Beyond Moral Justification

872019 Beyond Moral Justification

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 130wwwamericanprogresso

Beyond Moral JustifcationFrom The Just Jobs Report Series

Isha Vij and Sabina Dewan December 2010

Introduction to the series by John Podesta and Sabina Dewan


httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbeyond-moral-justification 230



Contents 1 Introduction to the series

5 Beyond Moral Justiication

5 Introduction and summary

7 Women amid the current global economy

12 Gender imbalances

16 Recommendations

20 The role of women is paramount

21 Endnotes

22 About the authors and acknowledgements



v C Amca Pgss | Jus Js



| wwwamcapgss









byd Ma Jusca | wwwamcapgss

Introduction to the series

The case for just jobs

Te global economy oday is inexorably inerwinedmdash someimes or beter and

someimes or worse Tis ac was driven home anew o workers worldwide by

he recen global nancial crisis he ensuing global economic slump and he

subsequen eors by governmens o recharge heir economies Bu acing polii-

cal pressures o ldquodo somehingrdquo abou he widespread job losses governmens are

ending o inward-looking policies ha impede economic inegraion and radeTis is cause or deep concern because economic globalizaion has come wih

benes as unevenly spread among workers as hey are

Jus Jobs a new program a he Cener or American Progress seeks o exend he

benes o economic inegraion and rade o all o he workers who power he

global economy Te moral reasons or providing workers wih ldquojus jobsrdquo includ-

ing labor righs appropriae compensaion social proecions such as healh care

and pensions and opporuniies or economic mobiliy are well undersood Less

undersood is how promoing hese policies in developing counries alongside

developed ones benes boh in a world ha is closely conneced hrough echnol-

ogy ows o people goods services and capial

Jus jobs policies would

bull Allow he gains rom global economic inegraion and rade o be spread more

widely among workers worldwide by raising living sandards and hereore

generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae economic demandbull Level he playing eld in labor markes worldwide hereby prevening any one

counry rom leveraging poor labor pracices or economic gainbull Enhance global economic and naional securiy by building a basis or greaer

condence wihin a more inegraed global economy



2 C Amca Pgss | Jus Js

In essence jus jobs policies are criical or doing economic inegraion and

rade righ

Increasing economic inegraion and ree and unresriced rade in goods and

services conribues o worldwide economic growh bu i is also blaanly clear

ha igher economic inegraion and increased rade leads o a resrucuring o economic aciviy ha leaves some workers beter o and ohers worse o oday

he world knows all oo well ha when workers are ou o work hey ighen heir

bels consuming less so businesses earn less leading o more layosmdashcreaing a

vicious downward spiral Tese shocks ransmi across he globe hrough changes

in rade and invesmen ows capial ows and migraory rends

o have a well-uncioning economy people need jobs ha are jus Tey need o

be able o work in accepable working condiions wih appropriae proecions

and compensaion and wih he righ o organize and bargain collecively In he

even ha people do lose heir jobs as in imes o economic crisis here is a needor governmen insiuions policies and programs ha help people adjus o

changes in he labor marke Tese social proecions include access o unemploy-

men insurance and pensions o ensure workers are able o mainain a cerain level

o consumpion i hey lose heir income And hey include access o healh care

so workers can mainain a basic level o wellbeing o coninue o be conribuing

members o he economy

All o hese aces ogeher help raise living sandards Beter sandards o living

mean ha workers in oher counries can aord o buy more goods and services

creaing global demand and invigoraing he global economy Bu o be eecive

policies have o be implemened I is no enough or counries o jus have hese

policies and laws on heir books Ensuring he enorcemen o labor sandards

and social proecion helps creae a more even playing eld so ha counries wih

lower levels o developmen han oher counries canno leverage poor labor san-

dards as a compeiive sraegy

Simply pu higher sandards o living in developed and developing economies

alike canno be achieved wihou an appropriae sraegy or creaing and imple-

mening jus jobs around he globe

Jus jobs would in urn help alleviae problems ha lead o economic insecuriy

and global insabiliy Povery and economic underdevelopmen provide erile

ground or polluion unsae working condiions and or disease lawlessness and

People need jobs

that are just They

need to be able to

work in acceptable

working conditions

with appropriate

protections and

compensation

and with the right

to organize and

bargain collectively




violen conic o spreadmdasho he bene o inernaional crime and global error-

iss By helping o raise living sandards jus jobs serve as insrumens or promo-

ing global sabiliy and securiy

Te Cener or American Progressrsquos Jus Jobs program seeks o demonsrae

ha supporing an increase in jus jobs in developing counries is a win-win ordeveloped counries as well Sandards o living converge on an upward rajec-

ory Rules and regulaions ensure his happens across he globe And he resuling

economic and poliical sabiliy rebounds o bene developed and developing

counries alike Our Jus Jobs program will help policymakers develop pragmaic

and specic seps o power orward a viruous circle or workers worldwide









Policy makers a he inernaional and naional levels mus recognize ha he global

recovery canno be powered wihou ensuring ha women in developing naions

in addiion o men enjoy beter living sandards ha ulimaely rebound o bene

oher counries as well Te world needs hese women o ensure he well being o

heir children amilies and communiies o be proeced agains labor exploiaion

and o serve as consumers helping o promoe global aggregae demand

o move orward naional governmens in he developing world advanced econo-

mies ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o developing counries and

mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus ake acive measures o reciy he gender

imbalances and empower women hrough

bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes ha are argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-

ors such as he green economy bull echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender disaggregaed daa

