92, 728-729.

Schulick, P. (1993). Common Spice or Wonder Drug? Ginger. Herbal Free Press,

Brattleboro, Vermont, USA.

Sekiwa, Y., Kubota, K. and Koboyashi, A. (2000). Isolation of novel glucosides related

to gingerdiol from ginger and their antioxidative activities. J. Agric. Food Chern.,

48, 373-377.

Shanmugasundaram, K., Radha, R., Sujatha, Shanmugasundaram, E.R.B. and Amrita,

B. (1994). A salt spice herbal health food supplement for the prevention of

nitrosamine-induced depletion of antioxidants. J. Ethnopharm., 42, 83-93.

Sharma, 1., Gusain, D. and Dixit, V.P. (1996). Hypolipidaemic and antiatheroselerotic

effects of Zingibir officinale in cholesterol fed rabbits. Phytother. Res., 10, 517-

518.

Sharma, S. and Malhotra, R.K. (1972). Acidic and basic protein contents in gastrocnemii

and factoralis muscle of chick under denervation and work induced · stress

conditions. Indian J. Exp. Bioi., 30,410-412.

Shashi, A., Singh, J.P. and Thapar, S. P. (1992). Protein degeneration in skeletal

muscle of rabbit during experimental fluorosis. Fluoride, 25, 155-158.

114

Shibata, M.A., Yamada, M., Hirose, M., Asakawa, E., Tatematsu, M. and Ito, N., (1990).

Early proliferative responses of forestomach and glandular stomach of rats treated

with five different phenolic antioxidants. Carcinogenesis, 11,425-429.

Shiralkar, N.D., Rege, D.V. and Manjrekar, S.P. (1978). Mechanism of action of p­

hydroxybenzoate. Indian Food Packer., 32,34-41.

Shobana, S. and Naidu, K.A. (2000). Antioxidant activityof selected Indian spicies.

Prost. Leuko. Ess. Fat. Aci., 62, 107-110.

Shobana, S., Naidu, K. and Akhilender (2000). Antioxidant activity of selected Indian

spices. Prost. Leuko. Ess.Fat. Acids., 62, 107-110.

Shokri, F., Heidari, Gharagozloo, S. and Ghazi-Khansari, M. (2000). In vitro inhibitory

effects of antioxidants on cytotoxicity ofT-2 toxin. Toxicology, 146, 171-176.

Sies, H. (1997). Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants. Exp. Physiol., 82,291-295.

Sofowara, A. (1993). Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. Spectrum

Books Ltd, lbadan, Nigeria. pp 289.

Sone, T., Yamada, H. and Endo, H. (1990). Pharmacological studies of stinging caused

byparabens. J. Jpn. Cosmet. Sci. Soc., 14,8-16.

Song, B.L., Li, H.Y. and Peng, D.R. (1989). In vitro spermicidal activity of parabens

against human spermatozoa. Contraception., 39, 331-335.

Song, B.L., Peng, D.R., Li, H.Y., Zhang, G.H., Zhang, J., Li, K.L., and Zhao, Y.O.

(1991). Evaluation of the effect of butyl-p-hydroxyberzoate on the prolcolytic

activity and membrane function of human spermatozoa. J. Reprod. Fertil., 91,

435-440.

115

Soni, M.G., Carabin, I. G. and Burdock, G.A. (2005). Safety assessment of esters of p­

hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens). Food Chem. Toxicol., 43, 985-1015.

Soni, M.G., Taylor, S.L., Greenberg, N.A. and Burdock, G.A. (2002). Evaluation of the

health aspects of methyl paraben: a review of the published literature. Food

Chem. Toxicol., 40, 1335-73.

Srinivasan, K. and Sambaiah, K. (1991). The effect of spices on cholesterol 7-alpha

hydroxylase activity and on serum and hepatic cholesterol levels in the rat Int. J.

Vitam. Nutr. Res., 61, 364-369.

Srivastava, K.C. and Mustafa, T. {1989). Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and rheumatic

disorders. Med. Hypothesis, 29, 25-28.

Stanner, S.A., Hugnes, J., Kelly, C.N. and Buttviss, J. (2004). A review of the

epidemiological evidence for the antioxidant hypothesis. Public. Health Nutr., 1,

407-422.

Sugihara, N., Shimomichi, K. and Furuno, K. (1997). Cytotoxicity of food preservatives

in cultured rat hepatocytes loaded with linolenic acid. Toxicology, 120, 29-36.

Sujatha, R. and Srinivas, L. (1995). Modulation of lipid peroxidation by dietary

components. Toxicol. In Vitro., 9, 231-236.

Surh, Y.J. (2002). Antitumor promoting potential of selected spice ingredients with

antioxidative and anti-inflamatory activities : a short review. Food Chem.

Toxicol., 40, 1091-1107.

Tanabe, M., Chen, Y.D., Saito, K.I. and Kano, Y. (1993). Cholesterol biosynthesis

inhibitory component from Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Chemical Pharma. Bull.,

41,710-713.

116

Tasukamoto, H. and Terade, S. (1964). Metabolism of drugs. XLVII. Metabolic fase ofp­

hydroxybenzoic acid and its derivatives in rabbits. Chem. Pharm. Bull .. , 12, 765-

769.

