Better Food for a Better Food for a Better World; Better World; Better Food for a Better Food for a Better World; Better World; Better World; Better World; Science at the service Science at the service Better World; Better World; Science at the service Science at the service Dr Claude M Fauquet Dr Claude M Fauquet Dr Claude M Fauquet Dr Claude M Fauquet of a poor farmer’s crop of a poor farmer’s crop of a poor farmer’s crop of a poor farmer’s crop Dr . Claude M. Fauquet Dr . Claude M. Fauquet Director ILTAB Director ILTAB Co Co-Chair of the Global Cassava Partnership Chair of the Global Cassava Partnership Member Danforth Plant Science Center Member Danforth Plant Science Center Dr . Claude M. Fauquet Dr . Claude M. Fauquet Director ILTAB Director ILTAB Co Co-Chair of the Global Cassava Partnership Chair of the Global Cassava Partnership Member Danforth Plant Science Center Member Danforth Plant Science Center Member Danforth Plant Science Center Member Danforth Plant Science Center St Louis, Missouri, USA St Louis, Missouri, USA Member Danforth Plant Science Center Member Danforth Plant Science Center St Louis, Missouri, USA St Louis, Missouri, USA
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Better Food for a Better Food for a Better World;Better World;Better Food for a Better Food for a Better World;Better World;Better World;Better World;Science at the service Science at the service Better World;Better World;Science at the service Science at the service
Dr Claude M FauquetDr Claude M FauquetDr Claude M FauquetDr Claude M Fauquet
of a poor farmer’s cropof a poor farmer’s cropof a poor farmer’s cropof a poor farmer’s cropDr. Claude M. FauquetDr. Claude M. FauquetDirector ILTABDirector ILTABCoCo--Chair of the Global Cassava PartnershipChair of the Global Cassava PartnershipMember Danforth Plant Science CenterMember Danforth Plant Science Center
Dr. Claude M. FauquetDr. Claude M. FauquetDirector ILTABDirector ILTABCoCo--Chair of the Global Cassava PartnershipChair of the Global Cassava PartnershipMember Danforth Plant Science CenterMember Danforth Plant Science CenterMember Danforth Plant Science CenterMember Danforth Plant Science CenterSt Louis, Missouri, USASt Louis, Missouri, USAMember Danforth Plant Science CenterMember Danforth Plant Science CenterSt Louis, Missouri, USASt Louis, Missouri, USA
Population Increase in the World
6,855,564,899
• The world's population will rise to 9 billion by 2050
• The world's food production will have to double
20092009
1800
1900
Cassava in AfricaCassava in Africa
Cassava First Food Crop in AfricaCassava First Food Crop in AfricaCassava First Food Crop in AfricaCassava First Food Crop in AfricaCassava
90
Africa First
Cassava90
Cassava First FoodCrop in Africa
55
Cassava Producer
on (M
t)Maize
Crop in Africa
45
55ro
duct
io Yams
PlantainsSorghum
Rice
15
South-Central- Asia Africa
P RiceMillet
SouthAmericaAmerica
Asia Africa
Cassava in AfricaCassava in Africa
Benin Nigeria
Kenya
Cote D'Ivoire
Ghana UgandaCamer o o n
Co n g oZair e
Cen t r al A f r ica
1Mt6Mt
Tanzania
Mo z amb iq u eA n g o la
8Mt2.6MtMalawi
>400 kg/Capita
>300 kg/Capita
>200 kg/Capita
>100 kg/Capita
MadagascarZimb ab we
<40 kg/Capita
No Major Food Crop Productivity No Major Food Crop Productivity Increase in the Past 3 DecadesIncrease in the Past 3 Decades
Global Cassava Global Cassava Global Cassava Global Cassava PartnershipPartnershipPartnershipPartnership
7 Priority Topics7 Priority TopicsTopicsTopicsViruses Bacteria C
Viruses Bacteria C HCNPPDD h R i
HCNPPDD h R iDrought ResistanceBiofortificationI
Drought ResistanceBiofortificationIInsectsInsects
The Cassava GenomicsThe Cassava GenomicsThe Cassava GenomicsThe Cassava Genomics• 3 BAC libraries (Clemson)• >100,000 ESTs > DNA chip 23,000 unigenes • 40 000 full length cDNAs MThai16• 40,000 full length cDNAs MThai16•• 15x genome M560 >93% homozygote15x genome M560 >93% homozygoteby 454 by 454 sequencing by JGI & Rochesequencing by JGI & Roche•• Physical map of the same genotypePhysical map of the same genotype•• Physical map of the same genotypePhysical map of the same genotype
Cassava Genome Sequence Nov 9 2009Cassava Genome Sequence Nov 9, 2009
