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Phes oaac es wrettig prekdrely ds d rispagsi ta d naursi tdufht oy
@r Mijjriy Chaa aj
Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi (JION), thi agly Oeoli Rrisoytiredg
sikegdry eg ^egfdpari. Phi naursi es
igtetli`, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy. Eg
thes
sireis aj linturis, @r Chaa nldeks thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs hdvi
oiig jdlsily ldoili`
“`espigsdteagdl oy athir Navigdgt thialafedgs. Phes es `ispeti thi
jdnt thdt Oeoli
Rrisoytiredgs eg ^egfdpari d`hiri ta thi segi qud gag aj
@espigsdteagdlesk, ds will
ds ta @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk.
Ky aomintevis eg wretegf thes oaac dri ds jallaws= Jerstly, E waul`
leci ta prisigt thi
thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre` aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk ds
prapaug`i` oy JION.
Phes egnlu`is d `esnusseag aj thi segi qud gag aj
@espigsdteagdlesk, dg` ets kdmar rdkejendteags eg thi drids aj
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy.
^inag`ly, E waul` leci ta narrint thi ndrendturi` `isnrepteag aj
@espigsdteagdlesk ds
prisigti` eg @r Chaas naursi. Eg jdnt, d pregnepdl nagtigteag
aj thes oaac es= dg
d`hirigni ta @espigsdteagdlesks segi qud gag `ais gat dllaw d
thialafedg ta dvae`
thi dpprapredti dppilldteag aj “`espigsdteagdl. Pher`ly, E waul`
leci ta ellustrdti thdt
agis praphiten snhikd es `itirkegi` oy agis ug`irlyegf
thialafendl-hirkigiutendl
fre`, oi et `espigsdteagdl ar navigdgtdl eg strunturi. Phi rid`ir
well oi shawg thdt
thi issigni aj @espigsdteagdlesk hds ets fridtist ekplendteags eg
thi drids aj
innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy.
Phiri es d sdyegf thdt iviry jaurth virsi eg ^nrepturi wds
praphiten whig wrettig.
“Phiri es hdr`ly d oaac eg thi Oeoli, aosirvis Fer`listagi, “whenh
es whally `ivae`
aj thi praphiten ilikigt.? Dlthaufh isnhdtalafy ndggat oi kd`i
d tist aj agis
4 ^aki aj thisi oaacs dg` drtenlis dri kigteagi` eg thes oaac.
Phi rid`ir es ignaurdfi` ta
rijir ta thi arefegdl warcs.? _aoirt Odcir Fer`listagi, Phi
Frdkkdr aj Rraphiny (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Crifil, 4599), 8.
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artha`axy ar sdlvdteag,> thi stu`igt aj thi Oeoli kust
ridlezi thdt praphiny
nagstetutis d suostdgtedl parteag aj Haly ^nrepturi. Phi
egtirpritdteag aj sunh
praphiten pdssdfis es favirgi` oy agis hirkigiutens, whenh eg
turg es `erinti` oy
haw agi veiws ithgen Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh (e.i. innlisealafy).
Jurthirkari, thi
suomint aj isnhdtalafy ndggat oi `evarni` jrak thi rist aj
systikdten thialafy. Ds thi isnhdtalafy dg` innlisealafy aj d
thialafedg dri systikdtendlly `itirkegi` oy
hes ug`irlyegf thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre`, dg d`hirigni ta d
pdrtenuldr
kelliggedl veiw (e.i. @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk) well
`esnlasi ta d faa` ixtigt
haw thi thialafedg dppradnhis ^nrepturi. D @espigsdteagdlest well
rid` ^nrepturi
`espigsdteagdlly,0 wheli thi _ijarki` thialafedg egtirprits
^nrepturi weth d
`ejjirigt thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre`.
^aki Nhrestedg lid`irs hdvi sd`ly dnqueri` dg dfgasten stdgni weth
rifdr` ta
oeolendl praphiny. ^egni praphiny nagstetutis kunh aj
^nrepturi, parteags aj thiOeoli dri iethir efgari` ar
kesegtirpriti` oy thisi tidnhirs aj Fa`s Var`. Et es
sakitekis ivig nldeki` thdt praphiny es errilivdgt ta d Nhrestedgs
speretudl
prafriss. Phisi nldeks dri ajtig kd`i oindusi et es jilt thdt
isnhdtalafy shaul` gat
`eve`i orithrig-eg-Nhrest. Vheli et es trui thdt thi egtirpritdteag
aj praphiny shaul`
gat `eve`i Nhrestedgs, dg dfriikigt upag thi narrint ug`irstdg`egf
aj praphiten
^nrepturi well oregf doaut stragfir ugety eg hidrt dg` speret. Phes
ndll jar ugety eg thi
ug`irstdg`egf aj praphiny oinakis ekpirdtevi whig agi `esnavirs
thdt praphiny
gat agly nakpresis d ldrfi parteag aj ^nrepturi, out es dlsa
egtekdtily egtirtwegi`
weth dll drids aj Fa`s Var`.
Phi rid`ir well saag `esnavir thdt isnhdtalafy ndggat oi esaldti`
jrak thi rist aj
systikdten thialafy. Eg jdnt, kdmar praphiten thikis dri nagnirgi`
weth iethir thi
Jerst ar thi ^inag` D`vigt aj Nhrest. Phi kesegtirpritdteag aj
praphiny dlsa kidgs
d kesug`irstdg`egf aj nirtdeg dspints aj thi pirsag ar warc aj
Nhrest. Nagsiquigtly,
eg thi stu`y aj systikdten thialafy, thi ekpartdgni aj praphiny
ndggat oi
avirikphdsezi`.
E dk dwdri thdt thi vdreaus essuis `esnussi` eg thes oaac hdvi oiig
ja``ir jar d
kyred` aj thialafendl `iodtis dg` ig`liss palikens. D nakprihigsevi
stu`y aj thisi
drids es autse`i thi snapi aj thes oaac. Et es hapi` thdt, weth
thes oaac, d hidlthy
egquesetevigiss well oi stekuldti` eg thi rid`irs keg` weth rifdr`
ta Oeoli
Rrisoytiredg isnhdtalafy dg` innlisealafy. Phi rid`ir well thig oi
ignaurdfi` ta
oifeg hes pirsagdl stu`y aj thisi nakplix essuis aj
systikdten thialafy.
> Phes ixnlu`is thi irragiaus oileij thdt Nhrest well gat
riturg veseoly, physendlly, dg`
flareausly. 0
Pa rid` ^nrepturi `espigsdteagdlly es ta egtirprit ^nrepturi
usegf thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk. Phes well oi
`esnussi` eg `itdel eg thes oaac.
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E waul` leci ta thdgc @r Migsag Lek jar hes wellegfgiss ta fa
thraufh thi
kdgusnrept, dg` jar prave`egf hilpjul egsefhts dg` suffisteags. E
dlsa waul` leci ta
thdgc Isthir Lek jar ndrijully rid`egf thraufh dll parteags aj thi
nakpliti`
kdgusnrept, dg` jar pdegstdcegfly nhincegf jar irrars. Ldst out gat
lidst, E dk frdtijul ta ky lavegf weji jar prave`egf oath ikateagdl
dg` speretudl suppart,
wethaut whenh E waul` gat hdvi oiig doli ta nakpliti thi
kdgusnrept.
^ale @ia Flared
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_ijlinteags ag thi Oaac
Vhig E jerst taac eg hdg` ta rid` thi kdgusnrept aj Oeoli
Rrisoytiredgesk= D Gii`
jar _i`ijegeteag1, E `e` sa kari aut aj nureasety thdg ta ixpint d
sefgejendgt
nagtreouteag ta thialafendl `iodti. Phiri wiri twa ridsags jar thes
nureasety. Jerst,
thi suomint siiki` ta oi sa ristrentevi. Dlrid`y eg thi Rrijdni,
thi duthar stdtis thdt
hes aomintevi es ta d``riss thi essuis aj @espigsdteagdlesk,
egtirpritegf oeolendl
praphiny, dg` thasi thdt rildti ta isnhdtalafy dg`
innlisealafy eg thi nagtixt aj thi
tidnhegf aj JION dg` ets egstruntars, nheij dkagf thik es @r.
Mijjriy Chaa.
^inag`ly, thi duthar kigteagi` thdt hes qudlejendteag jar wretegf
thes tridtesi wds hes
kikoirshep eg thi OR Nhurnh aj ^egfdpari dg` thdt hi taac saki
naursis eg JION, egnlu`egf saki ug`ir @r. Chaa. Hi `ais gat nldek,
gar es hi, d sidsagi` thialafedg.
Ds stdti` doavi, E wds plidsdgtly surpresi` whig E jegeshi` rid`egf
thi kdgusnrept.
Et es d will-warci` aut thises whenh egnlu`is ndrijul virejendteag
aj paseteags tdcig
oy kitenulaus quatdteag.
Phi our`ig aj thi oaac es ta `ikagstrdti thdt thi segd qud gag
(whenh ndg oi veiwi`
ds thi eg`espigsdoli pri-riqueseti) aj @espigsdteagdlesk es thi
egsestigni thdt Esrdil
wds dg` rikdegs thraufhaut dll aj hestary d spinedl dg` sipdrdti
igtety jrak thi
nhurnh. Phes egnlu`is thi praspint thdt Esrdil well oi ristari` eg
d kelliggedl cegf`ak eg Mirusdlik dg` d ri-egstetuteag aj thi Al`
Pistdkigt tikpli warshep dg`
nirikageis dt thdt teki. Eg nagtrdst thi kdrc aj _ijarki`
innlisealafy dg`
isnhdtalafy es thdt Esrdil wds d spinedl piapli aj Fa` eg thi al`
navigdgt out thdt
Fa`s purpasi jar Esrdils ugjdethjulgiss wds ta apig thi wdy jar thi
trui Esrdil
whenh egnlu`is oileivirs aj dll gdteags wha dri thi trui sii` aj
Dordhdk oindusi
thiy hdvi thi sdki jdeth ds jdthir Dordhdk. Phi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs
aj ^egfdpari
hal` ta thi segd qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlests dg` thirijari aufht
ta nagse`ir d
ri`ijegeteag3 thiy aufht ta ndll thiksilvis @espigsdteagdlests dg`
gat _ijarki` eg
thier innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy. Zegnigt Nhed `ivilaps thes
drfukigt ndrijully dg` hes drfukigts kdrnh thraufh thi pdfis aj thi
oaac weth pawirjul egsefht dg`
`ivdstdtegf dnnurdny.
E wds ispinedlly ekprissi` weth hes kitha`alafy. ^egni hi es gat dg
dncgawli`fi`
thialafedg, hi kefht will oi dnnusi` aj wretegf thegfs aj whenh hi
cgaws viry lettli.
Hes nri`eoelety kefht oi dttdnhi` ag thi odses aj hes awg pirsagdl
qudlejendteags.
Vesily, hi dvae`s dll aj thes oy hes kitha`alafy. Hi `ais gat
dssuki thi paseteag aj
tidnhir3 rdthir, hi dssukis thi paseteag aj nalldtar aj thi
wretegfs aj athirs. Hi
dllaws athirs weth kdturety dg` thialafendl dnukig ta spidc. Eg
jdergiss, hi `ais
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thes jrak oath se`is aj thi essui. Hes usi aj quatdteags fevis
`ipth ta hes drfukigt
ds hi `rdws athir wretirs egta thi `iodti. Hi thig sukkdrezis whdt
thiy hdvi ta sdy
dg` nagteguis ta ouel` thi drfukigt nhdptir djtir nhdptir.
Vi kdy will dsc, wha well oigijet oy rid`egf thes oaac1
Jerst, E waul` hapi thdt aur Oeoli Rrisoytiredg orathirs dg`
sestirs well tdci thi teki
ta lestig ta thi drfukigts. Nldekegf _ijarki` innlisealafy dg`
isnhdtalafy whig
dnnurdny waul` riqueri thi gakignldturi “@espigsdteagdl es ga skdll
essui. Dt lidst
et riqueris thi ndrijul rid`egf aj agi wha puts jarth thes ijjart
ta `ikagstrdti thi
hestarendl dnnurdny egvalvi`.
^inag`, thi essui rdesi` hiri dkagf Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs aj
^egfdpari ixtig`s ds
will ta Dkirend dg` athir ldg`s whiri thi nhurnhis igmay
jillawshep. Jdeth^ikegdry eg Y^D waul` `a will ta tdci gati aj thes
ekpartdgt nagtreouteag jar
prapir e`igtejendteag.
Jegdlly, thaufh thes es ga idsy oi`-teki rid`, et es nlidr, dg`
dgyagi wha hds d `iseri
ta `ivilap thier ug`irstdg`egf aj thi juturi kelliggedl cegf`ak
well prajet jrak thes
oaac. Egnlu`i` dkagf thi kdgy quatdteags aj qudlejei` kig es
thier ixpldgdteag aj
thi pirtegigt pdssdfis aj thi Oeoli dg` thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
thdt oidr ag thes
suomint. Phes oaac es dg ixnilligt risaurni jar lidrgegf haw
@espigsdteagdl vs.