or developing counry labor markes

In he pages ha ollow we will examine he economic condiions ha require

global leaders o rally around hese recommendaions o deliver jus jobs o women

ocusing on he eors ha should be aken in paricular by he leaders o he

Group o 20 developed and developing naions We hen examine more closely he

gender imbalances ha hreaen he livelihoods and uure prosperiy o so many

women in he developing world conrasing hese rends wih hose in he devel-

oped world We hen explore he consequences o hese imbalances and presen a

se o policy recommendaions ha will help address hese imbalances promoing

angible progress on he aims ariculaed by he inernaional communiy




Women amid the current

global economy

Te coninuing allou rom he recen global nancial and economic crisis con-

inues o have devasaing eecs on workers around he globe Wha sared as

a sub-prime home loan crisis wihin he Unied Saes evenually swep hrough

he global economy leading o unparalleled job losses across he globe and caus-

ing chaos in global markes Global unemploymen raes spiked or boh men

and womenmdasho 7 percen in 2009 or women rom 6 percen in 2007 and o

63 percen or men rom 55 percen over he same periodmdashbu he naure and

impac o job losses diers remendously beween he men and women in bohdeveloped and developing economies3

In he developed economies job losses are signicanly concenraed in manu-

acuring and consrucion secors which ypically employ a larger share o men

han women Te worldrsquos developed economies also boas some programs o

proec workers amid economic downurns such as unemploymen insurance In

he developing world however he crisis hi expor-oriened indusries such as

apparel where he workorce is composed predominaely o women ofen in low-

wage work and wihou access o appropriae worker proecions

In shor women in he developing world are more vulnerable o he exploiaive

consequences o he recen economic crisis A young girl in Burkina Faso yanked

rom primary school o work on a arm A moher who shows up o work a a

exile acory in Pakisan only o nd i closed A laid-o migran worker in China

who canno ahom reurning o her homeown wihou an income Tese and

hundreds o millions o oher women in he developing world ace similar chal-

lenges when economic crises such as he Grea Recession hi

Te moral reasons or caring abou hese consequences or women in he develop-ing world are ofen well undersood Bu he economic reasons are ofen less well

undersood When i comes o generaing new sorely needed sources o aggregae

economic demand o power he global recovery or o promoing air compeiion

in global labor markes so no single counry can leverage poor labor pracices or




economic gain or o enhancing global economic and poliical sabiliy he role o

gender is ofen negleced Ye creaing jus jobs or women in addiion o men is

a undamenal par o he soluion Women consiue 40 percen o he 3 billion

employed people around he world4 Simply pu no economy can be viable wih-

ou harnessing he producive capaciy o such a signican share o is populaion

Achieving gender pariy in he afermah o he economic crisis is key o susained

and broad-based global economic growh Tis means ensuring ha men and

women have equal access o economic opporuniy and oucomes in educaion

in he ransiion rom school o work and in he labor marke Tis is paricularly

challenging in developing counries

In he developing world he recen economic crisis hi expor secors especially

hard as consumers across he globe ighened heir bels wih layos among

women especially high since women end o consiue a larger share o he

workorce in hese secors5 Shrinking ormal employmen is ueling a rise inhe inormal economies o he developing world Wharsquos more as layos rise in

emale-dominaed secors womenrsquos opporuniies o migrae or a job are also

limied which conribues o a all in remitances6 Te decline in remitances

which reached an esimaed $305 billion in 2008 bu began alling sharply in he

second hal o ha year7 leads o a urher decrease in consumpion and urher

reduces global aggregae demand necessary or a robus and susainable global

economic recovery

Forunaely he inernaional communiy recognizes he imporance o address-

ing he labor-marke challenges acing women in he developing world Tere is

consensus ha gender equaliy is caalyic o developmen as a whole And he

inernaional communiy recenly renewed is commimen in he afermah o

he economic crisis

Te Unied Naions Millennium Developmen Goals (see box) which are slaed

o be me by 2015 include ending povery and hunger insiuing universal edu-

caion and esablishing gender equaliymdashnone o which can be achieved wihou

addressing he pligh o women in developing counries as he global economy

ries o recover rom he economic crisis

Unorunaely odayrsquos volaile economic condiions are signicanly slowing

many counriesrsquo progress oward reaching hese goals

In the developing

world the recent

economic crisis

hit export sectors

especially hard




Insiuing appropriae worker proecions

saey nes and employmen policies ha ake

gender pariy ino accoun is cenral in achiev-

ing he Millennium Developmen Goals and

should be a op prioriy or he heads o govern-

men paricipaing in he Group o 20 Groupo 8 and Group o 8+5 meeings (see box)

Afer he orono G-8 summi concluded

in June 2010 leaders rom he G-8 naions

noed ha ldquoacion is required on all acors ha

aec he healh o women and children Tis

includes addressing gender inequaliy ensuring

womenrsquos and childrenrsquos righs and improving

educaion or women and girlsrdquo8

Te G-20 leaders also rearmed heir ldquocom-

mimen o achieving srong job growh and

providing social proecion o [our] mos

vulnerable ciizens An eecive employmen

policy should place qualiy jobs a he hear o

he recoveryrdquo Ye commimens abound bu

acion is slow o come9

Te Unied Naions noes ha even hough

gender pariy and womenrsquos empowermen is

ldquoa he hear o he Millennium Developmen

Goalsrdquo progress in his eor has ldquobeen slug-

gish on all ronsmdashrom educaion o access

o poliical decision-makingrdquo10 Indeed he

ranslaion rom rheoric o policies ha are

acually implemened is even slower Tere is

ad hoc assisance or women such as projecs

o disseminae inormaion on HIV or maernal

healh which are obviously valuable bu unlesslabor-marke policies are made more sensiive