•• Pipeline annotation by JGIPipeline annotation by JGI•• 50 genotypes of agronomic importance50 genotypes of agronomic importance•• Pipeline annotation by JGIPipeline annotation by JGI•• 50 genotypes of agronomic importance50 genotypes of agronomic importance50 genotypes of agronomic importance 50 genotypes of agronomic importance
will be sequenced by 454 will be sequenced by 454 50 genotypes of agronomic importance 50 genotypes of agronomic importance will be sequenced by 454 will be sequenced by 454
•• 20 genotypes of molecular diversity 20 genotypes of molecular diversity importance will be sequenced by 454 importance will be sequenced by 454
•• 20 genotypes of molecular diversity 20 genotypes of molecular diversity importance will be sequenced by 454 importance will be sequenced by 454 p q yp q y
•• Assembling a high density SNP map to Assembling a high density SNP map to b d b b db d b b d
p q yp q y•• Assembling a high density SNP map to Assembling a high density SNP map to
b d b b db d b b dbe used by breeders be used by breeders be used by breeders be used by breeders
Cassava Transformation
Genetic Transformation in CassavaGenetic Transformation in CassavaProduction of embryogenic target tissues
Production of embryogenic target tissues
Molecular biologistsidentify and isolate gene(s)of interest
Molecular biologistsidentify and isolate gene(s)of interest
Cassava cultivar Cassava cultivar
gg
for improvementfor improvement GENE TRANSFERGENE TRANSFER
VIRCA Cassava Production PipelineVIRCA Cassava Production PipelineVIRCA Cassava Production PipelineVIRCA Cassava Production Pipeline
Hypothesis Experimental Construct
Plantlets
Transformation
Commercial ConstructCallus
Excel db VectorBackbone
- PCR
CopyNumber- Dot Blot
Expression- RT-PCR- Northern
ELISA- Southern - ELISA
Cassava TrackerWeb db
Micropropagation(growth chamber DDPSC)
Web dbVirus challenges
(greenhouse, DDPSC)Virus challenge, agronomics
(field, Africa)
Wide Range CMD Resistance in CassavaWide Range CMD Resistance in Cassava
Virus Specific resistance to Virus Specific resistance to Af i i i (ACMV) dAf i i i (ACMV) d
Virus Specific resistance to Virus Specific resistance to Af i i i (ACMV) dAf i i i (ACMV) dAfrican cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and
East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV)East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV)African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and
Non-transgenic cassava variety60444 infected with K201
Transgenic cassava variety60444 infected with K201
Cassava pipeline is producing transgenic cassava showing resistance to East African cassava mosaic virus: the effect of an RNA-silencing
construct targeting the virus Rep gene
60444 infected with K201 60444 infected with K201
CMD challenge summary
Post translational gene silencing (PTGS/siRNA)
Target Virus # constructs tested
Most effective construct
Level of Resistance
# lines for CFTs
ACMV 3 pILTAB-500 Up to 90% 3
pILTAB-631 Up to 100% 4
EACMV 19 pILTAB-670 Up to 100% 9
pILTAB-561 Up to 90% 9
CFTs for CMD in AfricaCFTs for CMD in Africa
• There is one CFT for CMD going on inThere is one CFT for CMD going on in Uganda for G5 and PTGS, planted in Oct 14, 2009
• One CFT for CMD approved in Kenya in Dec 2009 f G5 d PTGS2009, for G5 and PTGS
• Two CFT applications for CMD for G5 and• Two CFT applications for CMD for G5 and PTGS pending in Nigeria
CBSD SymptomsCBSD Symptomsy py p
A. B. C.
Necrotic rot of cassava roots
Feathery chlorosis on cassava leaf
Brown streaks on young cassava stem
Characteristic CBSD symptoms visible on different parts of the cassava
plant: A) Feathery chlorosis on cassava leaf, B) Root necrosis, C)
rootscassava leaf young cassava stem
p a t ) eat e y c o os s o cassa a ea , ) oot ec os s, C)
Brown streaks on young cassava stem.
Distribution and Spread of Cassava Brown Streak Disease
Distribution and Spread of Cassava Brown Streak DiseaseStreak DiseaseStreak Disease
Inset. Map of Uganda showing surveyed districts (yellow) and districts where CBSDdistricts (yellow) and districts where CBSD was observed (red square) and reported (blue square) during and after the survey, respectively.
CBSD endemic coastal area (at altitudes<1000 msl)
Countries affected in eastern Africa
Map of Africa showing distribution of Cassava Brown Streak Disease.