_ijarki` kig egtirprit dll thi pirtegigt pdssdfis aj thi Oeoli thdt
d``riss thisisuomints.
E nakkig` Orathir Zegnigt Nhed jar thes ekpartdgt nagtreouteag jar
aur
ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Var` aj Fa` ds et rildtis ta thi riturg aj aur
Lar` Misus Nhrest
dt thi ig` aj hestary.
Rdstar M. Cartiregf
_iteri` R_ND Rdstar
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D _iveiw aj dg Ygpuoleshi` Phises
Phes oaac es wrettig eg rispagsi ta naursis fevig oy thi Jdr
Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi eg ^egfdpari. @r. Mijjriy Chaa nagtig`s thdt
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk es gat
`espigsdteagdl. Nhed nagtig`s thdt et es oindusi Oeoli
Rrisoytiredgesk dnnipts thi
segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk whenh nagsests aj d rd`endl
`estegnteag oitwiig
Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh.
Nhed rinafgezis thdt thiri dri vdredgts wetheg @espigsdteagdlesk.
Phiri dri nldssen
`espigsdteagdlests wha jallaw ^nhajeil`, sunh ds Liwes ^pirry
Nhdjir, D.N.
Fdodlieg3 rivesi` `espigsdteagdlests wha rijlint thi Giw ^nhajeil`
_ijirigni Oeoli
sunh ds Mahg J Vdlwaar`, Nhdrlis _yrei dg` @wefht Rigtinast.
Rrafrissevi `espigsdteagdlests dri riprisigti` oy sunh kig ds
_aoirt L ^duniy. @r. Chaa
oilagfs ta thi ldttir snhaal. Nhed drfuis thdt thisi snhaals
dri out vdredgts aj thi
segi qud gag kigteagi` oijari. Phi duthar e`igtejeis thi nrux aj
thi praolik whig
hi `estegfueshis oitwiig twa errinagneldoli hirkigiutendl systiks
whenh lei dt thi
raat aj thi `estegntevis aj @espigsdteagdl dg` _ijarki` dg`
Navigdgtdl thialafeis.
@espigsdteagdl hirkigiutens egsests ag thi strentist letirdl
egtirpritdteag aj snrepturdl
praphiny. _ijarki` thialafy frdgts thi frdkkdtendl-hestarendl
pregnepli out eg
d``eteag oileivis eg thi pregnepli aj prafrissevi rivildteag dg`
thi dgdlafy aj jdeth.
Dnnar`egf ta aur duthar thi twa dri nagtrd`entary.
Phi kdmar pdrt aj thi oaac nagsests eg d `itdeli` ixifises aj thi
rilivdgt Giw
Pistdkigt pdssdfis eg Fdldtedgs, Phissdlagedgs dg` _ivildteag,
tafithir weth
stu`eis eg pdssdfis jrak Iziceil dg` @dgeil. Hes ixifises es
tharaufh dg`
pdegstdcegf dg` hes lafen es errijutdoli. Hi `ais gat pritig`
arefegdlety aj thaufht
dg` `ipig`s hidvely ag d gukoir aj rijarki` wretirs whak hi quatis
jriquigtly.
Phi nakplixeteis aj `espigsdteagdlesk dri ixdkegi` dg` ga stagi es
lijt ugturgi`.
_id`irs wha wesh ta pursui thisi stu`eis well gat gii` ta oi
jdegthidrti`. ^aki aj
thi vdfdreis aj `espigsdteagdlesk siik jdr rikavi` jrak thi sekpli
ivdgfilendlesk
aj thi Giw Pistdkigt.
Vi dri viry surpresi` ta lidrg thdt thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh
hds dkig`i` thi
Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth nhdptirs therty twa dg` thrii eg
thi egtirists aj
`espigsdteagdlest tidnhegf, akettegf saki war`s dg` egnlu`egf
athirs. Phes es
sndrnily hagist. Ej thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag es dt jdult et
shaul` oy sde` sa. Ej et es
trui et shaul` oi dnnipti` ds et stdg`s. Phi duthar nagtig`s thdt
thi Oeoli
Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh es dttikptegf thi ekpasseoli eg siicegf ta oi
oath
`espigsdteagdl dg` rijarki`. Hi drfuis thdt thdt thi nagsestigt
thegf ta `a es ta
rimint thi segi qud gag aj `espigsdteagdlesk.
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Ds d nretequi aj @espigsdteagdlesk thes thises es `ivdstdtegf. Ds d
nretequi aj thi
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh, thes mu`fkigt kust oi lijt ta thasi wha
hdvi d kari
egtekdti cgawli`fi aj thi Nhurnh, ets hestary dg` tidnhegf. Ga
`auot @r. Chaa dg`
hes jreig`s well kdci d raoust riply whig thes thises dppidrs eg
pregt. Vi wdet weth nagse`irdoli egtirist ta rid` hes
`ijigni.
Vhdt kdrcit kdy oi ixpinti` jar thi sdli aj thes oaac1 Rraodoly gat
d ldrfi agi. Dt
lidst ds jdr ds thi Ygeti` Cegf`ak es nagnirgi` whiri
`espigsdteagdlesk es ga
lagfir d kdttir aj sireaus `iodti. D kdrcit well ug`auoti`ly oi
jaug` eg thi
nagstetuigny riprisigti` oy thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh eg
^egfdpari, dlsa eg thi
Ygeti` ^tdtis whiri thisi essuis dri viry kunh dlevi. Phi pregnepdl
Oeoli Nallifis
waul` oigijet jrak d napy aj thes oaac eg thier leordreis.
@r Nhed es ta oi nakkig`i` oath jar hes nhdrety dg` nldrety eg
prisigtegf hes ndsi,
dlsa jar hes ekkigsi eg`ustry. Hi es pdrtenuldrly ta oi nakkig`i`
ds hi es gat d
prajisseagdl thialafedg.
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Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh eg Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Innlisealafy
E shdll oifeg oy `ijegegf thi figirdl Oeoli Rrisoytiredg
ug`irstdg`egf aj thi phrdsi
“`estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Jerstly, Oeoli
Rrisoytiredgs oileivi thdt
Fa` hds twa `estegnt prafrdks eg hestary, agi jar Esrdil dg` agi
jar thi Nhurnh.
Dnnar`egf ta @r Mijjriy Chaa, thi Dnd`iken @idg aj Jdr Idstirg
Oeoli Nallifi,
“Fa` hds twa prafrdkkis eg Hes sdlvdteag pldg= agi jar Esrdil, dg`
dgathir jar thi
Nhurnh.4 Ilsiwhiri, @r Chaa wretis=
“SM. Alevir[ Ouswill jurthir strissi` thdt Esrdil wds dg` stell es
d “gdteagdl
igtety, dg` thus shaul` gat oi nagjusi` weth whdt es nakkagly cgawg
ds “nhurnh ta`dy. Vhig tdlcegf doaut thi nhurnh, hi nlidrly kd`i
d
`estegnteag oitwiig thi “nhurnh aj Esrdil dg` thi “nhurnh ds
arfdgezi`
jrak thi `dy aj Rigtinast agwdr`.?
^inag`ly, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs oileivi thdt thi Nhurnh `ais gat
juljell ar tdci avir
dgy aj Esrdils prakesis ar purpasis. Eg thi jallawegf stdtikigt, @r
Chaa ixprissis
hes dfriikigt weth @espigsdteagdlesk, “Phi ithgen, ldg`, thragi,
dg` tikpli
praphineis dg` prakesis Fa` kd`i ta Esrdil well jeg`
juljellkigt eg Esrdil whig
Nhrest riturgs. >
Phes egnlu`is thi prakesis aj thi Giw Navigdgt eg Mirikedh
>4=>4- >0, whenh well oi juljelli` ta ithgen, gdteagdl
Esrdil dnnar`egf ta thi `espigsdteagdl
ug`irstdg`egf.
Chaa ildoardtis jurthir,
“Dlthaufh gdteagdl Esrdil passissis nirtdeg innlisedl
nhdrdntirestens aj thi
nhurnh landl, et es gat thi GP nhurnh. Esrdil es stell viry kunh d
gdteag, dg`
4 Mijjriy Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy=
D Odsen Phialafy jar Iviryagi
Naursi (^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`.), >?.
Phisi dri pregti` naursi gatis usi`
eg Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi. @r Mijjriy Chaa es thi Dnd`iken @idg
aj Jdr Idstirg Oeoli
Nallifi, thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg nallifi eg ^egfdpari. Dlsa
dvdeldoli jrak
http=//www.jion.i`u.sf/dssits/p`js/stu`yrisaurni/@espigsdteagdlesk%?2dg`%?2Navigdgt%?
2Phialafy.p`j 3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 44 ^iptikoir ?229. Rlidsi
gati thdt thi pdfegdteag es
`ejjirigt eg thi naursi gatis ag-legi. ? Mijjriy Chaa,
“@espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk eg _ijarki` Phialafy= Phi
Nagtreouteag aj
M. A. Ouswill ta thi Kelliggedl @iodti, Maurgdl aj thi
Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity 00,
ga. 0 (?224)= 628.> Eoe`., 625.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 4
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Fa` nagteguis ta `idl weth hir eg thdt wdy. Phi viry ixestigni aj
Esrdil
ta`dy eg Rdlistegi dttists ta thdt jdnt. Phus thi AP
ithgen/ldg`/thragi/tikpli praphineis dg` prakesis Fa` kd`i ta
Esrdil
kust jeg` juljellkigt eg strently Miwesh dg` @dve`en tirks, gat eg
thes
prisigt dfi, out eg thi dfi ta naki. 0
Eg hes issdy “@espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi`, @r Mijjriy Chaa
sunnegntly sukkdrezis
thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs paseteag ag thi “`estegnteag aj Esrdil dg`
thi Nhurnh, dg`
thi ug`irstdg`egf thdt Fa` hds twa fraups aj Hes piapli eg
ri`ikptevi hestary=
“@espigsdteagdlests sii d `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi
Nhurnh.
Dnnar`egf ta Hes itirgdl naugsils, Fa` es `idlegf weth twa fraups
aj Hes
piapli thraufhaut oeolendl hestary, gdkily, (4) Esrdil ds d
gdteag, dg` (?)
thi Nhurnh ds thi oa`y aj Nhrest . Phes paseteag es tdcig
oindusi`espigsdteagdlests ikplay d letirdl/garkdl hirkigiutens eg
thier
egtirpritdteag aj praphiten ^nrepturi. Phi praphineis dg` prakesis
aj thi
Oeoli whenh Fa` hds fevig ta Esrdil kust jeg` juljellkigt eg
Esrdil. . . . Phi
gdteag aj Esrdil annupeis d prakegigt pldni eg Fa`s pldg jar thi
ldst `dys. .
. . Phes es agi thegf wi ndg dfrii weth thi
`espigsdteagdlests3 thiy dri
narrint eg thier isnhdtalafy.9
Phus, et es nlidr thdt Chaa es ndrijul ta `estegfuesh oitwiig
gdteagdl Esrdil dg` thi
Giw Pistdkigt Nhurnh. Eg hes hirkigiutendl dppradnh ta Al`
Pistdkigt navigdgts, prakesis, dg` praphineis, Chaa siis thi
Nhurnh ds d Giw Pistdkigt egstetuteag,
`estegnt jrak gdteagdl, ithgen Esrdil. Chaa dg` hes jdnulty kikoirs
“`ijegi thi
Nhurnh ds “thi oa`y aj Nhrest, whenh es d nhdrdntirestendlly Giw
Pistdkigt gdki,
dg` siik ta jarfit thdt et es dlsa ndlli` “thi tikpli aj Fa` dg`
“Mirusdlik, whenh
dri viry `ine`i`ly gdkis weth dg Al` Pistdkigt jldvar, nj. E Nar.
>=4:, 463 EE Nar.