o gender imbalances i will be dicul o bring

abou lasing change in gender pariy

bull End poverty and hunger Halve the share o those suering

rom hunger and earning less than $1 a day Achieve decent

work or all including ull and productive employment

bull Universal education Make sure that males and emales alike

able to obtain a ull course o primary schooling

bull Gender equality Remove gender disparity in education

bull Child health Work to reduce the under-fve child mortality ra

by two-thirds

bull Maternal health Decrease the maternal mortality ratio by thr

quarters and attain access to reproductive health or all

bull Combat HIVAIDS malaria and other diseases Halt and rever

the spread o HIVAIDS By 2010 attain universal access or H

AIDS treatment Halt and reverse the incidence o malaria and

other major diseases

bull Environmental sustainability Country policies and programs

should integrate the principles o sustainable development

The loss o environmental resources must be reversed Achiev

a decrease in rate o loss o biodiversity by 2010 Hal the sha

o people without sustainable access to sae drinking water abasic sanitation

bull The number o people without access to clean drinking wate

and basic sanitation must be cut in hal by 2015 Improve the

lives o at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020

bull Global partnership The particular needs o least developed

landlocked and small island developing countries should be

addressed Cultivate an open rules-based predictable fnanc

and trading system that is nondiscriminatory Deal with the

debt in developing countries Work with the private sector to

increase access to the benefts o new technology especially

inormation communications technology Work with pharma

ceutical companies to increase access to necessary aordabl

medications or developing countries

Delivering on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals

How the unds are supposed to be disbursed




For his o happen in earnes naional governmens in he developing world

alongside developed counries ha provide nancial and echnical assisance o

developing counries as well as mulilaeral nancial insiuions mus be aware o

he gender imbalances ha he recen economic crisis exacerbaed in developing

counries Tey mus undersand he consequences o hese imbalances and hey

mus each ake acive measures o reciy hem and hen ac on his inormaion by

bull Conducing gender-responsive budgeingbull Ensuring social saey nes are argeed o proec womenbull Developing beter educaional opporuniies and skills raining or girls

especially in new growh secors such as he green economy bull Enabling echnical and nancial assisance o esablish beter gender

disaggregaed daa or developing counry labor markes

Te challenge now is o gure ou how naional governmens around he world

alongside mulilaeral nancial insiuions can wih more limied scal resourcespreserve exising worker and social proecions and sill nd addiional resources

Group o 20 The G20 consists o the heads o state the fnance ministers and the

central bank governors rom 20 leading economies including 19 countries plus

the European Union (EU) that together comprise about 90 percent o global gross

national product and two thirds o the world population The members include theUnited States the European Union Japan Canada China Russia India Mexico Ar-

gentina Brazil South Korea Saudi Arabia Indonesia Turkey and Australia The G20

now meets every year

Group o 8 The G8 consists o the eight heads o governments (Canada France

Germany Italy Japan Russia the United Kingdom and the United States) Each year

one member country is responsible or hosting a series o ministerial meetings and a

mid-year summit to discuss issues o global importance

Group o 8+5 The G8+5 consists o the heads o state rom the G8 nations plus the

heads o state o the fve leading emerging economiesmdashBrazil China India Mexico

and South Arica

The global groups




International institutions and donor countries

ha will be necessary o reciy hese gender imbalances Bu ha challenge mus

be me since i is no jus he healh o one paricular counry or economy ha

depends on harnessing he producive poenial o women in addiion o ha o

men bu raher he healh o he global economymdashdeveloped and developing

counries alikemdashha depends on i as well

National institutions

bull Public sectorbull Enterprisesbull Trade unionsbull Civil society

Legal ramework and pol

bull Gender responsive budgbull Access to education and

developmentbull Targeted saety nets

Better collection o

gender-disaggregated

data or developing

country labor markets

Millennium

Development

Goals

G20 declaration

Technical

and fnancial

assistance




Gender imbalances

Te afershocks o he recen economic crisis coninue o reverberae across he

globe Te regions where women are more likely o be unemployed han heir

male counerpars are also where women ace remendous gender barriers o

enry ino he labor marke Consider ha a he onse o he crisis women were

nearly 60 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in Lain America and

he Caribbean and over 40 percen more likely o be unemployed han men in he

Middle Eas In Norh Arica hey were an asounding 90 percen more likely o

be unemployed han men11

Harnessing he producive poenial o women is criical or all counries Women

everywhere have a major bearing on he healh and developmen o heir children

amilies and communiies

Bu he consequences o he economic crisis or women in he developed

world diered rom he consequences or women in he developing world

Undersanding hese rends is undamenal o addressing he labor marke chal-

lenges ha women ace

In many developed counries women now make up a larger share o he work-

orce in he wake o he economic crisis while men ace increasing raes o unem-

ploymen and underemploymen Te increase in he unemploymen rae rom

2007 o 2008 or men in developed economies was 05 percenage poins versus

01 percenage poins or women he las years or which comparable daa are

available among all developed economies12

In he Unied Saes or example beween January 2008 and January 2009 men

over 16 experienced a 667 percen ne increase in unemploymen compared oa 468 percen ne increase in unemploymen or women13 Women are increas-

ingly becoming co-breadwinners in he US economy and as a growing number o

men lose heir jobs women are increasingly becoming heir amilyrsquos sole income

earnermdasha rend ha has acceleraed as a resul o he economic crisis oday his

is rue in nearly wo-hirds o American amilies14




Tese disproporionae raes o unemploymen beween men and women are

eviden across mos o he developed counry members o he Organizaion or

Economic Co-operaion and Developmen (see Figure 2) Wih he excepion

o Poland and Japan all oher 28-member counries o he OECD winessed a

greaer increase in unemploymen rae or men han women rom January 2008 o

January 200915

Bu in developing counries gender imbalances are maniesing hemselves in

dieren ways Severe cus in he goods and service expor secors ha are closely

linked o worldwide markes hi women in many developing counries paricularly

hard since hey end o make up a greaer share o he workorce in hese secors

When indusries ha have more emale han male employees are hi by economicdownurns he percenage o emale employmen drops precipiously

