bestsqlplsqlmaterial-140617143256-phpapp02

8/20/2019 bestsqlplsqlmaterial-140617143256-phpapp02

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INTRODUCTION

SQL is divided into the following

1 Data Definition Language (DDL)

2 Data Manipulation Language (DML)

3 Data Retieval Language (DRL)

4 Tansa!tion Contol Language (TCL)

5 Data Contol Language (DCL)

DDL "" !eate# alte# dop# tun!ate# ena$eDML "" inset# update# deleteDRL "" sele!tTCL "" !o$$it# oll%a! savepointDCL "" gant# evo&e

CR'T' TL' S*NT+

Ceate ta%le ,table_name- (col1 datatype1, col2 datatype2 …coln datatypen).

'/0

SQL- !eate ta%le student (no nu$%e (1)# na$e va!ha (23)# $a&s nu$%e (4)).

INS'RT

This will %e used to inset the e!ods into ta%le5

6e have two $ethods to inset5

1 7 value $ethod

2 7 addess $ethod

a) USIN8 9LU' M'T:OD

S7nta/0

inset into ,table_name- values (value1, value2, value3 …. Valuen).

'/0

SQL- inset into student values (2# ;sudha;# 233).

SQL- inset into student values (1# ;sað# 133).


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To inset a new e!od again 7ou have to t7pe entie inset !o$$and# if thee ae lot of

e!ods this will %e diffi!ult5

This will %e avoided %7 using addess $ethod5

%) USIN8 DDR'SS M'T:OD

S7nta/0

inset into ,table_name) values (&col1, &col2, &col3 …. &coln).

This will po$pt 7ou fo the values %ut fo eve7 inset 7ou have to use fowad slash5

'/0

SQL- inset into student values (agan

'nte value fo $a&s0 433

old 20 inset into student values(


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SQL- inset into student (no# na$e) values (@# ;Madhu;).

d) INS'RTIN8 DT INTO SA'CIBI'D COLUMNS USIN8 DDR'SS M'T:OD

S7nta/0

inset into ,table_name)(col1, col2, col3 … coln) values (&col1, &col2 ….&coln);

This will po$pt 7ou fo the values %ut fo eve7 inset 7ou have to use fowad slash5

'/0

SQL- inset into student (no# na$e) values (


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1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL- sele!t no# na$e# $a&s fo$ student.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """""" """"""""

2 Sudha 233

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL- sele!t no# na$e fo$ student.

NO NM'

""" """""""

2 Sudha

1 Sa&eth

2 >agan

1 Naen 4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu


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CONDITIONL S'L'CTIONS ND OA'RTORS

6e have two !lauses used in this

1 6hee

2 Ode %7

USIN8 6:'R'

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,condition-.

the following ae the diffeent t7pes of opeatos used in whee !lause5

1 ith$eti! opeatos

2 Co$paison opeatos

3 Logi!al opeatos

1 ith$eti! opeatos "" highest pe!eden!e

G# "# E# ?

2 Co$paison opeatos

H# H# -# ,# -H# ,H# ,-

1 %etween# not %etween

3 in# not in

3 null# not null

4 li&e

5 Logi!al opeatos

2 nd

4 O "" lowest pe!eden!e

4 not


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a) USIN8 H# -# ,# -H# ,H# H# ,-

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no H 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

1 Naen @33

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no , 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 Sudha 233

2 >agan 433

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no - 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no ,H 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 Sudha 233

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433


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1 Naen @33

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no -H 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

1 Naen @33

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no H 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 Sudha 233

2 >agan 433

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no ,- 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 Sudha 233 2 >agan 433

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu


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%) USIN8 ND

This will gives the output when all the !onditions %e!o$e tue5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,condition1- and ,condition2- and 55 ,conditionn-.

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no H 1 and $a&s -H 133.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""

1 Sa&eth 133

1 Naen @33

!) USIN8 OR

This will gives the output when eithe of the !ondition %e!o$es tue5

S7nta/0

Sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,condition1- and ,condition2- o55 ,condition-.

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no H 1 o $a&s -H 133.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33

d) USIN8 'T6''N

This will gives the output %ased on the !olu$n and its lowe %ound# uppe %ound5

S7nta/0


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sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col - %etween ,lower bound - and ,upper bound -.

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee $a&s %etween 133 and @33.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33

e) USIN8 NOT 'T6''N

This will gives the output %ased on the !olu$n whi!h values ae not in its lowe %ound# uppe%ound5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col - not %etween ,lower bound - and ,upper bound -.

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee $a&s not %etween 133 and @33.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

f) USIN8 IN

This will gives the output %ased on the !olu$n and its list of values spe!ified5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col - in ( value1, value2, value3 … valuen).

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no in (2# 1# 4). NO NM' MRFS """ """"""" """"""""" 2 Sudha 233 1 Sa&eth 133 2 >agan 433 1 Naen @33 4 Ra$esh


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g) USIN8 NOT IN

This will gives the output %ased on the !olu$n whi!h values ae not in the list of values spe!ified5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col - not in ( value1, value2, value3 … valuen).

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no not in (2# 1# 4).