:=4:3 Iph. ?=?43 Fdl. 0=?:3 Hio. 4?=??. Vi shaul` gat nlasi aur
iyis ta thi pdtigt
jdnt thdt thi gdki “Nhurnh (Hio. qdhdl, rig`iri` icclised eg
thi ^iptudfegt) es
Phes `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh ug`irfer`s thi Oeoli
Rrisoytiredg
thialafendl-hirkigiutendl jrdkiwarc. Et `itirkegis haw d Oeoli
Rrisoytiredg
egtirprits ^nrepturi, dg` pdrtenuldrly, praphiny. Ds wi shdll sii
ldtir eg thes oaac,
0 Eoe`., 64:. 9 Mijjriy
Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi` (^egfdpari=
_ijarki` Prdnt @estreoutars, g.`.),
42-44, ikphdses kegi. Dlsa dvdeldoli jrak
http=//www.jion.i`u.sf/dssits/p`js/trdnts/@espigsdteagdlesk%?2Ixdkegi`.p`j 3
Egtirgit3
dnnissi` 42 ^iptikoir ?229.: Laues Oirchaj, ^ystikdten
Phialafy (Ndrlesli, RD= Odggir aj Pruth Prust, 4504),
964.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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thes hirkigiutendl `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
risults eg vdreaus Oeoli
Rrisoytiredg isnhdtalafendl `estegntevis (jar ixdkpli,
@espigsdteagdl
Rrikelliggedlesk, thi pritreouldteagdl rdpturi aj thi Nhurnh, dg`
thi ristetuteag aj
dgekdl sdnrejenis eg thi Kelliggeuk).6
Ds dg egtra`unteag ta thi `ejjenulteis aj sunh dg
Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag, E shdll
oifeg oy rijlintegf upag twa ekpartdgt tirks eg innlisealafy=
“Esrdil dg`
“Nhurnh. Es et trui thdt “Fa` hds twa prafrdkkis eg Hes sdlvdteag
pldg= agi jar
Esrdil, dg` dgathir jar thi Nhurnh18 Eg athir war`s, dri thiri
twa sipdrdti
ri`ikptevi pldgs= agi jar gdteagdl Esrdil, dg` agi jar thi Giw
Pistdkigt Nhurnh1
Nretenezegf thes prapaseteag, Cieth Kdthesag nakkigts thdt,
“Vhithir thes
prapaseteag es trui `ipig`s ag haw “Esrdil dg` “nhurnh dri
`ijegi`. Ej “Esrdil
kidgs gdteagdl, ugoileivegf, paletendl Esrdil, dg` thi “nhurnh
kidgs oileivirs, thigaoveausly thiri dri `ejjirigt purpasis jar thi
twa. Ej hawivir “Esrdil rijirs ta trui
Ssperetudl[ Esrdil dg` “nhurnh rijirs ta oileivirs aj thes dfi ar
aj dll dfis, thig thiy
ndggat hdvi twa `ejjirigt prafrdks.5 Et es, thirijari, aoveaus
thdt dpastdti,
ugoileivegf Esrdil ndggat hdvi d sekeldr `istegy ta thi Nhurnh. Ej
thi Miws rikdeg
ugoileivirs dg` rijusi ta ripigt, thiri ndg oi ga jarfevigiss aj
segs, ar itirgdl,
hidvigly oless jar d jdethliss gdteag.
Ag thi athir hdg`, ej “Esrdil rijirs ta trui, speretudl Esrdil, dg`
thi “Nhurnh rijirs
ta oath ilint Miws dg` Figtelis, thi twa tirks dri issigtedlly
sekeldr. Kdthesagdfriis weth thes aosirvdteag,
“^nrepturi tidnhis thdt dll oileivirs aj dll dfis hdvi agi Fa`
(@iut. 0=>9,
>53 :=03 Iph. 0=:), agi ^dveaur dg` Lar` Misus Nhrest (Iph. 0=93
4 Nar. 8=:3
4 Pek. ?=9), agi wdy aj sdlvdteag (Mahg 40=:3 Dnts 0=4?), dg` agi
itirgdl
`istegy (4 Phiss. 0=463 _iv. ?2=4?). Phi oileivirs aj dll dfis dri
agi oa`y
(Iph. 0=0), agi ore`i (_iv. ?4=5-40), agi hausihal` (Iph. ?=45),
dg` agi
jlanc (Mahg 42=4:). Phiri es agi purpasi jar dll oileivirs, dg`
thdt es ta
flarejy Fa` (4 Nar. 42=>43 _ak. 44=>:).42
6 Vi shdll riturg ta thes pdrtenuldr hirkigiutendl `estegntevi
„ thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil
dg` thi Nhurnh „ dt thi ig` aj thes oaac. Dt thdt stdfi, wi well
tei tafithir dll aur priveaus
stu`eis, dg` sii haw thes hirkigiutendl `estegnteag aj Esrdil dg`
thi Nhurnh `erintly djjints
thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg thialafendl fre`.
8 Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy, >?.
5 Cieth Kdthesag, @espigsdteagdlesk= _efhtly @eve`egf thi
Riapli aj Fa`1 (Rhellepsourf, GM=
Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 4559), ?9.42 Eoe`.,
?:.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh >
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Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests oileivi thdt thi Nhurnh
`ais gat juljell ar
tdci avir dgy aj Esrdils prakesis ar purpasis. Phiy figirdlly dfrii
thdt thi Al`
Pistdkigt prakesis ta Esrdil ndggat jeg` juljellkigt eg thi Nhurnh.
Phes egnlu`is thi
Dordhdken, @dve`en dg` Giw Navigdgts. Dnnar`egf ta Oeoli
Rrisoytiredgs, Fa` hds
d sipdrdti praphiten-ri`ikptevi prafrdk jar fia-paletendl
Esrdil.
Kdthesag refhtly aosirvis thdt,
“SPhes[ sinag` prapaseteag jallaws lafendlly jrak thi jerst. Ej wi
wiri ta
ug`irstdg` Esrdil ds sekply thi ugoileivegf gdteag dg` thi nhurnh
ds
oileivirs, ar ej wi wiri ta rifdr` thik ds twa nakplitily
sipdrdti oa`eis
aj oileivirs, thig wi naul` dssuki thes sinag` prapaseteag ta oi
trui. Ej,
hawivir, thi oileivirs eg Al` Pistdkigt Esrdil dg` eg thi Giw
Pistdkigt
dri agi oa`y, thig et waul` kdci sigsi thdt thi prakesis ta thi agi
kefht oi juljelli` eg thi athir. Vhig wi turg ta thi
^nrepturis, wi sii thdt
prakesis arefegdlly kd`i ta thi letirdl gdteag aj Esrdil dri
eg jdnt oiegf
juljelli` ta`dy eg thi nhurnh.44
Phi @antregi aj thi Nhurnh eg thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
Phi Zeseoli Nhurnh
Dnnar`egf ta thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, Nhdptir XXZ
Rdrdfrdph ?, “Phiveseoli Nhurnh, whenh es dlsa ndthalen ar
ugevirsdl ug`ir thi Faspil (gat nagjegi` ta
agi gdteag, ds oijari ug`ir thi ldw), nagsests aj dll thasi
thraufhaut thi warl` thdt
prajiss thi trui rilefeag3 dg` aj thier nhel`rig= dg` es thi
cegf`ak aj thi Lar` Misus
Nhrest, thi hausi dg` jdkely aj Fa`, aut aj whenh thiri es ga
ar`egdry passeoelety aj
sdlvdteag.
Tuisteag :?= Vhdt es thi veseoli nhurnh1
Dgswir= Phi veseoli nhurnh es d saneity kd`i up aj dll sunh ds eg
dll dfis
dg` pldnis aj thi warl` `a prajiss thi trui rilefeag, dg` aj thier
nhel`rig.
Phi veseoli nhurnh es sa ndlli` oindusi wi ndg dntudlly sii haw
kdgy kikoirs
thiri dri eg d pdrtenuldr nhurnh. Out wi ndggat cgaw haw kdgy aj
thisi kikoirs
dri oarg dfdeg, ar figuegily sdvi`. “Phiri es agly agi Sveseoli
nhurnh[. Out et
egnlu`is kdgy ordgnhis (ajtig ndlli` `igakegdteags) dg` es kd`i up
aj d viry ldrfi
44 Eoe`.
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gukoir aj pdrtenuldr nagfrifdteags.4? Phirijari, dnnar`egf ta
thi Vistkegstir
^tdg`dr`s, thi veseoli nhurnh egnlu`is thi vdreaus Nhrestedg
`igakegdteags eg thi
warl`, dg` nagsests aj dg ekkigsi gukoir aj landl nagfrifdteags.
Givirthiliss,
thiri es agly agi veseoli Nhurnh.
Veth rispint ta teki, thi veseoli Nhurnh “egnlu`is oileivirs aj dll
dfis aj thi
warl`s hestary, jrak thi teki aj D`dk dg` Ivi ta thi ig` aj thi
warl`. Dll piapli
aj iviry dfi wha prajissi` jdeth eg thi trui rilefeag dri egnlu`i`
eg thi veseoli
nhurnh.4>
Egnlu`i` wetheg thi veseoli Nhurnh es thi Al` Pistdkigt nhurnh -
gdteagdl Esrdil -
dg` thi Giw Pistdkigt nhurnh. Et ivig egnlu`is oileivirs levegf
oijari thi teki aj
Dordhdk, sunh ds Doil dg` Gadh. Phi veseoli Nhurnh es eg ga wdy
leketi` ta thi
gdteag aj Esrdil, ar ta dgy figteli gdteag ag thi pldgit. “Et
egnlu`is piapli eg dll pldnis aj thi warl , whirivir thi lefht
aj thi faspil hds pigitrdti` thi warl`s
Ha`fi sukkdrezis thi `antregi aj thi veseoli Nhurnh lde` aut eg thi
Vistkegstir
^tdg`dr`s, “Phisi sinteags Saj thi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth[ tidnh thdt
thiri es . . . d
ndthalen ar ugevirsdl veseoli Nhurnh, nagsestegf aj thasi aj iviry
gdteag wha prajiss
thi trui rilefeag, tafithir weth thier nhel`rig.49
Ds eg`endti` oy thi _ijarki` `ijegeteag aj thi veseoli Nhurnh,
thiri es aoveausly ga`estegnteag whdtsaivir oitwiig thi gdteag aj
Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Phi veseoli
Nhurnh egnlu`is oileivirs jrak thi gdteag aj Esrdil dg` thi figteli
gdteags, jrak thi
teki aj D`dk ta thi ig` aj thi dfi.
Phi Egveseoli Nhurnh
Phi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, Nhdptir XXZ Rdrdfrdph 4 dlsa
stdtis, “Phi
ndthalen ar ugevirsdl Nhurnh, whenh es egveseoli, nagsests aj thi
whali gukoir aj thi
ilint, thdt hdvi oiig, dri, ar shdll oi fdthiri` egta agi, ug`ir
Nhrest thi Hid`
thiriaj3 dg` es thi spausi, thi oa`y, thi jullgiss aj Hek thdt
jellith dll eg dll.
Phi egveseoli Nhurnh es issigtedlly thi igteri oa`y aj thi ilint.
Phes es nlidrly
`ijegi` oy thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk=
4? Mahdggis F. Zas, Phi Vistkegstir Ldrfir Ndtinhesk= D
Nakkigtdry, i`. F. E. Velledksag
(Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, ?22?),
4>:. 4> Eoe`., 4>6. 40
Eoe`.49 D. D. Ha`fi, Phi Nagjisseag aj
Jdeth (Ndrlesli, RD= Odggir aj Pruth Prust, 48:5),
>4?.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 9
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Tuisteag :0= Vhdt es thi egveseoli nhurnh1
Dgswir= Phi egveseoli nhurnh es thi whali gukoir aj thi ilint, thdt
hdvi
oiig, dri, ar shdll oi fdthiri` egta agi ug`ir Nhrest thi
hid`.
Phi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk tidnhis thdt dll thi ilint aj dll dfis dri
egnlu`i` eg thi
egveseoli nhurnh. Phi egveseoli nhurnh es sa ndlli` sekply oindusi
wi ndggat sii
ixdntly wha oilagfs ta thes nhurnh. Giethir `a wi cgaw thi ixdnt
gukoir aj ilint
whak thi Jdthir hds fevig ta thi ^ag. Zas wretis=
“Dri Al` Pistdkigt sdegts wha `ei` eg jdeth, jrak Doil ta thi teki
aj
Nhrest, kikoirs aj thi egveseoli nhurnh1 Uis. Nhrest hds agly agi
speretudl
oa`y, dg` thi ri`iiki` aj dll dfis - oath Miws dg` Figtelis -
dri kikoirs
aj et.
Phi egveseoli Nhurnh es d nallintevi oa`y ikordnegf dll thi ilint,
jrak oath thi Al`
Navigdgt `espigsdteag dg` thi Giw Navigdgt d`kegestrdteag. Agni
dfdeg, thiri es
ga `estegnteag oitwiig thi ilint aj gdteagdl, ithgen Esrdil, dg`
thasi jrak thi Giw
Pistdkigt nhurnh. Phi hirkigiutendl `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg`
thi Nhurnh es d
segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, gat _ijarki`
thialafy.
Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s tidnh “thdt thiri es d nallintevi oa`y,
nakpresegf dll thi
ilint aj Fa` aj dll gdteags dg` figirdteags, ndlli` thi Nhurnh
egveseoli. Phi jdnt thdtthiri es sunh d oa`y kust oi oileivi` oy
iviry pirsag wha oileivis thdt dll kig, aj
iviry dfi dg` gdteag segni D`dk, wha rinievi` Nhrest dg`
ixpireigni` thi pawir aj
_ijarki` Innlisealafy
_ijarki` thialafedgs sii thi Nhurnh ds hdvegf ets oifeggegf eg thi
Al` Pistdkigt.