Indusries ha are more inegraed wih he global marke such as garmen aco-

ries were hi he hardes by he recen recession In Malaysia or example 78 per-

cen o he garmen indusryrsquos workorce is composed o women in Bangladesh

Figure 2

Men have it harder in the developed world

Changes in unemployment rates rom January 2008 to January 2009 or Q1 2008 to Q2 2009 or OECD countries percent change

Source OECD Labour Force Statistics

Graph does not include Iceland due to readability issues

Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15




85 percen are women And in counries ha rely on high-value agriculural

expors as a major source o income such as wih ori-horiculure in counries

such as Tailand Ecuador and Uganda women make up anywhere beween 70

percen o 85 percen o he workorce16

The effects

Alhough he indusries in he developing world ha were more exposed o he

global marke suered he greaes impac he negaive eecs rippled hrough-

ou heir economies One resul is an increased employmen in he inormal

economy in developing counries17 Te inormal economy which consiss o he

unregulaed segmen o he marke economy is large and signican in develop-

ing counries18 Te conribuion o he inormal economy o gross domesic

produc in Asia or example is 31 percen and or Lain America i is 29 percen

In Norhern and sub-Saharan Arica he conribuions are 27 percen and 41percen respecively19

Te recen economic crisis uelled an expansion o he inormal economy ak-

ing in hose who were once ormal workers he unemployed and he underem-

ployed alike As displaced workers a large proporion o which are women ener

he inormal economy he resul is over-crowding o an already compeiive

labor marke and a deerioraion o working condiions As Mary Chen rom

he Harvard Kennedy School noes inormal laborers are seeking ldquosmaller-and-

smaller slivers o a shrinking pierdquo20 Te rerenchmen o he labor marke also

means ha womenrsquos prospecs or ormal migraion are weakened In a compei-

ive labor marke in developing counries women are requenly a a disadvanage

and are paricularly suscepible o exploiaion such as lower wages and unsae

working condiions including human racking21 Researchers rom he Tomas

Reuers Foundaion noe ha

Te nancial crisis would promp more women o look abroad or jobs making

hem easy prey Tey are geting more desperae and raveling under more unsae

circumsances ha make hem erribly vulnerable o unsae migraion HIV and

exploiaion such as rafcking22

Te Inernaional Labour Organizaion esimaes ha roughly 56 percen o all

orced labor vicims are women and girls And research done by he US Sae

Deparmen shows ha he ldquosupply and demand sides o he rade in human beings




are ed by lsquogenderedrsquo vulnerabiliies o rackingrdquo23 In Easern Europe or example

inernaional organizaions and local auhoriies have already repored a rise in

vicims o labor exploiaion In Belarus more han 800000 ciizens are believed

o be ldquomissingrdquo presumed o be workingmdashvolunarily or oherwisemdashin Russia

Workers earning low wages or losing heir jobs are succumbing o oers or illegal

work abroad In Moldova Europersquos poores counry one-quarer o he populaionhas migraed In Ukraine ocials repored 53 criminal cases o labor exploiaion

in 2008 up rom 23 cases in 2007 and jus hree in 2006 And he ILOrsquos May 2009

repor on global orced labor rends noes ha he number o idenied vicims o

orced labor in Ukraine now surpasses ha o sex racking vicims24

Clearly he consequences o hese new gender imbalances in he global workorce

require acion by world leaders




Recommendations

Gender imbalances across he developing world make i criical ha somehing

be done o alleviae he challenges ha women in developing counries are acing

so ha hey can realize heir poenial and be conribuing members o he global

economy Naional governmens inernaional donor naions and mulilaeral

insiuions mus each play a role in addressing he gender imbalances ha he

economic crisis has exacerbaed Specically hey should insiue

bull Gender-responsive budgeingbull Social saey nes argeed o proec womenbull Beter educaion and skills developmen or girls especially in new growh sec-



Lersquos consider each o hese in urn

Gender-responsive budgeting

As he governmens in he developing world ha inroduced economic simulus

packages coninue o implemen hem here needs o be sensiiviy o ensuring

ha he elemens o he package are equally argeed and relevan or women and

men alike Simulus packages should ensure ha spending is gender-equiable in

job creaion and does no ocus only on physical inrasrucure projecs and oher

secors ha overwhelmingly employ men over women25 And afer he simulus

is over naional governmens should regularly review heir employmen siuaion

and ensure ha women have equal access o employmen opporuniies

Wha his means in pracice began in Ausralia in 1984 which rs insiued gender-

sensiive budgeing and is now being adoped by numerous counries including he

Philippines Souh Arica and he Unied Kingdom In he Philippines or example




he Gender and Developmen Budge Policy iniiaive requires governmen agencies

o assign a leas 5 percen o heir budges o nance he ldquodevelopmen implemen-

aion monioring and evaluaion o gender and developmen plansrdquo26

Souh Aricarsquos iniiaive called he Womenrsquos Budge Iniiaive is a model or

oher counriesrsquo eors or gender-neural budgeing Te iniiaive encompasseseors rom acors wihin and ouside o governmen o promoe gender-sensiive

macroeconomic policies Trough hese eors he leaders a he Deparmen o

Finance and oher governmen agencies have been able o make conscienious

budge decisions ha publicly address issues o gender inequaliies27

Social safety nets targeted to protect women

Esablishing social-proecion sysems or women workers abroad and allocaing

unding or social inrasrucure invesmen in areas such as public healh educa-ion child care and oher social services will no only aec womenrsquos employmen

oucomes bu will also promoe beter healh oucomes or women and heir

children Improving he well-being o women and heir children will in urn help

promoe poliical sabiliy and a lower propensiy or crime and violence

In erms o creaing social saey nes or women cases rom Eas Asian coun-

ries highligh he need o develop social saey nes ha specically arge he

mos vulnerable populaions women and children In Tailand or example

he Developmen and Educaion Program or Daughers and Communiies

provides scholarships educaion and accommodaion or girls Ye programs

like his can be expensive28 and would require donor assisance o be se up and

uncion eecively

Promoting education and skills development for girls especially in

new growth sectors

In imes o economic crisis parens in developing counries will eel pressured o

pull heir girls ou o schools as resources decline Families may no longer be ableo aord school ees or addiional expenses ha come wih school-going children