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

h) USIN8 NULL

This will gives the output %ased on the null values in the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col - is null.

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee $a&s is null.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

4 Ra$esh @ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

i) USIN8 NOT NULL


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This will gives the output %ased on the not null values in the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col - is not null.

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee $a&s is not null.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33

J) USIN8 LIF'

This will %e used to sea!h though the ows of data%ase !olu$n %ased on the patten 7ou spe!if75

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col - li&e , pattern-.

'/0

i) This will give the ows whose $a&s ae 2335

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee $a&s li&e 233.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""" 2 Sudha 233

ii) This will give the ows whose na$e stat with KS;5

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =S=.


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NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

1 Sa&eth 133

iii) This will give the ows whose na$e ends with Kh;5

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =h=.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

4 Ra$esh

i9) This will give the ows whose na$e;s se!ond lette stat with Ka;5

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =a=.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

Rattu

9) This will give the ows whose na$e;s thid lette stat with Kd;5

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =d=.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233


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@ Madhu

9i) This will give the ows whose na$e;s se!ond lette stat with Kt; fo$ ending5

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =t=.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

Rattu

9ii) This will give the ows whose na$e;s thid lette stat with Ke; fo$ ending5

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =e=.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

4 Ra$esh

9iii) This will give the ows whose na$e !otains 1 a;s5

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =a a =.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 >agan 433

E *ou have to spe!if7 the pattens in lie using undes!oe ( )5


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USIN8 ORD'R *

This will %e used to odeing the !olu$ns data (as!ending o des!ending)5

S7nta/0

Sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- ode %7 ,col - des!.

7 default oa!le will use as!ending ode5

If 7ou want output in des!ending ode 7ou have to use de!c &e7wod afte the !olu$n5

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student ode %7 no.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

2 >agan 433

1 Sa&eth 133s

1 Naen @33

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student ode %7 no des!.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

Rattu

9isu

@ Madhu 4 Ra$esh

1 Sa&eth 133

1 Naen @33

2 Sudha 233

2 >agan 433


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USIN8 DML

USIN8 UADT'

This !an %e used to $odif7 the ta%le data5

S7nta/0

Update ,table_name- set ,col1- H value2# ,col2- H value1 whee ,condition-.

'/0

SQL- update student set $a&s H 33.

If 7ou ae not spe!if7ing an7 !ondition this update entie ta%le will5

SQL- update student set $a&s H 33 whee no H 1.

SQL- update student set $a&s H 33# na$e H =9enu= whee no H 2.

USIN8 D'L'T'

This !an %e used to delete the ta%le data te$poail75

S7nta/0

Delete ,table_name- whee ,condition-.

'/0

SQL- delete student.

If 7ou ae not spe!if7ing an7 !ondition this will delete entie ta%le5

SQL- delete student whee no H 1.


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USIN8 DDL

USIN8 LT'R

This !an %e used to add o e$ove !olu$ns and to $odif7 the pe!ision of the datat7pe5

a) DDIN8 COLUMN

S7nta/0

alte ta%le ,table_name- add ,col datatype-.

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student add sdo% date.

%) R'MO9IN8 COLUMN

S7nta/0

alte ta%le ,table_name- dop ,col datatype-.

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student dop !olu$n sdo%.

!) INCR'SIN8 OR D'CR'SIN8 AR'CISION OB COLUMN

S7nta/0

alte ta%le ,table_name- $odif7 ,col datatype-.

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student $odif7 $a&s nu$%e().

E To de!ease pe!ision the !olu$n should %e e$pt75


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d) MFIN8 COLUMN UNUS'D

S7nta/0

alte ta%le ,table_name- set unused !olu$n ,col -.

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student set unused !olu$n $a&s.

'ven though the !olu$n is unused still it will o!!up7 $e$o75

d) DROAAIN8 UNUS'D COLUMNS

S7nta/0

alte ta%le ,table_name- dop unused !olu$ns.

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student dop unused !olu$ns.

E *ou !an not dop individual unused !olu$ns of a ta%le5

e) R'NMIN8 COLUMN

S7nta/0

alte ta%le ,table_name- ena$e !olu$n ,old_col_name- to ,new_col_name-.

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student ena$e !olu$n $a&s to s$a&s.


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USIN8 TRUNCT'

This !an %e used to delete the entie ta%le data pe$anentl75

S7nta/0

tun!ate ta%le ,table_name-.

'/0

SQL- tun!ate ta%le student.

USIN8 DROA

This will %e used to dop the data%ase o%Je!t.

S7nta/0

Dop ta%le ,table_name-.

'/0

SQL- dop ta%le student.

USIN8 R'NM'

This will %e used to ena$e the data%ase o%Je!t.

S7nta/0

ena$e ,old table_name- to ,new_table_name-.

'/0

SQL- ena$e student to stud.


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USIN8 TCL

USIN8 COMMIT

This will %e used to save the wo&5

Co$$it is of two t7pes5

1 I$pli!it

2 '/pli!it

a) IMALICIT

This will %e issued %7 oa!le intenall7 in two situations5

1 6hen an7 DDL opeation is pefo$ed5

2 6hen 7ou ae e/iting fo$ SQL E ALUS5

%) '+ALICIT

This will %e issued %7 the use5

S7nta/0

Co$$it o !o$$it wo&.