Phi Nhurnh hds ixesti` segni thi teki aj D`dk, dg` hir ixestigni
ixtig`s thraufh
thi pdtredrnhdl pirea`, ta thi Kasden Rirea`, dg` egta thi nurrigt
Giw Pistdkigt
nhurnh dfi.48 “Eg thi Rdtredrnhedl Rirea` thi jdkeleis aj
oileivirs nagstetuti` thi
4: Zas, Phi Vistkegstir Ldrfir Ndtinhesk= D Nakkigtdry, 40?.
46 Ha`fi, Phi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, >44. Jar d kari
ixtigsevi tridtkigt aj thi `antregi aj thi
Nhurnh eg thi _ijarki` nrii`s, sii Hirkdg Haicsikd, _ijarki`
@afkdtens, ?` i`., val. ?
(Frdg`velli, KE= _ijarki` Jrii Ruoleshegf Dssanedteag, ?229),
48:-45?. 48 Jar kari egjarkdteag ag _ijarki` innlisealafy,
stu`y thi systikdten thialafy aj
_ijarki` thialafedgs. Jar ixdkpli, sii Laues Oirchaj, ^ystikdten
Phialafy (Ndrlesli, RD= Odggir aj Pruth Prust, 4504),
99>-:983 Haicsikd, _ijarki` @afkdtens, 465-0?43 dg`
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh :
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rilefeaus nagfrifdteags3 thi Nhurnh wds oist riprisigti` eg thi
peaus hausihal`s,
whiri thi jdthirs sirvi` ds preist.45
Out `uregf thi Kasden Rirea`, “thi whali gdteag Saj Esrdil[
nagstetuti` thi Nhurnh3
dg` thi Nhurnh wds leketi` ta thi agi gdteag aj Esrdil, thaufh
jariefgirs naul` igtir et oy oiegf egnarpardti` egta thi
gdteag.?2 Eg thi Giw Pistdkigt pirea`, Fa`
ixpdg`i` thi prakesis aj thi faspil ta dll thi gdteags, whenh
egnlu`i Miws dg`
Figtelis. Yg`ir thi Giw Navigdgt d`kegestrdteag, thi gdteagdl
oaug`dreis aj Esrdil
wiri `essalvi` ta egnlu`i thi whali warl`. Vel` alevi ordgnhis dri
oiegf frdjti`
agta thi arefegdl alevi trii (_ak. 44).
Haicsikd ixpldegs, “SPhi Nhurnh[ es gat leketi` ta dgy pdrtenuldr
gdteag, tagfui, ar
treoi, out ikordnis dll thi gdteags aj thi warl` dg` trdgsnig`s dll
hukdg
rildteagsheps. Phi nhurnh es giethir Miw gar Friic, giethir Firkdg
gar Dkirendg,giethir Oretesh gar _ussedg. Et swdllaws up dll
gdturdl `estegnteags egta agi, haly,
ndthalen jillawshep. ^unh es thi kidgegf aj thi nagjisseag Seg thi
Dpastlis Nrii`[,
“E oileivi d haly, ndthalen nhurnh.?4
Phi _ijarki` nrii`s dri ugdgekaus ag thes ug`irstdg`egf aj thi
Nhurnh. Dnnar`egf
ta thi _ijarki` tidnhegfs ag innlisealafy, “thi Giw Pistdkigt
Nhurnh es
issigtedlly agi weth thi Nhurnh aj thi al` `espigsdteag. Ds jdr ds
thier issigtedl
??
Hawivir, thi _ijarkirs `a rinafgezi nirtdeg nhdgfis oitwiig thi Al`
dg` thi Giw
Navigdgt d`kegestrdteags. Varshep eg thi Giw Pistdkigt es ga lagfir
landlezi` eg
Mirusdlik. Dgekdl sdnrejenis dri doaleshi`, dg` ripldni` weth
speretudl sdnrejenis. Oy
vertui aj thi dnnakpleshi`, ri`ikptevi warc aj Misus Nhrest, “thi
Nhurnh wds
`evarni` jrak thi gdteagdl leji aj Esrdil dg` aotdegi` dg
eg`ipig`igt arfdgezdteag.
Eg nagginteag weth thes thi gdteagdl oaug`dreis aj thi Nhurnh wiri
swipt dwdy.
Vhdt hd` up ta thes teki oiig d gdteagdl Nhurnh gaw dssuki` d
ugevirsdl nhdrdntir.
Dg` eg ar`ir ta ridlezi thi e`idl aj warl`-we`i ixtigseag, et hd`
ta oinaki d
kesseagdry Nhurnh, ndrryegf thi faspil aj sdlvdteag ta dll thi
gdteags aj thi warl`.
_aoirt L. _iykag`, D Giw ^ystikdten Phialafy aj thi Nhrestedg
Jdeth, ?` i`. (Gdshvelli,
PG= Phakds Gilsag, 4558), 829-56:. 45 Oirchaj, ^ystikdten
Phialafy, 962. ?2 Eoe`. ?4
Haicsikd, _ijarki` @afkdtens, 45>.?? Oirchaj,
^ystikdten Phialafy, 964.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 6
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Kariavir, thi retudl warshep aj thi pdst kd`i pldni jar d kari
speretudl warshep eg
hdrkagy weth thi fridtir prevelifis aj thi Giw
Pistdkigt.?>
Phes _ijarki` ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Nhurnh es sunnegntly `isnreoi`
eg thi Oilfen
Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, Drtenli ?6=
“Vi oileivi dg` prajiss agi ndthalen ar ugevirsdl nhurnh, whenh es
d haly
nagfrifdteag aj trui Nhrestedg oileivirs, dll ixpintegf thier
sdlvdteag eg
Misus Nhrest, oiegf wdshi` oy Hes olaa`, sdgntejei` dg` sidli` oy
thi Haly
Fhast. . . . Phes nhurnh hdth oiig jrak thi oifeggegf aj thi warl`,
dg` well
oi ta thi ig` thiriaj3 whenh es ive`igt jrak thes, thdt
Nhrest es dg itirgdl
Cegf, whenh wethaut suomints Hi ndggat oi. . . . Jurthirkari, thes
haly
nhurnh es gat nagjegi`, oaug`, ar leketi` ta d nirtdeg pldni ar ta
nirtdeg
pirsags, out es sprid` dg` `espirsi` avir thi whali warl`3
dg` yit es maegi`dg` ugeti` weth hidrt dg` well, oy thi pawir aj
jdeth, eg agi dg` thi sdki
^peret.
Dnnar`egf ta _ijarki` innlisealafy, thi `espigsdteagdl,
hirkigiutendl `estegnteag
oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh es ugwdrrdgti`.?0 Et kust
oi ikphdsezi` thdt thi
_ijarki` ug`irstdg`egf aj thi tirk “Esrdil hds ga dssanedteag weth
dgte-^iketen
sigtekigts ar “leoirdl pratistdgt hirkigiutens.?9
?> Eoe`. ?0 ^ii Kdthesags
oaac @espigsdteagdlesk= _efhtly @eve`egf thi Riapli aj
Fa`1 jar dg
egtra`unteag ta thi essui aj “`estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi
Nhurnh. E stragfly rinakkig`
thes idsely dnnisseoli oaac. ?9 Phiri dri saki wha dnnusi
gag-`espigsdteagdlests aj oiegf “dgte-^iketen. Phiy usudlly
kidg “thialafendl dgte-^iketesk rdthir thdg rdnedl
“dgte-^iketesk. Prui dgte-^iketesk es
`ijegi` ds primu`eni dfdegst ^iketen piapli sekply oindusi thiy dri
^iketis. Anndseagdlly,
thes dllifdteag es pdrt aj thier `ijdkdtary tdntens dg` d`
hakegik dttdncs. Al` Pistdkigt
praphineis rildti` ta gdteagdl Esrdil hdvi oiig juljelli` eg
(4) thi riturg aj thi Miws djtir thier
ixeli egta Dssyred dg` Odoylag, (?) thi jerst-nigtury istdoleshkigt
aj thi Miwesh nhurnh, dg`
(>) thi Jerst D`vigt aj Misus Nhrest. ^ii Velledk
Hig`recsig, Esrdil dg` Rraphiny (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir
Oaac Hausi Na, 45:8), 4:„>4. Phi jerst nigtury nhurnh wds kd`i
up
dlkast ixnlusevily aj Miws. Ldtir, Figteli oileivirs wiri frdjti`
egta dg dlrid`y ixestegf
Miwesh Nhurnh (_ak. 44=45). Phisi oileivirs, nagsestegf aj Miws dg`
Figtelis, dri thi trui
“Miws (_ak. ?=?8„?5), thi trui “nernukneseag (Rhel. >=>), thi
trui “sii` aj Dordhdk (Fdl.
>=6, ?5), thi “nhel`rig aj prakesi (Fdl. 0=?8), thi
“nakkagwidlth aj Esrdil (Iph. ?=4?, 45).
Phiri dri dlsa thasi wha rijir ta dkelliggedlests ds oiegf
“dgte-Esrdil, wheli thiy risirvi thi
tirk “pra-Esrdil jar thiksilvis. ^unh tirks dri gat hilpjul eg thi
nurrigt thialafendl
`edlafui oitwiig @espigsdteagdlests dg` _ijarki` thialafedgs. Pirks
sunh ds “pra-Nhurnh
dg` “dgte-Nhurnh ndg leciwesi oi naegi` ta rijir ta _ijarki` dg`
@espigsdteagdl
thialafedgs rispintevily. Must ds dkelliggedlests dri gat
“dgte-Esrdil, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs waul` d`ket thdt thiy dri gat
“dgte-Nhurnh.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 8
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Phiri dri _ijarki` thialafedgs wha oileivi eg d juturi nagvirseag
aj d ldrfi
gukoir aj Miws ta Nhrestedgety. Out ivig ta nagnur weth d juturi,
kdss sdlvdteag aj
ilint Miws (_ak. 5-44), ar thi rinipteag aj d Miwesh rikgdgt egta
trui, speretudl
Esrdil `ais gat ginissetdti dg d preare ar dg d
pastireare dnniptdgni aj thi Nhrestedg
]eagesten ixpintdteag „ d oileij eg thi ri-istdoleshkigt
aj d Miwesh, @dve`en
Cegf`ak ag Idrth.?: Phi nagnipt aj dg idrthly, Miwesh cegf`ak
ndggat oi jaug` eg
thi satirealafendl paliken aj Rdul eg _akdgs 5-44.?6
Nhdrlis Dlixdg`ir rikeg`s us thdt gdteagdl Esrdil hds gat oiig
nakplitily jarsdcig3
d rikgdgt rikdegs dnnar`egf ta Fa`s ilinteag aj frdni=
“Dll aj idrthly Esrdil wiri gat ndst dwdy „ agly thi ugoileivir.
“^aki aj
thi ordgnhis. Vhdt naul` oi pldegir thdg thes, thdt thi dpastli es
spidcegf
?: ^ii @dve` D. _dusnh, “Nhrestedg ]eagesk,
eg Ivdgfilendl @enteagdry aj Phialafy, i`. Vdltir D. Ilwill
(Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 4580), 4?24-4?2?, jar
kari
egjarkdteag ag Nhrestedg ]eagesk. Jar d tharaufh dssisskigt aj thi
thialafendl ikphdsis aj
Nhrestedg ]eagesk, sii ^tiphig ^ezir, Nhrestedg ]eagesk= _ad`-kdp
ta Drkdfi``ag1
(Lienistir, Igfldg`= Egtir-Zdrsety Rriss, ?220), 42:-?29. Jar dg
dnnisseoli nretequi aj thi
Nhrestedg ]eagesten ixpintdteag aj dg idrthly Miwesh Cegf`ak eg thi
Kelliggeuk, sii ^tiphig
^ezir, “Dg Dltirgdtevi Phialafy aj thi Haly Ldg`= D Nretequi aj
Nhrestedg ]eagesk, Phi
Nhurnhkdg 44>, ga. ? (4555)3 dvdeldoli jrak
http=//www.nhrestedgzeagesk.arf/pregt.dsp1E@;4>3 Egtirgit3
dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229. ?6 Dg ixnilligt `esnusseag aj _akdgs
nhdptir 44 es jaug` eg A. Rdlkir _aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil
aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw (Rhellepsourf, GM=
Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, ?222), 4:6-45?. Dlsa sii
Dgthagy Haicikd, Phi Oeoli dg` thi Juturi (Frdg`
_dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 45653 Frdg` _dpe`s, KE=
Vk. O. Iir`kdgs
Ruoleshegf Na dg` Nukored, YC= Phi Rdtirgastir Rriss, 4550),
45:-?24. ?8 ^ii @dve` Halwir`d, Misus dg` Esrdil= Agi
Navigdgt ar Pwa1 (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O.
Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4559), 4-44?. Et fevis dg eg-`ipth dgdlyses
aj thi _ijarki` paseteag
ag Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh. ?5 Pa ug`irstdg` whdt _ijarki`
thialafedgs ridlly tdufht doaut ithgen Esrdil, sii Jri`
Clitt,
Ndlveg, Ha`fi, Kurrdy, Zas, I`wdr`s, Higry= Vhdt @a Phiy ^dy doaut
thi Miwesh Riapli1
Sdrtenli ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli jrak
http=//www.nhdek.arf/nhurnhis/ndlvegpdk.p`j 3 Egtirgit3
dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229. @a gat dnnipt thi `espigsdteagdlests
“strdw kdg (i.f. “_ipldnikigt Phialafy, dgte-^iketesk) ds thi
figuegi _ijarki` paseteag ag Esrdil.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 5
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aj eg`eve`udl oileivirs thraufhaut thes fridt nhdptir1 “^aki aj
thi
ordgnhis ky orithrig3 gat dll aj thik wiri oracig ajj. Phi
haly stanc wds
gat upraati`, must “saki aj thi ordgnhis. Ivig thaufh hestary hds
pravi`
thdt thi al` stanc wds will gefh streppi` aj ets gdturdl ordgnhis,
thiri stell
Ej thi Nhurnh hds truly ripldni` Esrdil speretudlly, Rdul waul`
hdvi `isnreoi` thi
nuttegf `awg aj thi arefegdl alevi trii eg _akdgs nhdptir
44,>4 dg` thi pldgtegf aj d
wel` alevi trii. Gdturdl alevi ordgnhis ndg suosiquigtly oi frdjti`
agta thi wel`
alevi trii. Ag thi athir hdg`, ej Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh dri
`estegnt (ds
@espigsdteagdlests nldek), Rdul waul` hdvi `isnreoi` twa alevi
triis e.i. thi pldgtegf
aj d wel` alevi trii oise`i thi gdturdl agi, dg` gat thi frdjtegf
aj wel` alevi
ordgnhis agta thi arefegdl alevi trii.
Jrdki dptly wretis,
“Phi nhurnh, nakpasi` aj Miws dg` Figtelis (weth, aj naursi, thier
jdkeleis
ds iqudl kikoirs aj agi oa`y), wds thi “Esrdil aj Fa` (Fdl :=4:).
Phi
alevi trii aj Dordhdk nagtegui`, out weth saki al` (Miwesh)
ordgnhis
oracig ajj dg` saki giw (Figteli) ordgnhis frdjti` eg (_ak
44=44„?0).
Phi nhurnh rinievi` thi tetlis aj Esrdil= “d nhasig piapli, d
raydl
preisthaa`, d haly gdteag, d piapli oilagfegf ta Fa` (4 Rit
?=5j.3 nj. Ixa`
45=:3 Pet ?=40).
Rrajissar @dve` Igfilskd paegts aut thdt,
“Ds thi trui Esrdil aj Fa`, thi nhurnh es Fa`s agi dg` agly weji.
Mihavdh
Fa` `ais gat hdvi twa wevis, ds prikelliggedl `espigsdteagdlesk,
oath
trd`eteagdl dg` prafrissevi, ginissdrely tidnhis. ^egni thi Al`
Pistdkigt
tidnhis thdt Esrdil wds thi weji aj Fa` dg` segni thi Giw
Pistdkigt
tidnhis thdt thi nhurnh es thi weji aj Fa` eg Misus Nhrest dg`
segni
`espigsdteagdlesk tidnhis thdt Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh dri twa
`ejjirigt
>2 Nhdrlis @. Dlixdg`ir, “_akdgs Ilivig dg` thi Pwa
Esrdils= Dg Ixpaseteag aj _akdgs 5-
44 (Ygpuoleshi` linturi gatis, g.`.), 49. >4 Jar d faa`
prekir ta thi kidgegf aj “dll Esrdil eg _akdgs 44=?:, sii Hirkdg
Odvegnc,
Phi Ldst Phegfs= Hapi jar Phes Varl` dg` thi Gixt , trdgs.
Mahg Zreig` (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE=
Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 455:), 420-426. >?
Mahg K. Jrdki, “Pawdr` d Phialafy aj thi ^tdti, Vistkegstir
Phialafendl Maurgdl 94, ga. ? (4585)= ??2.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 42
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piaplis, `espigsdteagdlesk hal`s thdt Fa` hds twa wevis.
Jar
`espigsdteagdlesk, Fa` es thi arefegdl oefdkest.>>
Fa`, eg`ii`, hds agly agi piapli. Misus Nhrest hds agly agi ore`i -
thi Nhurnh. Aur
Fa` es gat d oefdkest, dg` et es d sireaus irrar ta egsegudti thdt
Hi es.
Dnnar`egf ta _ijarki` innlisealafy, ilint Miws dg` Figtelis dri agi
eg Nhrest. Phi
Nhurnh, nagsestegf aj oath Miws dg` Figtelis, es thi trui speretudl
Esrdil eg thi Giw
Navigdgt d`kegestrdteag.>0
Vha, thig, es d trui Esrdileti1 Phi refhtjul nhel` aj Dordhdk es ga
lagfir e`igtejei`
ved ithgenety ar figidlafendl `isnigt (Fdl. >=6), out oy jdeth
eg thi Kissedh. “Gat
dgnistry out jdeth, gat hukdg dnheivikigt out Fa`s fejt, ndllegf,
dg` ilinteag,
dncgawli`fi` eg Misus, sag aj Dordhdk, sag aj @dve`, ^ag aj
Fa`.
>9
Nagnirgegf thi e`igtety aj Esrdil, @dve` Halwir`d wretis=
“Vha thig es Esrdil1 Phi dgswir es givir sekply d kdttir aj
dgnistry.
Nagsiquigtly, thi nigtrdl essui eg thi Giw Pistdkigt es gat ridlly
Miw
virsus Figteli. Egstid`, Esrdil es thi piapli nhasig oy Fa` dg`
ndlli` ta
rispag` eg jdeth dg` aoi`eigni. Esrdil es thi piapli ag whak thi
Lar` sits
hes lavi (@iutiragaky 6=6). ^unh dlsa es Kdtthiws tidnhegf. Misus,
d
letirdl `isnig`dgt aj Dordhdk, heksilj d Miw, es thi Esrdil wha es
thi aomintaj Fa`s lavi. Hi es nhasig oy Fa` dg` rispag`s eg pirjint
aoi`eigni,
juljellegf thi ldw dg` thi praphits (Kdtthiw 9=46) dg` dll
refhtiausgiss
(>=49). ^egni Misus es thi narpardti riprisigtdtevi aj Esrdil,
Fa` gaw
rinafgezis ds Esrdil dll wha rispag` eg jdeth dg` aoi`eigni ta thi
prisigni
dg` well aj Fa` rividli` eg Misus. Aj naursi, thi jerst ta sa
rispag` dri eg
jdnt Miws.>:
Nagtrdry ta `espigsdteagdl prinagnipteags dg` gateags, thi Giw
Pistdkigt Nhurnh
es gat d Figteli arfdgezdteag. Phi GP Nhurnh es, eg jdnt, d viry
Miwesh arfdgezdteag.
Ets Kissedh es Miwesh, dg` et es jaug`i` igterily oy Miws. Phi
jerst nagvirts aj thi
>> @dve` M. Igfilskd, “D Oreij ^tu`y aj Mirikedh > ag
@evarni, Rratistdgt _ijarki`
Phialafendl Maurgdl >5, ga.? (?22:)= 49. >0 Prui
speretudl Esrdil gaw nagsests aj oath ilint Miws dg` Figtelis. Jar
dg ixnilligt oaac
nalldtegf dll Al` Pistdkigt pdssdfis whenh wiri d``rissi` ta ithgen
Esrdil, dg` suosiquigtly
quati` eg thi Giw Pistdkigt ta rijir ta thi Nhurnh, sii Nhdrlis @.
Rravdg, Phi Nhurnh Es
Esrdil Gaw (Zdllineta, ND= _ass Hausi Oaacs, 4586),
05-:0. >9
Halwir`d, Misus dg` Esrdil, 96.>: Eoe`.,
9:-96.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 44
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Nhrestedg Nhurnh wiri dll Miws. Ivig thi dpastlis wiri Miws, dg`
kast, pirhdps dll,
aj thi Giw Pistdkigt wretirs wiri dlsa Miws. Phi frdjtegf aj wel`
alevi ordgnhis
agta thi arefegdl alevi trii `ais gat turg et egta d wel` alevi
trii. Phi truth es= thiri es
agly agi alevi trii. Phi `espigsdteagdl `estegnteag oitwiig thi
gdteag aj Esrdil dg`
thi Nhurnh es nlidrly gat jaug`i` upag ^nrepturi.
_ijarki` Innlisealafy d Hirisy1
Phi Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi suosnreois ta thi segi qud
gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk,
pdrtenuldrly, thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh.
Uit, @r Mijjriy Chaa
nldeks thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs eg ^egfdpari dri dntudlly _ijarki`
eg `antregi. Phes
essui well oi `esnussi` jurthir eg nhdptirs ?2 ta ?> aj thes
oaac.
Jar gaw, et es sujjeneigt ta gati thdt thi `espigsdteagdl segi qud
gag es ixtrikily
vetdl ta thi jrdkiwarc aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredg thialafy eg ^egfdpari.
Phi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag es d sdleigt paegt eg Oeoli
Rrisoytiredg thaufht, dt lidst eg
Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi.
Eg hes linturi gatis igtetli` Hiriseis Dgneigt dg` Ka`irg,
Chaa egtekdtis thdt dgy
“dgte-^iketen thialafendl systik thdt dttikpts ta ripldni gdteagdl
Esrdil weth trui
speretudl Esrdil e.i. thi Nhurnh, es dceg ta d ka`irg jark aj
Kdrneagesk.
Vi shdll gaw nagse`ir eg saki `itdel @r Chaas dllifdteags. Ag pdfi
4?, pdrdfrdph
:` aj Hiriseis Dgneigt dg` Ka`irg, @r Chaa prapaug`s thdt
“Kdrneagesk thus
tdcis ag twa odsen jarks ta`dy, agi aj whenh es “jaug` eg
ripldnikigt thialafeis thdt siic ta ripldni Esrdil weth thi
Nhurnh.>6 Ag pdfi 4> pdrdfrdph ?i, hi `isnreois
dg ignaugtir Ralyndrp hd` weth thi dgneigt hiriten, Kdrneag. Chaa
wretis,
Kdrneag wds agi `dy wdlcegf `awg thi striit dg` spatti` d giw
vesetar ta
thi nety, d viry al` dg` jdkaus oeshap gdki` Ralyndrp jrak ^kyrgd
eg
Dsed Kegar. Vdlcegf up ta hek, Kdrneag egqueri`, “@a yau cgaw
ki1
Phi oigt dg` vigirdoli Ralyndrp laaci` up dt hek nlasily. “Uis,
hi
dgswiri`, “E cgaw yau3 yauri thi jerstoarg aj ^dtdg.>8
Djtir usegf thi ignaugtir aj Ralyndrp ds dg dgin`ati, Chaa
suosiquigtly nagnlu`is=
“Phes doavi rijrishegfly raufh rispagsi aj Oeshap Ralyndrp wi awi
ta
Erigdius eg hes warc Dfdegst Hiriseis (>.>.0). Et
will ixprissis whdt thi
>6 Mijjriy Chaa, Hiriseis Dgneigt dg`
Ka`irg (^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`.),
4?. Phisi dri pregti` naursi gatis usi` eg Jdr Idstirg Oeoli
Nallifi. Dlsa dvdeldoli jrak
http=//www.jion.i`u.sf/dssits/p`js/stu`yrisaurni/Hiriseis.p`j 3
Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 29 Dprel
?22:.>8 Eoe`., 4>.
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Nhurnhs dttetu`i shaul` oi tawdr` hiritendl e`ids leci thasi
aj
Kdrneag.>5
Eg hes djarikigteagi` wretegfs, Chaa ugdshdki`ly ldoils thasi wha
d`hiri ta d
_ijarki` ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Nhurnh „ thdt et es thi trui,
speretudl Esrdil „ ds hiritens dg` “thi jerstoarg aj ^dtdg. Hi es
d`dkdgt thdt thi “rijrishegfly raufh
rispagsi aj Oeshap Ralyndrp shaul` oi thi Nhurnhs dttetu`i tawdr`s
sekeldr
“hiritendl e`ids, sunh ds “ripldnikigt thialafy.