Tey migh also need heir labor o derive exra income or he amily in imes o

duress Educaion or girls is a principal invesmen ha needs o be made by boh

households and governmens in developing counries




Governmens need policies ha will make girlsrsquo schooling aordable and ldquogirl

riendlyrdquo29 Tis will no only prove advanageous or he girls bu also or he

naion as research demonsrably links emale educaional atainmen wih aser

per capia income growh According o a sudy by he World Bank a 1 percen

increase in he share o women wih secondary educaion leads o roughly an

annual per capia income growh by 03 percenage poins which is quie subsan-ive in counries acing income declines and slow economic growh30 Tis income

growh is experienced no only by households bu individuals and he naion31

Oureach programs aimed a helping amilies keep heir girls in school should

be implemened Focus could be placed on womenrsquos value o economic growh

Economiss Barbara Herz and Gene Sperling noe ha ldquoinvesing in girlsrsquo educa-

ion delivers high reurns no only or emale educaional atainmen bu also or

maernal and childrenrsquos healh more susainable amilies womenrsquos empowermen

democracy income growh and produciviyrdquo32 Furhermore evidence rom daa

ha covers 17 million birhs in 59 developing counries suggess ha while boysand girls bene equally rom posiive shocks in per capia GDP negaive shocks

are much more harmul o girls han o boys33

Tere are also new sources o economic growh ha emerging economies are

adaping ino growh sraegies such as green echnologies Schools could oser

womenrsquos ineres and exposure o hese new indusries hrough raining and skill

developmen making sure ha women have an equal opporuniy in hose sec-

ors As discussed by he Unied Naions Commission on he Saus o Women

a he conerence in March 2009 raining could include eaching women abou

renewable energy echnologies and equipping hem o se up microenerprises

ha will manuacure and insall hese new echnologies34

In Bangladesh or example a nonpro group called Grameen Shaki is raining

women and young workers o ceriy hem as echnicians in he repair and main-

enance o solar power phoovolaic sysems Te insallaion o hese sysems

and oher echnologies based on phoovolaic echnology will creae an esimaed

100000 jobs in renewable energy and relaed businesses35 Invesing in he green

economy in developing counries and creaing opporuniies or women in his

secor requires greaer educaion and raining ha will enable a more susainableand healhier liesyle as well as growh in he economy

Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented




Technical and financial assistance to establish better gender

disaggregated data for developing country labor markets

Currenly daa on employmen saus by gender are no colleced a all by some

developing counries and where such inormaion is racked i is no colleced

in a uniorm way over ime Much o he gender employmen daa is no recenmaking i dicul o adequaely address he impac o he recession and progress

on key developmen indicaors

Naional governmens and mulilaeral organizaions need o esablish iner-

agency cooperaion and coherence in promoing and developing a gender-equal-

iy sraegy and beter daa collecion in developing counries Agencies should

work ogeher o generae a se o developmen indicaors specic o examining

gender pariy By having an esablished se o daa ha is used across all agencies

organizaions and governmens will be able o work ogeher o esablish bench-

marks and goals Inernaional nancial insiuions including he World Bankhe Inernaional Moneary Find and regional developmen banks mus live up o

heir recen promises o make unds available o sruggling developing counries

or his kind o daa collecion

UNICEF has spearheaded an Iner Agency Nework on Women and Gender

Equaliy or IANWGE under he leadership o he Special Advisor on Women

and Gender Equaliy Te nework mees only once per year alhough subcom-

mitees have been ormed o work on dieren gender-equaliy issues in hopes o

inormaion sharing and developing common sraegies wihin he organizaions

o he Unied Naions such as Unied Naions Developmen Fund or Women

Te Unied Naions Childrenrsquos Fund and he Unied Naions Developmen

Program36 Tese iniiaives need o be expanded and become more inclusive o

developmen agens across all agencies I is crucial o he resilience o our markes

and economies which are buil upon a oundaion o srong emale employmen

and no jus any jobsmdashjus jobs ha include labor righs appropriae compensa-

ion and social proecions such as healh care and pensions




Te policy debae around he economic crisis and he eec on women should

ocus on promoing ull and producive employmen or women globally and

ensuring ha hey can be economic agens in heir homes and communiies in

boh he developed and developing worlds Bu women in he developing world

ace paricular challenges Addressing hese challenging circumsances acing

women in developing counries is no jus a moral imperaive i also is an eco-

nomic one ha has global implicaions

Tere are many areas where eors and unds can be ocused bu prioriy mus be

given o hose policies and long-erm insiuions ha promoe ongoing inves-

men in women as capable producive and conribuing economic agens A he

cener o his agenda is ocusing policy on boh srenghening and creaing job

opporuniies or women and no jus any jobs bu jus jobs Increasing womenrsquos

opporuniies and ocusing on increasing he income or women on par wih

men will naurally have posiive eecs on household income and gender equaliy

worldwide As a sraegy hese recommendaions will help bring ruiion o he

Millennium Developmen Goals he pledges made by he G20 and will help he

global economic recovery eor

The role of women is paramount




1 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm lau MaksMasug Pgss ad idyg Cagsrdquo (2010) avaa apwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmmdcumspucawcms_103456pd