Tatematsu, M., Tsuda, H., Shirai, T., Masui, T. and Ito, N. (1987). Placental glutathione

S-transferase (GST-P) as a new marker for hepatocarcinogenesis: in vivo short­

term screening for hepatocarcinogens. Toxicologic Pathology, 15, 60-68.

Thompson, D. and Moldeus, P. (1988). Cytotoxicity of butylated hydroxyanisole and

butylated hydroxytoluene in isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol., 37,

2201-2207.

Thompson, E-H., Wolf, I.D. and Allen, C.E. J. (1973). Ginger rhizome: a new source of

proteolytic enzyme. (Zingiber officina/e). Food Sci., 38, 652-655.

Trease, G.E. and Evans, W.C. (1989). Pharmacognosy. ll1h edn. Macmillan Publishers,

Brailliar Tiridel Can.

Tsuzi, K. (1956). Convulsion caused by phenol compounds. Kumamoto Med. J., 9, 152-

64.

Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R. and Robbers, J.E. (1981). Pharmacognosy. (8th Edition). Lea

and Febiger, Philadelphia, p.156.

Usha, K. and Saroja S. (2000). Antitubular potential of selected plant material. J.

Medicinal Aromatic Plant Sciences, 22-23, 182-184.

Van Faassen, I., Verweij-van Vught, A.M., Lomecky-Janousek, M.Z., Razenberg, P.P.

and van der Veen, E.A. (1990). Preservatives in insulin preparations impair

leukocyte function. In vitro study. Diabetes Care., 13,71-74.

117

Venkateshwaran, P .S., Millman, I. and Blumberg, B.S. (1987). Effects of an extract from

Phyllanthus niruri on heptatitis B and wood chunk hepatitis viruses : In viro and

in vitro studies. Proc. Nat/. Acad. Sci, USA, 84,274-278.

Venna, R.J. and Raval, P.J. (1991). Cytotoxicity of aflatoxin on red blood corpuscles.

Bull. Enviom. Contam. Toxicol., 47,428-432

Wagner, H. and Hikino, H. (1965). Economic and Medicinal Plants Research (Vo1.1).

Academic Press, New York, p.62.

Wallace, K.B., Eells, J.T., Madeira, V.M.C., Cortopassi, G. and Jones, D.P. (1997).

Mitochondria mediated cell injury. Fundam. Appl. Toxico/., 38,23-37.

Wang, C.C., Chen, L.G., Lee, L.T. and Yagl, L. (2003). Effects of 6-gingerol, an

antioxidant from ginger on inducing apoptosis in human leukemic HL-60 cells. In

Vivo., 17,641-645.

Wang, J., Wen, L., Huang, Y., Chen, Y. and Ku, M. (2006). Dual effects of antioxidants

in neurodegeneration : direct neuro protection against exidative stress and indirect

protection via suppression of glia-mediated inflammation. Curr. Pharm. Des .. , 12,

3.521-3533.

Warrier, P.K. (1989). Spices in Ayurveda. In: Strategies for Export Development of

Spices. Ed. C.K. George, C.R. Sivadasan, D. Devakaran and K.P. Sreekumari,

Spices Board, Cochin and International Trade Centre, Geneva, p.28.

WHO Protocol CG-06 (1983). APJFIIP 1001A, World Health Organisation, Geneva

1983.

Wintergerst, E., Maggini, S. and Hornig, D. (2006). Immune-enhancing role of vitamin C

and zinc and effect on clinical conditions. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 50, 85-94.

118

Yamahara, J., Miki, K., Chisaka, T., Sawada, T., Fujimura, H., Tomimatsu, T. and

Nakano, K. (1985). J. Ethanopharma .. , 13,217-225.

Yamashoji, S. and Isshiki, K. (1998). Cytotoxicity testing for evaluating food safety. In:

Animal Cell Technology : Challenges for the 21st Century, Proceedings of the

Joint International Meeting of the Japanese Association for Animal Cell

Technology, 227-229.

Y amashoji, S. and Isshiki, K. (2002). Rapid detection of cytotoxicity of food additives

and contaminants by a novel cytotoxicity test, menadione catalyzed H202

production assay. Cytotechnology, 37, 171-178.

Yamazaki, H., Yoneda, T. and Yamaguchi, T. (1998). Safety assessment of food

preservatives at daily intake level by platelet function. Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku

Gakkaishi, 5, 130-139.

Y emitan, O.K. and Izegbu, M.C. (2006). Protective effects of Zingiber officinale

(Zingiberaceae) against carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen induced

hepatotoxicity in rats. Phytother. Res. 20, 997-1002.

Zia, U.R., Salariya, A.M. and Habib, F. (2003). Antioxidant activityof ginger extract. J.

Sci. Food. Agri., 83, 624-629.

Zlatkis, A., Zak, B. and Boyle, G.J. (1953). A new method for the determination of

serum cholesterol. Int. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 41, 486-492.

Zollner, N. and Kirsch, K. (1962). Microdetermination of lipids by sulfophos­

phovanilline reaction. Gesamte. Exp. Med., 135, 545-561.

119