D ndrijul pirusdl aj Chaas wretegfs well rividl thdt hi es, eg
ijjint, egsegudtegf thdt
thasi wha rimint thi `espigsdteagdl `antregi aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh
`estegnteag dri
fuelty aj hirisy, praodoly ag pdr weth Kdrneag dg` thi leci. Phus,
et es nlidr thdt Jdr
Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi nagse`irs thi `espigsdteagdl segi qud gag,
ves-â-ves thi
`estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh, d ndr`egdl `antregi
jug`dkigtdl ta etsthialafendl systik.
_ipldnikigt Phialafy ar ^upirsisseagesk
Gag`espigsdteagdlests hdvi oiig dnnusi` aj suosnreoegf ta
“_ipldnikigt
Phialafy, thdt es, thi oileij thdt thi Nhurnh hds “ripldni` thi
Miwesh piapli eg thi
pldg aj Fa`. Phes egnlu`is thi e`id thdt thi Nhurnh hds
“supirsi`i` gdteagdl Esrdil.
^aki @espigsdteagdlests hdvi ivig purparti` thdt thasi wha rifdr`
thi oa`y aj Giw
Navigdgt oileivirs ds “speretudl Esrdil dri fuelty aj thes
“ripldnikigt thialafy ar“supirsisseagesk.02 Phes dllifdteag es
dppdrigtly dg d` hakegik dttdnc ta `esnri`et
_ijarki` thialafedgs.04
Vhdt, thig, es “_ipldnikigt Phialafy1 Dnnar`egf ta Rreni, et ndg oi
`ijegi` ds,
“D thialafendl pirspintevi thdt tidnhis thdt thi Miws hdvi oiig
riminti` oy
Fa` dg` dri ga lagfir Fa`s Nhasig Riapli. Phasi wha hal` ta thes
veiw
`esdvaw dgy ithgen juturi jar thi Miwesh piapli eg nagginteag weth
thi
oeolendl navigdgts, oileivegf thdt thier speretudl `istegy es
iethir ta piresh ar
>5 Eoe`., ikphdses kegi. 02 _ijarki` thialafedgs `a
gat oileivi eg “ripldnikigt thialafy, out “ixpdgseag
thialafy.
^ii Jri` Clitt, Gat _ipldnikigt … Ixpdgseag! Sdrtenli
ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli jrak
http=//www.nhdek.arf/xpdgseag.htk3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42
Antaoir ?229, jar egjarkdteag ag
whdt _ijarki` Phialafy ridlly tidnhis doaut Miws. 04 Jar
d nagnesi rijutdteag aj thi “_ipldnikigt Phialafy dllifdteag, sii
Fdry @iKdr, “Dgte-
^iketesk dg` Isnhdtalafy, eg Ldst @dys Kd`giss= Aosisseag aj
thi Ka`irg Nhurnh, 0th riv. i`. (Dtldgtd, Fiarfed= Dkirendg Zeseag,
4555), 026-0?>.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 4>
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oinaki d pdrt aj thi giw rilefeag thdt supirsi`i` Mu`desk
(whithir
Nhrestedgety ar Esldk).0?
_ijarki` Phialafy `ais gat tidnh thi riminteag aj thi Miws eg Fa`s
pldg aj
sdlvdteag. ^dlvdteag es jaug` agly eg Misus Nhrest thi Kissedh, gat
Mu`desk. Ds d kdttir aj jdnt, ej thi Miws `a gat “oinaki d pdrt aj
thi giw rilefeag ndlli`
Nhrestedgety, thiy ndg hdvi ga pdrt eg thi hidvigly Mirusdlik (_iv.
?4=?). Rrajissar
@dve` Igfilskd dptly nakkigts,
“supirsisseagesk. Phi nhurnh `ais gat “ripldni Esrdil. Phi nhurnh
`ais
gat “tdci thi pldni aj Esrdil. Gathegf refhtly oilagfegf ta Esrdil
es
hefhhdg`i`ly “trdgsjirri` ta thi upstdrt nhurnh. Phi nhurnh es
Esrdil -
frawg-up, kdturi, speretudl Esrdil - ds thi dpastlis tidnh eg 4
Ritir ?=5,Fdldtedgs :=4:, _akdgs ?=?8, ?5, dg` kdgy athir pldnis.
Jar thi nhurnh es
thi piapli, gdteag, dg` oa`y aj whenh Misus Nhrest es sdvear, cegf,
dg` hid`.
Dg` thdt whenh kd`i Esrdil, Esrdil, thdt es, thi piapli, gdteag,
dg`
nagfrifdteag aj Fa` eg thi Al` Pistdkigt, wds Misus Nhrest eg thi
ke`st aj
hir oy `evegi prakesi. Phi Miws eg thi Ke``li Idst, dg` ilsiwhiri,
ta`dy,
dri gat, dg` givir well oi, thi ridlety aj Al` Pistdkigt Esrdil,
ixnipt
egsajdr ds saki aj thik dri oraufht egta thi nhurnh, whiri dlagi
dgyagi
ndg shdri eg thi ridlety aj Esrdil. Pa thi nhurnh oilagf dll thi
prakesis
Dnnar`egf ta @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk, ithgen Esrdil `ais
gat hdvi dgy
praphiten sefgejendgni prear ta thi pritreouldteagdl rdpturi
aj thi Nhurnh. Phi
praphiten teki nlanc jar Esrdil hds dppdrigtly stappi`
tencegf dt thi ig` aj thi :5th
wiic aj @dgeils praphiny (@dg. 5=?0-?6).00 Phes nlanc well
agly stdrt tencegf djtir
thi rdpturi aj thi Nhurnh. Jrak d tikpardl pirspintevi, thes annurs
dt thi sefgegf aj
thi pidni navigdgt oitwiig thi isnhdtalafendl Dgtenhrest dg` thi
gdteag aj Esrdil.09
Dnnar`egf ta Vdlvaar`, thi Dgtenhrest “well kdci d navigdgt weth
Esrdil jar d
sivig-yidr pirea`. Ds @dgeil 5=?6 eg`endtis, eg thi ke``li aj thi
sivig yidrs hi well
0? _dg`dll Rreni, Yghaly Vdr= Dkirend, Esrdil dg` _d`endl
Esldk (Iufigi, A_= Hdrvist
Hausi, ?224), 04?. 0> Igfilskd, “D Oreij ^tu`y aj Mirikedh
> ag @evarni, 40-49. 00 Vi shdll stu`y @dgeil 5=?0-?6 eg
nhdptirs 4: dg` 46 aj thes oaac. 09 Jrunhtigoduk wretis,
“@espigsdteagdlesk oileivis thdt thi _dpturi well oi
pritreouldteagdl.
Kdgy @espigsdteagdlests hdvi, thirijari, dssuki` thdt thi _dpturi
well oifeg thi Preouldteag.
Hawivir, thes es gat sa jar thi Preouldteag oifegs weth thi sefgegf
aj d sivig-yidr navigdgt
oitwiig thi Dgtenhrest dg` Esrdil. ^ii Drgal` F.
Jrunhtigoduk, Esrdilalafy= Phi Kessegf Legc eg
^ystikdten Phialafy (Pusteg, ND= Dreil Kegestreis, 4585),
6:5.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 40
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oridc thi navigdgt, stap thi sdnrejenis oiegf ajjiri` eg thi
tikpli riouelt eg thdt
pirea`, dg` oinaki thier pirsinutar egstid` aj thier
pratintar, juljellegf thi prakesis
Phirijari, weth rispint ta thi `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedl snhikd,
thi Nhurnh hds eg`ii` ripldni` Esrdil thes se`i aj thi rdpturi.
Phes es eg`uoetdoly trui oindusi Fa`s
praphiten prafrdk jar Esrdil hds oiig pastpagi` ugtel
djtir thi Nhurnh hds oiig
tdcig ta hidvig `uregf thi pritreouldteag rdpturi. Phes es whig thi
praphiten teki
nlanc jar Esrdil stdrts tencegf dfdeg dt thi oifeggegf aj @dgeils
62th wiic. Ds
@espigsdteagdlests dri thi agis wha kdegtdeg thdt Fa` es
gat `idlegf weth ithgen
Esrdil eg thi prisigt nhurnh dfi, agi wag`irs whithir et es
`espigsdteagdl
prikelliggedlesk thdt es thialafendlly “dgte-^iketen.
@espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs ajtig nldek thdt agly
@espigsdteagdlRrikelliggedlesk fevis thi gdteag aj Esrdil hir
prapir pldni eg Fa`s ri`ikptevi
pldg. Et es dllifi`ly thi agly “pra-Esrdil isnhdtalafy jar
Nhrestig`ak. Out thes
nldek es pirplixegf jar thi rid`ir segni et es thi @espigsdteagdl
Rrikelliggedlest wha
oileivis thdt dt lidst twa-ther`s aj thi Miws well oi
kdssdnri` `uregf thi past-
rdpturi, Fridt Preouldteag pirea`.
Drgal` Jrunhtigoduk, eg drfudoly hes kdfguk apus, wretis,
“Eg thi Halandust, ug`ir Hetlir, agi-ther` aj thi warl` Miwesh
papuldteag`ei`. Yg`ir thi jeirni pirsinuteag aj thi Dgtenhrest,
nagtralli` dg`
igirfezi` oy ^dtdg, twa-ther`s aj thi Miwesh papuldteag well `ei.
Phes well
oi thi ldrfist dg` kast egtigsi pirsinuteag aj thi Miws ivir
cgawg eg
Miwesh hestary.06
Leciwesi Vdlvaar`, eg hes nakkigtdry ag ]inhdredh 4>=8-5,
jurthir ilune`dtis,
“Et wds praphisei` Seg ]inhdredh 4>=8-5[ thdt twa-ther`s aj
Esrdil eg thi ldg`
well piresh, “‘Eg thi whali ldg`, `inldri` thi LA_@, ‘twa-ther`s
well oi
strunc `awg dg` piresh3 yit agi-ther` well oi lijt eg et. Phes
ther` E well
oregf egta thi jeri3 E well rijegi thik leci selvir dg` tist
thik leci fal`.
Phiy well ndll ag Ky gdki dg` E well dgswir thik3 E well sdy, “Phiy
dri
Ky piapli, dg` thiy well sdy, “Phi LA_@ es aur Fa` (vv. 8-5).
Phes
praphiny well oi juljelli` eg thi Fridt Preouldteag whig twa
aut aj thrii aj
thi Miws eg thi ldg` dttikptegf ta jlii thier pirsinutar, thi
juturi warl`
0: Mahg J. Vdlvaar`, Phi Rraphiny Cgawli`fi
Hdg`oaac (Vhidtag, EL= Zentar Oaacs,
4552), ?96.06 Jrunhtigoduk, Esrdilalafy= Phi Kessegf Legc
eg ^ystikdten Phialafy, 660.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 49
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lid`ir, well piresh, dg` agly agi-ther` well isndpi dg` oi wdetegf
jar Nhrest
whig Hi nakis. Phi 400,222 aj _ivildteag 6 dg` _ivildteag 40 well
oi
pdrt aj thdt rikgdgt.08
Eg hes oaac, Phi Oist es Uit ta Naki, Nhdrlis _yrei stdtis thdt thi
Fridt Preouldteag well oi jar thi gdteag aj Esrdil, “thi warst
olaa`odth eg Miwesh hestary.05
Nagse`iregf thi jdnt thdt thes waul` oi thi fridtist Miwesh
halandust eg hukdg
hestary, thi warst kdss sldufhtir aj Esrdiletis
hds yit ta naki. ^urily, weth rifdr` ta
thi tetli aj hes oaac, _yrei es gat egsegudtegf thdt thes es “thi
oist whenh hds yit ta
naki.