2 id

3 id

4 id

5 Maa S F Aka tqvs ad emc okay tasldquot impac ecmc Css Wmrsquos ecmc empwmrdquo WkgPap (Swds iaa Dvpm Agcy 2009) avaaa pwwwcaudagupadspdmpac__cmc_css__wm_cmc_mpwmpd

6 iam Awad ldquot Ga ecmc Css ad Mga Wksimpac ad rspsrdquo (Gva ilo 2009) avaa a pwwwgpucgspcmgadwadga_csspd

7 Wd bak ldquoSwmmg Agas td hw Dvpg Cu-s a Cpg w Ga Cssrdquo (2009) avaa apssucswdakgneWSrsucsswmmgagas-d-mac2009pd

8 ldquoFu tx G8 Cmmuqu m husvrdquo The National Post Ju26 2010 avaa a pwsaapscm20100626u-x-g8-cmmuqu

9 Masa Sg ldquot G-8 ad G-20 tasag Dcums i Ac-rdquo Hufngton Post Juy 7 2010 avaa a pwwwug-pscmmasa-sg-g-8-ad-g-20-asa__638884m

10 Ud nas ldquot Mum Dvpm Gas rp 2010rdquo(2010) avaa a pwwwugmumgaspd

MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd

11 iaa la ogaza ldquoKy idcas lauMak (KilM) Sx edrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgmpmwaag--WCMS_114240

12 iaa la ogaza ldquoGa empymtdsrdquo (2010) avaa a pwwwgpucdcP0933209332282010-Jauay29pd

13 buau la Sascs ldquoCu Ppua Suvyrdquo (2010)

14 Maa Sv ad C Amca Pgssldquot Sv r-p A Wmarsquos na Cags evygrdquo (Wasg C Amca Pgss 2009)

15 ogaza ecmc Cpa ad Dvpm SascsPa avaa a pwwwcdgsaspa03352_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_100m

16 PreM Gd ad Dvpm Wd bak ldquoimpac FacaCss Wm ad Famsrdquo (2009) avaa a ppauscgfs4468012360162191Maya_buvcpdMaya2bbuvcpd

17 oeCD ldquorsg ma mpym w cas pvyrdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwcdgdcum2203343_2649_34487_42529878_1_1_1_100m

18 Ksa Fdma bck ldquot ima ecmyrdquo (Sckm Sda2004) avaa a puwdakgDcumsPaps-lksSdapd

19 iaa la ogaza ldquoWm ad M imaecmy A Sasca Pcurdquo (2002) avaa a pwwwwggpucaswm20ad20m202020ma20cmypd

20 May C ldquoGa rcss ad ima ecmy ecmcCss a lsquobm Pyamdrsquordquo (Wd bak 2009) avaaa pwwwscdcmdc20519836May-C-impac---Css--empym

21 Ud nas Dvpm Pgam ldquoCu Wm hastsms m tackd Sxuay expdrdquo (2009) avaa apcudpggwsm2009augusupcd-d-cu--wm-as-sms-m--ackd-ad-sxuay-xpd

22 ta e ly ldquotackd Wm Fac hg hiV ic rsk-SudyrdquoA Augus 12 2009 avaa a pwwwagwswsdskSP495235m

23 Ud Sas Dpam Sa ldquotackg Pss rprdquo(2009) avaa a pwwwsagvdcumsgaza-123357pd

24 id

25 Spa Sgu ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs Faca Css Un Cmmss Saus Wmrdquo (2009)

26 nu Cagaay ad s ldquobudgs as Pp Mad Dmc-azg Maccmc Pcsrdquo (2000) avaa a pwwwskaucd_daadsk2044pd

27 id

28 Mag d Mcy ldquoPvdg Sca Scuy ad Pc Wm ad Cd Dcu Ccumsacsrdquo avaa a

pwwwum-sasagpjcsmgaPmg20Gd20equay2020Cma20tackg520-Pvd-g20Sca20Scuy20ad20Pcpd

29 baaa hz ad G Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educaevdc ad Pcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo (2004)

30 Da Davd ad ra Ga ldquoGd iquay icm adGw A Gd tms Gd Wmrdquo Wkg Pap Ss n1 (Wd bak Pcy rsac rp Gd ad Dvpm)

31 id 3

32 hz ad Spg ldquoWa Wks Gsrsquo educa evdc adPcs m Dvpg Wdrdquo p10-11

33 S bad J Fdma ad n Scady ldquoAggga icm Scksad ia M ay Dvpg Wdrdquo Wd bak Pcyrsac Wkg Pap n 4346 (2007)

34 eza A e ldquoemgg issu t Gd Pspcvs

Faca Cssrdquo (Un Cmmss Saus Wm 53d Ss-s 2009)

35 iaa la ogaza ldquoG Js twads Dc Wk a Susaa lw-Ca Wdrdquo (2008) avaa a pwwwgwcmsp5gupspuc---dgps---dcmm---wdvdcumspucawcms_098487pd

36 UniCeF ldquoUniCeF Acrdquo (2004) avaa apwwwucggddx_acm

Endnotes




About the authors

John Podesta is he Presiden and CEO o he Cener or American Progress Under his

leadership he Cener has become a noable leader in he developmen o and advocacy

or progressive policy

Prior o ounding he Cener in 2003 Podesa served as Whie House Chie o Sa o

Presiden William J Clinon He served in he presidenrsquos cabine and as a principal on

he Naional Securiy Council While in he Whie House he also served as boh an

assisan o he presiden and depuy chie o sa as well as sa secreary and a senior

policy advisor on governmen inormaion privacy elecommunicaions securiy and

regulaory policy

Mos recenly Podesa served as co-chair o Presiden Obamarsquos ransiion where

he coordinaed he prioriies o he incoming adminisraionrsquos agenda oversaw he

developmen o is policies and spearheaded is appoinmens o major cabinesecrearies and poliical appoinees