Countries at risk of CBSD epidemic
Molecular Diversity of CBSDMolecular Diversity of CBSD
CBSV/EACMV Synergistic InteractionCBSV/EACMV Synergistic InteractionCBSV/EACMV Synergistic InteractionCBSV/EACMV Synergistic Interaction/ y g/ y g/ y g/ y g
15 CBSV NT lines15 CBSV NT lines35 CBSV NT lines35 CBSV NT lines 15 CBSV-NT lines
11 CBSV-CT lines
15 CBSV-NT lines
11 CBSV-CT lines
35 CBSV-NT lines
35 CBSV-CT lines
35 CBSV-NT lines
35 CBSV-CT lines 11 CBSV CT lines
12 CBSV-FL lines
11 CBSV CT lines
12 CBSV-FL lines
35 CBSV CT lines
45 CBSV-FL lines
35 CBSV CT lines
45 CBSV-FL lines
CFT application has been sent to Uganda on June 10, 2009The application has been reviewed by the IBC in OctoberThe application has been reviewed by the IBC in October
2009 and sent to the NBC mid December 2009.
Another CBSD application will be deposited by KARI Kenya early 2010
Ongoing and Future WorkOngoing and Future WorkOngoing and Future WorkOngoing and Future WorkEngineering cassava with multiple resistanceEngineering cassava with multiple resistance
Transient siRNA assay for stacked RNAi t t i t bconstructs in tobacco constructs in tobacco
pILTAB3004
631 670against ACMV
against EACMV
sense strand antisense strand 800 bp intron
CsCMV promoter720 720 670 631
against CBSV
3.4 kb
Malnutrition in AfricaMalnutrition in Africa
42% stunted children
80% VitA defficiency
40% Iron defficiency
30% Zinc defficiency30% Zinc defficiency
Cassava storage roots are a rich in calories, b h d id l i iCassava storage roots are a rich in calories, b h d id l i ibut they do not provide complete nutritionbut they do not provide complete nutrition
Type of Energy Protein Vitamin AType of Cassava
% MDR*
Energy(Kcal)
~80%
Protein(g)
30%
Vitamin A (μg)
10%Boiled 740 5.5 5
Dry 1775 10.5 15
Flour 1710 7.5 0Fresh 745 6.0 5
• Values for 500 g FW cassava
However indication that phytoene synthase expressionenhances the β-carotene content of cassava storage rootsenhances the β carotene content of cassava storage roots
Patatin Promoter crtB 3’ nos 85 Total transgenic events
55 events in soil
30x – 60 µg/g
60444(Control)
PhySyn +DXS
PhySyn OR
Cassava shelf-life extended to several weeks for high beta caroten plants
Cassava shelf-life extended to several weeks for high beta caroten plantsfor high beta caroten plantsfor high beta caroten plants
12 events have detectable sporazein • 12 events have detectable sporazein
accumulation within in vitro root
• trait analysis on soil-grown plants ongoing
PCR analysis for nptII transgeneStorage root of 796-Ter012
PCR analysis for sporazein transgene
769-Ter004 769-Ter012 769-Ter005Six month old Teraka plants transgenic for pro-VitA & sporazein
Cassava storage roots are a rich in calories, b h l id b i iCassava storage roots are a rich in calories, b h l id b i ibut they can also provide a better nutritionbut they can also provide a better nutrition
Type of Energy Protein Vitamin A Protein Vitamin A ypCassava
% MDR*
gy(Kcal)
~80%
(g)
30%
(μg)
10%
(g)
120-200%
(μg)
>100%B il d 740 5 5 5 22Boiled 740 5.5 5 22
Dry 1775 10.5 15 60 74
Flour 1710 7.5 0 57 54Fresh 745 6.0 5 24 25
• Values for 500 g FW cassava
African PartnersAfrican Partners
42Mt10Mt6Mt
1Mt
40%of African Production
Transfer of technology
Training of African Students
Cassava Team in St Louis
Grand Challenges in Global Health:Grand Challenges in Global Health:Gates FoundationGates Foundation
Daugherty, Ginger: ViRCA Lab TechJones, Lamont: ViRCA part-time lab techJones, Tira: ViRCA cassava/lab techKelly, Jacquelyn: ViRCA part-time lab techK hlf ld P t ViRCA t ti l b t h
Khatri, Sandeep: Grad StudentOgwok, Emmanuel: ViRCA Uganda Grad studentPatil, B.L: ViRCA post-docKhan, Shah Nawaz: SABP Post DocBagewadi, Basavarej: USDA Post-Doc
BioCassavaPlusAbhary, Mohammed: Gates Fdn Grad studentYadav, Jitender: GatesFdn post-docFitt Mi d ViRCA Ti C lt S i ti tFitter, Mindy: ViRCA Tissue Culture ScientistJayatilleke, Mala: ViRCA Post-DocChaweewan, Yeetoh: Royal Thai Gov Grad StudentSimmons, Ariel: Gates Fdn lab tech
Grand Challenges in Global Health:Grand Challenges in Global Health:Gates FoundationGates Foundation