Dnnar`egf ta thi Nigtrdl Ouridu aj ^tdtestens aj Esrdil, thi
nurrigt papuldteag eg
Esrdil es 6,206,422 ar slefhtly kari thdg 6 kelleag Miws.92 Ej
twa-ther`s aj thi Miws
wiri ta oi kdssdnri` `uregf thi Fridt Preouldteag, thes waul` kidg
dt lidst0,:58,2:: ar dppraxekdtily 0.6 kelleag `idths! Ej twa aut
aj thrii Esrdiletis well oi
celli` dnnar`egf ta thi `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj praphiny,
why dri
@espigsdteagdlests rimaenegf avir thi rifdthiregf aj Miws eg thi
Ldg` aj Rdlistegi1
Ds @iKdr hds ridsagi`,
“Vhy drigt ta`dys `espigsdteagdlests wdrgegf Miws doaut thes
nakegf
halandust oy ignaurdfegf thik ta lidvi Esrdil ugtel thi
nagjldfrdteag es
avir1 Egstid`, wi jeg` `espigsdteagdlests suppartegf dg`
ignaurdfegf thi
rilandteag aj Miws ta thi ldg` aj Esrdil. Jar whdt1 D juturi
halandust1
94
Phi riturg aj Miws ta thi ldg` aj Rdlistegi, dnnar`egf ta
@espigsdteagdlesk, es
praphiten juljellkigt. Phi gixt Miwesh halandust `uregf thi
Fridt Preouldteag,
dnnar`egf ta @espigsdteagdlesk, es praphiten dgtenepdteag. Eg jdnt,
“kdgy ivdgfilendl
`espigsdteagdlests hdvi nakketti` thiksilvis ta d naursi jar
Esrdil, thdt, oy thier
awg d`kesseag well lid` `erintly ta d halandust eg`isnreodoly kari
sdvdfi dg`
we`isprid` thdg dgy veseag aj ndrgdfi thdt naul` hdvi figirdti` eg
D`alj Hetlirs
nrekegdl keg`.9? Phus, eg thi keg`s aj @espigsdteagdl
Rrikelliggedlests, thi
ixnluseag aj gdteagdl Esrdil jrak Fa`s nurrigt ri`ikptevi `idlegfs
weth thi
08 Vdlvaar`, Phi Rraphiny Cgawli`fi Hdg`oaac , >>?.
05 Nhdrlis N. _yrei, Phi Oist Es Uit ta Naki (Nhendfa,
EL= Kaa`y Rriss, 4584), 8:. 92 Phes es dnnurdti ds dt
>2th Mugi ?22:. ^ii Rapuldteag tdtestens Sdrtenli
ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli
jrak http=//www.nos.fav.el/papuldteag/giwQ?226/tdoli?.p`j 3
Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 4: Gavikoir
?22:. 94 Fdry @iKdr, Ldst @dys Kd`giss= Aosisseag aj thi
Ka`irg Nhurnh, 0th riv. i`. (Dtldgtd,
Fiarfed= Dkirendg Zeseag, 4555), 04:. 9?
Fdry @iKdr dg` Ritir M. Liethdrt, Phi Lifdny aj Hdtri`
Nagteguis= D _ispagsi ta Hdl Leg`siys Phi _ad` ta
Halandust (Pylir, PX= Egstetuti jar Nhrestedg Inagakens,
4585), ?:.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 4:
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Nhurnh,9> dg` thi praphiten dgtenepdteag aj thi fridtist
Miwesh olaa`odth eg hukdg
hestary, es “pra-Esrdil isnhdtalafy.
aosirvis,
“@espigsdteagdlests well drfui thdt “dll Esrdil kust oi sdvi` (_ak.
44=?:),
dg` dll Esrdil wds gat sdvi` eg thi jerst nigtury. Eg thi _akdgs
nagtixt, “dll
Esrdil es thi oileivegf ilint rikgdgt (44=9). @espigsdteagdlests
`agt
egtirprit “dll Esrdil ta kidg iviry Esrdileti wha hds ivir levi`.
Phiy `agt
ivig ug`irstdg` “dll Esrdil ta kidg iviry Miw dlevi `uregf thi
past-
rdpturi fridt treouldteag segni thiy oileivi thdt twa-ther`s aj
thik well oi
sldufhtiri` (nj. ]inh. 4>=8). Phiy kidg oy “dll Esrdil thi
rikgdgt!90
_ijarki` thialafedgs hdvi dlwdys tdufht thdt d Miwesh rikgdgt
well oi sdvi`
thraufhaut ri`ikptevi hestary, gat must djtir thi Fridt Preouldteag
`uregf thi ^inag`
D`vigt aj Nhrest. Phirijari, et es ugmustejei` dt oist, ta ldoil
@espigsdteagdl
Rrikelliggedlesk “pra-Esrdil, dg` _ijarki` isnhdtalafy
“dgte-^iketen.
Jallawegf thi rdelegf dnnusdteags dfdegst dkelliggedlests,
pastkelliggedlests, dg`
hestaren prikelliggedlests jar thier “dgte-^iketesk, et es
rikdrcdoli thdt
@espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs laac jarwdr` ta thi
riturg aj Miws ta thi
“Rrakesi` Ldg`, agly ta oi sldufhtiri` `uregf thi ^ivigteith Viic
aj @dgeils praphiny. ^unh es thi “pra-Esrdil isnhdtalafy aj
@espigsdteagdlesk dg` Oeoli
Rrisoytiredgesk.
Phi “dll Esrdil eg _akdgs 44=?:
^egni twa-ther`s aj thi Miws well oi kdssdnri` `uregf thi Fridt
Preouldteag pirea`
dnnar`egf ta `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk, et es aoveaus thdt
ivig
@espigsdteagdlests `a gat oileivi thdt “dll Esrdil (_ak. 44=?:)
kidgs “kast aj
gdteagdl Esrdil. Dt thi kast, “dll Esrdil ndg kidg agly agi-ther`
aj Miws eg Esrdil
`uregf thi Rdraused aj Nhrest. Letirdlly, agly d
rikgdgt aj thi gdteag aj Esrdil well
oi sdvi` djtir thi rdpturi.
9> @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlests oileivi thdt Esrdil, ds
d gdteag, well agly oi sdvi` tawdr`s
thi ig` aj thi Fridt Preouldteag, praodoly `uregf thi ^inag` D`vigt
aj Nhrest. 90 Fdry @iKdr, Dll Rrakesis Kd`i ta Esrdil
Hdvi Oiig Juljelli`= Dgswiregf thi _ipldnikigt
Phialafy Nretens (Rdrt 0) Sdrtenli ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli
jrak
http=//www.dkirendgveseag.arf/drtenlidrnhevi/42-40-29.dsp3
Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 4: Antaoir ?229.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 46
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@r Mahg Vdlvaar`, thi pralejen `espigsdteagdlest wretir dg`
prajissar jrak @dllds
Phialafendl ^ikegdry, ixpldegs=
“Vhig Rdul wrati thdt “dll Esrdil well oi sdvi` (_ak. 44=?:), hi
kidgt
thdt dt thi ^inag` Nakegf dll Miws wha thig oileivi eg Nhrest well
oi sdvi` dg` well igtir thi Kelliggeuk. ^egni kdgy Miws wha well
riturg ta thier
ldg` dt thi ^inag` Nakegf well oi rioils, thiy well oi purfi` aut
eg thes
mu`fkigt aj levegf Esrdiletis. Phi @ilevirir, Rdul wrati,
“well turg
fa`lissgiss dwdy jrak Mdnao (44=?:), sa thdt agly oileivegf Miws
well
igtir thi Kelliggeuk.99
Jrunhtigoduk riegjarnis thes veiw aj gdteagdl Esrdils sdlvdteag,
whenh es dntudlly
thi sdlvdteag aj d rikgdgt aj Esrdil=
“Esrdil well ug`irfa thi sivig yidrs aj Preouldteag dg` es ta oi
e`igtejei`
weth thi Vakdg aj _ivildteag 4?. Esrdil well sujjir pirsinuteag
`uregf thes
pirea`, dg` kdgy well `ei3 out agi-ther` aj thi gdteag well
survevi. Phi
400,222 dri d spinedl nldss wetheg Esrdil wha well oi usi` ta
pranldek thi
faspil warl`-we`i, risultegf eg thi sdlvdteag aj kyred`s aj
Figtelis. Dt
saki paegt eg rildteagshep ta thi sinag` nakegf, Esrdil well
ixpireigni d
gdteagdl sdlvdteag3 jar thi oleg`giss well oi rikavi`, dg` dll
Esrdil well oi
sdvi`. Esrdil well dlsa ixpireigni d gdteagdl rifdthiregf dg`
ristardteag
Nagnirgegf _akdgs 44=?:, thi kast privdligt veiw ta`dy
dkagfst
@espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs es thdt “dll Esrdil
rijirs ta thi kdss ar
thi kdmarety aj Miws dlevi whig Fa` rikavis Hes pregnepli aj `evegi
hdr`igegf
Ej thi @espigsdteagdlests dri narrint, dg` ej Fa` eg`ii` lejts thi
pregnepli aj
ripraodteag jrak gdteagdl Esrdil eg thi juturi, et waul` kidg thdt
iviry segfli Miw
kust oi nagvirti`. Ej thiri rikdegs agi Miw wha `ais gat ripigt,
thig thi pregnepli
aj `evegi hdr`igegf ar ripraodteag es stell eg pldni. Phirijari, ej
thi @espigsdteagdlest
99 Mahg J. Vdlvaar`, Ig` Pekis= Yg`irstdg`egf Pa`dys
Varl` Ivigts eg Oeolendl Rraphiny
(Gdshvelli, Piggissii= Var` Ruoleshegf, 4558), 469.
9: Jrunhtigoduk, Esrdilalafy= Phi Kessegf Legc eg
^ystikdten Phialafy, 9:?-9:>. 96 Eg thes sinteag aj ky
oaac, E dk fridtly eg`ioti` ta _aoirtsag jar prave`egf ki
weth
egjarkdteag ag thi lafendl dg` ixifitendl jldws nagnirgegf thi
`espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf
aj _akdgs 44=?:. ^ii _aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy
dg` Pakarraw, 4:6- 45?.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 48
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es ta oi nagsestigt weth hes ixifises, hi kust kidg thdt thiri well
naki d `dy whig
idnh dg` iviry levegf Miw well oi nagvirti` ta Nhrestedgety.
@ais “dll Esrdil shdll oi sdvi` (_ak. 44=?:) kidg thdt iviry segfli
Esrdileti well oi
sdvi` eg thi juturi1 Phes ug`irstdg`egf nagtrd`ents thi igteri
naursi aj ri`ikptevi hestary, egnlu`egf thi `antregi aj `evegi
ilinteag. Ivig eg thi Al` Pistdkigt, Fa`
givir nakketti` Heksilj ta sdvi dg igteri figirdteag aj Esrdiletis.
Eg ri`ikptevi
hestary, “d `estegnteag wds kd`i oitwiig Esddn dg` Eshkdil (_ak.
5=:-5), oitwiig
Mdnao dg` Isdu (5=42-4>), oitwiig thasi spdri` dg` thasi
`istrayi` draug` thi
fal`ig ndlj eg Kasis `dy (5=40-4:, netegf Ix. >>=45), oitwiig
thi jdethjul rikgdgt
dg` ugoileivirs eg Ilemdhs `dy (_ak. 44=?-0), oitwiig igikeis dg`
nakpdgeags eg
@dve`s `dy (44=5-42), oitwiig oileivirs dg` `esaoi`eigt eg Esdedhs
`dy (5=?53
44=8), dg` oitwiig thi sdvi` dg` thi last aj Esrdil eg thi prisigt
`dy (44=9, 6).98
Jrak thi rinar` aj thi Al` Pistdkigt, wi rid` thdt jdethjul
Mihavdh hds dlwdys
ri`iiki` ugta Heksilj d rikgdgt aj idnh figirdteag aj Esrdiletis.
Givir wds thiri d
kdss sdlvdteag aj dg igteri figirdteag aj Miws eg oeolendl hestary.
Nhdrlis Dlixdg`ir
dfriis thdt,
“Phiri es ga sunh thegf ds gdteagdl sdlvdteag iethir aj Miw ar
figteli „ ga,
gat segni thi jaug`dteag aj thi warl`, dg` givir ivig eg d kegar
sigsi eg
thi jdkely dg` ekki`edti `isnig`igts aj thi jerst dg` sinag`
figirdteags aj
thi Dordhdken stanc. Eshkdil wds givir eg, gat Isdu, gar hdlj thi
sags ajMdnao. _id` whdt thier jdthir sdys doaut thik ag hes
`idthoi` (Figises
05).95
Phi pregnepli aj saviriefg, `evegi ilinteag dg` ripraodteag es
nagsestigt weth Fa`s
hestarendl-ri`ikptevi pdgardkd. Jurthirkari, netezigshep eg thi
hidvigly Mirusdlik
es givir odsi` upag gdteagdlety ar rdni, out oy jdeth eg Misus
Nhrest. Phes es trui oath
eg thi Al` dg` Giw Pistdkigt. Pa egsest upag thi juturi sdlvdteag
aj iviry segfli
levegf Esrdileti es ta egtra`uni d jariefg eggavdteag egta thi tixt
aj ^nrepturi.
Hawivir, thi praoliks jar thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg `a gat stap
hiri.
Ej, eg`ii`, iviry segfli Esrdileti well oi sdvi` eg thi juturi dt
Nhrests ^inag`
D`vigt, haw `a wi `itirkegi wha es dg` es gat dg Esrdileti1 Es dg
Esrdileti agi wha
hds `isnig`i` jrak Dordhdk, Esddn dg` Mdnao1 Ar es agi dg Esrdileti
sekply oy
vertui aj hes fia-paletendl ar rilefeaus dssanedteags1 Oigga Mdnao,
d `estegfueshi`
Miwesh nakkigtdtar ag Figises, nakkigti` thdt ithgen `isnigt wds
gat thi agly
odses jar pdrtenepdteag eg thi al` navigdgt. Hi wretis,
“Eg`ii`, `ejjirignis aj rdni
98
_aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw,
480.95 Dlixdg`ir, “_akdgs Ilivig dg` thi Pwa Esrdils,
49-4:.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 45
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hdvi givir oiig dg aostdnli ta maegegf Esrdil whenh `e` gat cgaw
thi nagnipt aj
purety aj olaa`. Nernukneseag turgi` d kdg aj jariefg arefeg
egta dg Esrdileti (Ix.