Addiionally Podesa has held numerous posiions on Capiol Hill including coun-

selor o Democraic Leader Senaor Tomas A Daschle (1995-1996) chie counsel

or he Senae Agriculure Commitee (1987-1988) and chie minoriy counsel or he

Senae Judiciary Subcommitees on Paens Copyrighs and rademarks Securiy and

errorism and Regulaory Reorm (1981-1987)

A Chicago naive Podesa is a graduae o Knox College and he Georgeown Universiy

Law Cener where he is currenly a visiing proessor o law He also auhored Te Power

o Progress How Americarsquos Progressives Can (Once Again) Save Our Economy Our Climae

and Our Counry

Sabina Dewan is he Associae Direcor o Inernaional Economic Policy a American

Progress She leads he Jus Jobs Program ha ocuses on nding ways o exend he

benes o economic inegraion and rade o all workers who power he global economy

Sabina works on economic issues ranging rom he role o globalizaion o ha o rade

labor marke and social proecion policies in raising living sandards around he globeShe also sudies he nexus beween developmen and securiy and he uncion o oreign

assisance capaciy building and jus jobs in promoing broad-based balanced and sus-

ainable economic growh and developmen around he world



Jus Js | wwwamcapgss

Prior o joining American Progress Sabina was a research analys a he Inernaional

Labour Organizaion (ILO) in Geneva Swizerland where she worked on various

projecs promoing he ILOrsquos decen work agenda wihin he conex o globalizaion

and inernaional developmen She hen worked as an independen consulan based

in Brussels Belgium underaking a variey o projecs or insiuions including he

ILO Regional Oce in Tailand he Unied Naions Girlsrsquo Educaion Iniiaive andhe Direcorae-general on Employmen Social Aairs and Equal Opporuniies o he

European Commission Sabina has an advanced maserrsquos degree in quaniaive sudies

rom he Caholic Universiy o Brussels and a second maserrsquos degree in public policy

rom he Universiy o Caliornia Los Angeles She received her bachelorrsquos degree in

poliical science rom he Universiy o Caliornia Irvine Sabina has raveled widely liv-

ing in counries including Aghanisan India and Sierra Leone

Isha Vij is a Special Assisan or he Economic Policy eam and he Jus Jobs Program a

American Progress Her work ocuses primarily on inernaional economic policy labormarke issues and economic developmen Isha earned her bachelorrsquos degree in develop-

men sudies rom he Universiy o Caliornia Berkeley where she was a Cal Alumni

Associaion Leadership Award Scholar

Isha has also sudied inernaional business a he School o Knowledge Economy and

Managemen in Sophia Anipolis France While compleing her degree she worked on

inernaional developmen and povery alleviaion eors aimed a increasing global ood

securiy Isha insruced a semeser-long seminar on he principles o eng shui Prior

o joining he Cener or American Progress Isha spen her summers inerning abroad

working a Universal Music Group in Mumbai India and a he 61s Annual Cannes Film

Fesival in France She is a naive o Chandigarh India

Acknowledgements

We are graeul o he Norwegian Minisry o Foreign Aairs specically Lajla Brand

Jakhelln Terese Evensen and Marin Hauge orbergsen or heir suppor Many hanks o

Jessica Arons Heaher Grady and Reema Nanavay or heir eedback on ldquoBeyond Moral

JusicaionmdashEmpowering Women o Charge he Global Economic Recoveryrdquo and oSeven Kapsos and Sara Elder or poining us o inormaion We appreciae he suppor o

Sarah Rosen Warell and he Cener or American Progress ediorial and ar eams especially

Ed Paisley And nally we would like o acknowledge Michael Etlinger or his consisen

encouragemen and guidance hroughou his process and or he Jus Jobs Program



The Center or American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute

dedicated to promoting a strong just and ree America that ensures opportunity

or all We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to

these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies relect these values