4?=08).:2 Eg athir war`s, d Figteli kdy oi dnnipti` ds d Miw
oy gdteagdl Esrdil
whig hi nagvirts ta Mu`desk.
A. Rdlkir _aoirtsag refhtly aosirvis thdt, “Vhig Fa` sit dse`i
Dordhdk ds hes
egstrukigt aj olissegf jar thi warl`, et wds kd`i pldeg thdt dgy
Figteli naul` maeg
thi navigdgt nakkugety thraufh thi praniss aj prasilytesk (Fig.
46=4?-4>).:4
Oise`is, ga lifesldteag ixests eg Esrdil thdt praheoets thi
kdrredfi aj d figteli
prasilyti weth dgathir figteli prasilyti. Phi `isnig`igts aj
sunh d ugeag waul` oi
ndlli` Esrdiletis, out thisi waul` hdvi ga figiten ar olaa`
rildteagshep weth dgy aj
thi Miwesh pdtredrnhs. “Ag thi athir hdg`, dgy ithgen `isnig`dgt aj
Dordhdk kefht
oi `inldri` d gag-Esrdileti ds d risult aj vealdtegf thi
navigdgt (Fig. 46=40). Jar
:?
Ej et es oynagvirtegf ta Mu`desk thdt d pirsag oinakis dg
Esrdileti, et es, thig, trui thdt dgy
Figteli ndg oinaki dg Esrdileti eg d rilefeaus ar fia-paletendl
sigsi.
Ej wi tdci thes ridsagegf ta ets lafendl ig`, thi `espigsdteagdl
ug`irstdg`egf aj “dll
Esrdil (_ak. 44=?:) egivetdoly lid`s ta dgathir wdy ta
Fa`, dpdrt jrak sdvegf jdeth
eg thi Faspil aj Misus Nhrest. Hypathitendlly spidcegf, ej d
Figteli ugwdviregfly
dg` pirsestigtly rimints thi Faspil `ispeti dll ijjarts ta
ivdgfilezi hek, kust wi
nagse`ir pirsud`egf hek ta oinaki d Miw oy nagvirtegf ta Mu`desk1
Es et gat trui,
thig, thdt hi kdy ivig hdvi dg dssurdgni aj sdlvdteag ej hi hdppigs
ta oi dlevi - ds d prasilyti aj Mu`desk - `uregf thi ^inag`
D`vigt aj Nhrest1 Vell gat “dll Esrdil,
whenh egnlu`is thi Figteli prasilytis aj Mu`desk, oi supirgdturdlly
nagvirti` ta
Nhrestedgety dnnar`egf ta @espigsdteagdlesk1
Phi nagsestigt @espigsdteagdlest kust, thirijari, d`ket thdt
nagvirseag ta Mu`desk
es, dt lidst, d passeoli dltirgdtevi jar thasi wha rijusi ta
oileivi eg thi Faspil. Ds
thi @espigsdteagdlests hdvi rietirdti`, wi dri passeoly levegf eg
thi ldst `dys whig
Nhrests riturg es “ekkegigt. Phes “dgy kakigt riturg aj Nhrest well
fevi thi
Figteli prasilyti dg “dgy kakigt sdlvdteag, oindusi “dll Esrdil
well oi sdvi` „
dg` thes egnlu`is oath ithgen Miws dg` Figteli prasilytis ta
Mu`desk.
Phi djarikigteagi` nagse`irdteags well appasi dgy ug`irstdg`egf aj
“dll Esrdil eg
_akdgs 44=?: ds kidgegf iviry segfli Esrdileti dlevi eg thi juturi.
Dkelliggedlests
hdvi dlwdys oileivi` thdt d rikgdgt aj Miws well oi sdvi`
thraufhaut ri`ikptevi
:2 Oigga Mdnao, Phi Jerst Oaac aj thi Oeoli, Figises (Giw
Uarc= CPDZ, 4560), ?>>, quati`
eg _aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw,
480. :4
_aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw,
480-489.:? Eoe`., 489.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 2
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hestary. Out @espigsdteagdlests leket thes ta thi isnhdtalafendl
juturi whig agly d
rikgdgt aj d segfli figirdteag aj Miws well oi sdvi`. Uit thes
rikgdgt es dllifi` ta
rijir ta thi “dll Esrdil aj _akdgs 44=?:. Ej “dll Esrdil kidgs agly
“saki
Esrdiletis, dg` ej “dll Esrdil kidgs agly “d rikgdgt aj Esrdil,
@espigsdteagdlests
dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs kust d`ket thdt “dll `ais gat kidg “dll eg
d letirdl sigsi. Dnnar`egf ta thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs
nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens, “dll kidgs
“saki, dg` “saki kidgs “dll.
Jegdlly, lit us rikikoir thdt Fa`s ri`ikptevi frdni dg` ilinteag
dri gat `ipig`igt
upag d pirsags nri`igtedls, figidlafy, ar physendl qudleteis.
^dlvdteag es dlwdys
odsi` upag jdeth dlagi eg Nhrest dlagi, dg` es gat `ipig`igt
upag thi eghiretdgni aj
Miwesh figis, thi pirsags ithgenety ar pi`efrii.
Dlixdg`ir wdrgs,
“Aur jreig`s Sthi @espigsdteagdlests[ wha treukphdgtly jlauresh
thi
sigtigni, “Dg` sa dll Esrdil shdll oi sdvi` ds thaufh thes pravis
oiyag`
drfukigt thdt dg idrthly juturi aj spinedl prevelifi oilagfs ta
Miwry ag thi
fraug` thdt thiy, thi Miws, dri thi gdturdl sii` aj Dordhdk ta whak
thi
prakesis hdvi oiig kd`i, hd` oittir oi ndrijul whdt thiy dri
doaut, jar
thiy dri nagjusegf jlish dg` speret, dg` et es skdll wag`ir thdt eg
thi praniss
thiy `iprevi thi Nhurnh aj iviry sefgejendgt praphiny eg thi Var`
aj Fa`
Phes nagjuseag aj “jlish dg` speret es sakitekis d pra`unt aj thi
“nagsestigtly
letirdl hirkigiutens „ d hirkigiutendl kitha` whenh
@espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli
Rrisoytiredgs d`dkdgtly `ijig`. Vi gaw turg aur dttigteag ta thes
nagsestigtly
“letirdl hirkigiutens aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk.
:> Dlixdg`ir, “_akdgs Ilivig dg` thi Pwa Esrdils,
>.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 4
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Letirdl Hirkigiutens
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests ajtig dssirt thdt thi
narrint hirkigiutens
es d nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens. Phi jdnt es, oath _ijarki`
thialafedgs dg`
@espigsdteagdlests egtirprit saki parteags aj ^nrepturi letirdlly,
dg` athir parteags
sykoalendlly ar typalafendlly. Phiy givirthiliss `esdfrii ds ta
whenh parteags aj
^nrepturi shaul` oi egtirpriti` letirdlly ar
sykoalendlly.4 Phi oagi aj nagtigteag
oitwiig _ijarki` dg` @espigsdteagdl ixifitis leis eg thier
egtirpritdteag aj oeolendl
praphiny, pdrtenuldrly thi dpandlypten figri aj
^nrepturi.? Jar ixdkpli, aur
@espigsdteagdl orithrig waul` dttikpt ta egtirprit thi Al`
Pistdkigt ldg` prakesis
Vhdt ixdntly, thig, es thes ilusevi kitha` aj egtirpritdteag ndlli`
“letirdl
hirkigiutens1 Zirg Raythriss ixpldegs thdt whdt @espigsdteagdlests
kidg oy
“nagsestigtly letirdl es dntudlly thi frdkkdtendl-hestarendl kitha`
aj hirkigiutens.0
Raythriss jurthir ildoardtis thdt “frdkkdtendl-hestarendl
egtirpritdteag `idls weth
whdt d pdssdfi sdys dfdegst thi odncfraug` aj ets arefegdl teki dg`
nulturi, oidregf
eg keg` thi purpasis aj thi hukdg duthar.9 Eg athir war`s,
frdkkdtendl-hestarendl
hirkigiutens tdcis egta nagse`irdteag thi nulturdl keleiu ds will
ds thi ug`irstdg`egf dg` egtigt aj thi `evegily egsperi` hukdg
duthar.
4 _dkk nldrejeis, “Et kust oi stragfly rietirdti` hiri thdt
dkelligdredgs dri must ds stragf eg
rimintegf odsiliss dllifarendl spinuldteags ds dri thi dr`igt
letirdlests. . . . Dnniptdoli
“speretudlezdteag es thi egtirpritdteag aj d pdssdfi eg whenh thi
egtirpritir jeg`s d orad`igi`
ar jefurdtevi ar typendl kidgegf fevig ta et oy thi Haly
^peret . Pa dnnusi thi dkelligdredgs aj
oiegf dllifarests dg` ekplyegf thdt thier dllifarezdteags dri
aj thi sdki spineis ds thdt aj
Rhela ar Arefig es sekply gat oiegf dnnurdti weth ar jder ta thi
dkelligdredgs. ^ii Oirgdr` _dkk, Rratistdgt Oeolendl
Egtirpritdteag, >` riv. i`. (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac
Hausi
Na., 4562), ?96. ? Pirry ixpldegs, “Dpandlyptens es d
thialafendl tirk aj rinigt arefeg ikplayi` eg oeolendl
letirdturi ta `isefgdti d nldss aj praphiten wretegfs whenh rijir
ta ekpig`egf ar juturi
mu`fkigts, dg` thi jegdl flary aj thi Kissedgen cegf`ak. ^ii
Keltag ^. Pirry, Oeolendl
Hirkigiutens= D Pridtesi ag thi Egtirpritdteag aj thi Al` dg`
Giw Pistdkigts (Hugt dg`
Idsag, 48523 ripregt, Iufigi, A_= Vepj dg` ^tanc Ruoleshirs, 4555),
>>8. > Phes essui es `esnussi` eg Nhdptir 0.
0 Zirg ^. Raythriss, Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests, ?`. i`.
(Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg
dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 4586), 8:.9 Eoe`., 56.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens ?
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@wefht Rigtinast, agi aj thi kast prakegigt `ijig`irs aj
@espigsdteagdl
Rrikelliggedlesk, jurthir `isnreois thi letirdl kitha` aj
egtirpritdteag eg thi
jallawegf war`s=
“Phi letirdl kitha` aj egtirpritdteag es thdt kitha` thdt fevis ta
idnh war` thi sdki ixdnt odsen kidgegf et waul` hdvi eg garkdl,
ar`egdry, nustakdry
usdfi, whithir ikplayi` eg wretegf, spidcegf ar thegcegf. Et es
ndlli` thi
frdkkdtendl-hestarendl kitha` ta ikphdsezi thi jdnt thdt thi
kidgegf es ta
oi `itirkegi` oy oath frdkkdtendl dg` hestarendl
nagse`irdteags.:
@espigsdteagdlest _aoirt L. Phakds leciwesi nagnurs thdt thi
trd`eteagdl dppradnh aj
nagsestigt letirdlesk es “frdkkdtendl-hestarendl, dg` gat
“hestarendl-frdkkdtendl-
letirdry-thialafendl.6 Phi “frdkkdtendl-hestarendl
hirkigiutens es “frdkkdtendl
eg thi sigsi thdt et rijlints nakkag `igatdteags, egjlinteags, dg`
sygtdx. Et es“hestarendl eg thi sigsi thdt et dppidls ta thi
kidgegfs aj sunh `igatdteags,
egjlinteags, dg` sygtdx ds thiy wiri ug`irstaa` oy thi arefegdl
wretirs, dg` eg
rildteag ta thi hestarendl ivigts surraug`egf thik. Phirijari, et
es prapir jar thi
ixifiti ta egtirdnt weth thi hestarendl dg` nulturdl dspints aj thi
arefegdl wretirs
whig egtirpritegf d pdrtenuldr oaac aj thi Oeoli.
Eg hes nretequi aj gag`espigsdteagdl hirkigiutens, Nhdrlis _yrei
nhdrfis thdt
gag`espigsdteagdlests dri egnagsestigt eg thier usdfi aj thi
“frdkkdtendl-hestarendl
kitha` aj egtirpritdteag, ispinedlly whig ug`irstdg`egf praphiny.
_yrei wretis=
“Aj naursi, letirdl egtirpritdteag es gat thi ixnlusevi prapirty
aj
`espigsdteagdlests. . . . Vhdt, thig, es thi `