We work to ind progressive and pragmatic solutions to signiicant domestic and

international problems and develop policy proposals that oster a government that

is ldquoo the people by the people and or the peoplerdquo










16 Recommendations


21 Endnotes







| wwwamcapgss





































rade righ































People need jobs

that are just They

need to be able to

work in acceptable

working conditions

with appropriate

protections and

compensation

and with the right

to organize and
















































global economy

















































economic recovery





he economic crisis








In the developing

world the recent

economic crisis

hit export sectors

especially hard












































by two-thirds




















































and South Arica

The global groups















Better collection o


data or developing


Millennium

Development

Goals

G20 declaration

Technical

and fnancial

assistance




Gender imbalances















lenges ha women ace





















January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements
























16 Recommendations


21 Endnotes







| wwwamcapgss





































rade righ































People need jobs

that are just They

need to be able to

work in acceptable

working conditions

with appropriate

protections and

compensation

and with the right

to organize and
















































global economy

















































economic recovery





he economic crisis








In the developing

world the recent

economic crisis

hit export sectors

especially hard












































by two-thirds




















































and South Arica

The global groups















Better collection o


data or developing


Millennium

Development

Goals

G20 declaration

Technical

and fnancial

assistance




Gender imbalances















lenges ha women ace





















January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements






















| wwwamcapgss





































rade righ































People need jobs

that are just They

need to be able to

work in acceptable

working conditions

with appropriate

protections and

compensation

and with the right

to organize and
















































global economy

















































economic recovery





he economic crisis








In the developing

world the recent

economic crisis

hit export sectors

especially hard












































by two-thirds




















































and South Arica

The global groups















Better collection o


data or developing


Millennium

Development

Goals

G20 declaration

Technical

and fnancial

assistance




Gender imbalances















lenges ha women ace





















January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements



















| wwwamcapgss





































rade righ































People need jobs

that are just They

need to be able to

work in acceptable

working conditions

with appropriate

protections and

compensation

and with the right

to organize and
















































global economy

















































economic recovery





he economic crisis








In the developing

world the recent

economic crisis

hit export sectors

especially hard












































by two-thirds




















































and South Arica

The global groups















Better collection o


data or developing


Millennium

Development

Goals

G20 declaration

Technical

and fnancial

assistance




Gender imbalances















lenges ha women ace





















January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements


















































rade righ































People need jobs

that are just They

need to be able to

work in acceptable

working conditions

with appropriate

protections and

compensation

and with the right

to organize and
















































global economy

















































economic recovery





he economic crisis








In the developing

world the recent

economic crisis

hit export sectors

especially hard












































by two-thirds




















































and South Arica

The global groups















Better collection o


data or developing


Millennium

Development

Goals

G20 declaration

Technical

and fnancial

assistance




Gender imbalances















lenges ha women ace





















January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements















































rade righ































People need jobs

that are just They

need to be able to

work in acceptable

working conditions

with appropriate

protections and

compensation

and with the right

to organize and
















































global economy

















































economic recovery





he economic crisis








In the developing

world the recent

economic crisis

hit export sectors

especially hard












































by two-thirds




















































and South Arica

The global groups















Better collection o


data or developing


Millennium

Development

Goals

G20 declaration

Technical

and fnancial

assistance




Gender imbalances















lenges ha women ace





















January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements





















rade righ































People need jobs

that are just They

need to be able to

work in acceptable

working conditions

with appropriate

protections and

compensation

and with the right

to organize and
















































global economy

















































economic recovery





he economic crisis








In the developing

world the recent

economic crisis

hit export sectors

especially hard












































by two-thirds




















































and South Arica

The global groups















Better collection o


data or developing


Millennium

Development

Goals

G20 declaration

Technical

and fnancial

assistance




Gender imbalances















lenges ha women ace





















January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements































































global economy

















































economic recovery





he economic crisis








In the developing

world the recent

economic crisis

hit export sectors

especially hard












































by two-thirds




















































and South Arica

The global groups















Better collection o


data or developing


Millennium

Development

Goals

G20 declaration

Technical

and fnancial

assistance




Gender imbalances















lenges ha women ace





















January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements



















































global economy

















































economic recovery





he economic crisis








In the developing

world the recent

economic crisis

hit export sectors

especially hard












































by two-thirds




















































and South Arica

The global groups















Better collection o


data or developing


Millennium

Development

Goals

G20 declaration

Technical

and fnancial

assistance




Gender imbalances















lenges ha women ace





















January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements
















































global economy

















































economic recovery





he economic crisis








In the developing

world the recent

economic crisis

hit export sectors

especially hard












































by two-thirds




















































and South Arica

The global groups















Better collection o


data or developing


Millennium

Development

Goals

G20 declaration

Technical

and fnancial

assistance




Gender imbalances















lenges ha women ace





















January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements














































global economy

















































economic recovery





he economic crisis








In the developing

world the recent

economic crisis

hit export sectors

especially hard












































by two-thirds




















































and South Arica

The global groups















Better collection o


data or developing


Millennium

Development

Goals

G20 declaration

Technical

and fnancial

assistance




Gender imbalances















lenges ha women ace





















January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements





















global economy

















































economic recovery





he economic crisis








In the developing

world the recent

economic crisis

hit export sectors

especially hard












































by two-thirds




















































and South Arica

The global groups















Better collection o


data or developing


Millennium

Development

Goals

G20 declaration

Technical

and fnancial

assistance




Gender imbalances















lenges ha women ace





















January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements







































economic recovery





he economic crisis








In the developing

world the recent

economic crisis

hit export sectors

especially hard












































by two-thirds




















































and South Arica

The global groups















Better collection o


data or developing


Millennium

Development

Goals

G20 declaration

Technical

and fnancial

assistance




Gender imbalances















lenges ha women ace





















January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements




























































by two-thirds




















































and South Arica

The global groups















Better collection o


data or developing


Millennium

Development

Goals

G20 declaration

Technical

and fnancial

assistance




Gender imbalances















lenges ha women ace





















January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements











































and South Arica

The global groups















Better collection o


data or developing


Millennium

Development

Goals

G20 declaration

Technical

and fnancial

assistance




Gender imbalances















lenges ha women ace





















January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements































Better collection o


data or developing


Millennium

Development

Goals

G20 declaration

Technical

and fnancial

assistance




Gender imbalances















lenges ha women ace





















January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements




















Gender imbalances















lenges ha women ace





















January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements

























January 200915









Figure 2





Men

Women

175

125

75

25

-25

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

137

179

115

24 24

44

27 27 29

5158

18 17

42

15

1 12

86

22 19

69 912 1214

-24-17

4 4

-6

34

3

15

3 6 5

3035

2115

-9 -9

18

60

23 2430

1213 13

-15








The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements
























The effects













































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements


































Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements




















Recommendations














































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements








































uncion eecively


new growth sectors







































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements


















































Outreach programs

aimed at helping

families keep

their girls in

school should be

implemented
























































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements








































































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements










































2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements





















2 id

3 id

4 id







MDG20rp20201020e201520-w20s202010061520-pd














24 id



27 id





31 id 3







Endnotes




About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements




















About the authors









regulaory policy












and Our Counry

































Acknowledgements










































Acknowledgements


























Beyond Moral Justification

Documents