E 6hen eve 7ou !o$$itted then the tansa!tion was !o$pleted5

USIN8 ROLLCF

This will undo the opeation5

This will %e applied in two $ethods5

1 Upto pevious !o$$it

2 Upto pevious oll%a!&

S7nta/0

Roll o oll wo&.

O

Roll%a!& o oll%a!& wo&.


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E 6hile po!ess is going on# if suddenl7 powe goes then oa!le will oll%a!& the tansa!tion5

USIN8 S9'AOINT

*ou !an use savepoints to oll%a!& potions of 7ou !uent set of tansa!tions5

S7nta/0

Savepoint , !avepoint_name-.

'/0

SQL- savepoint s2.

SQL- inset into student values(2# Ka;# 233).

SQL- savepoint s1.

SQL- inset into student values(1# K%;# 133).

SQL- savepoint s4.

SQL- inset into student values(4# K!;# 433).

SQL- savepoint s@.

SQL- inset into student values(@# Kd;# @33).

efoe oll%a!&

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 a 233

1 % 133

4 ! 433

@ d @33

SQL- oll%a!& to savepoint s4.

O

SQL- oll%a!& to s4.

This will oll%a!& last two e!ods5


NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 a 233

1 % 133


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USIN8 DCL

DCL !o$$ands ae used to ganting and evo&ing the pe$issions5

USIN8 8RNT

This is used to gant the pivileges to othe uses5

S7nta/0

8ant , privile"e!- on ,ob#ect_name- to ,u!er_name- with gant option.

'/0

SQL- gant sele!t on student to sudha. "" 7ou !an give individual pivilege

SQL- gant sele!t# inset on student to sudha. "" 7ou !an give set of pivileges

SQL- gant all on student to sudha. "" 7ou !an give all pivileges

The sudha use has to use dot $ethod to a!!ess the o%Je!t5

SQL- sele!t E fo$ sa&eth5student.

The sudha use !an not gant pe$ission on student ta%le to othe uses5 To get this

t7pe of option use the following5

SQL- gant all on student to sudha with gant option.

Now sudha use also gant pe$issions on student ta%le5

USIN8 R'9OF'

This is used to evo&e the pivileges fo$ the uses to whi!h 7ou ganted the pivileges5

S7nta/0

Revo&e , privile"e!- on ,ob#ect_name- fo$ ,u!er_name-.

'/0

SQL- evo&e sele!t on student fo$ sudha. "" 7ou !an evo&e individual pivilege


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SQL- evo&e sele!t# inset on student fo$ sudha. "" 7ou !an evo&e set of pivileges

SQL- evo&e all on student fo$ sudha. "" 7ou !an evo&e all pivileges

USIN8 LIS'S

CR'T' 6IT: S'L'CT

6e !an !eate a ta%le using e/isting ta%le along with data5

S7nta/0

Ceate ta%le ,new_table_name- col1, col2, col3 ... coln as sele!t E fo$

,old_table_name-.

'/0

SQL- !eate ta%le student2 as sele!t E fo$ student.

Ceating ta%le with 7ou own !olu$n na$es5

SQL- !eate ta%le student1(sno# sna$e# s$a&s) as sele!t E fo$ student.

Ceating ta%le with spe!ified !olu$ns5

SQL- !eate ta%le student4 as sele!t no#na$e fo$ student.

Ceating ta%le with out ta%le data5

SQL- !eate ta%le student1(sno# sna$e# s$a&s) as sele!t E fo$ student whee 2 H 1.

In the a%ove whee !lause give an7 !ondition whi!h does not satisf75

INS'RT 6IT: S'L'CT

Using this we !an inset e/isting ta%le data to a anothe ta%le in a single tip5 ut the ta%le stu!tue

should %e sa$e5

S7nta/0 Inset into ,table1- sele!t E fo$ ,table2-.

'/0

SQL- inset into student2 sele!t E fo$ student.

Inseting data into spe!ified !olu$ns


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SQL- inset into student2(no# na$e) sele!t no# na$e fo$ student.

COLUMN LIS'S

S7nta/0

$elect %or"inal_col %alia!_name 'rom %table na$e-.

'/0

SQL- sele!t no sno fo$ student.

o

SQL- sele!t no Psno fo$ student.

TL' LIS'S

If 7ou ae using ta%le aliases 7ou !an use dot $ethod to the !olu$ns5

S7nta/0

Sele!t ,alia!_name-5,col1-# ,alia!_name-5,col2- ,alia!_name-5,coln- fo$

,table_name- ,alia!_name-.

'/0

SQL- sele!t s5no# s5na$e fo$ student s.


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USIN8 M'R8'

M'R8'

*ou !an use $ege !o$$and to pefo$ inset and update in a single !o$$and5

'/0

SQL- Mege into student2 s2

Using (sele!t EBo$ student1) s1

On(s25noHs15no)

6hen $at!hed then

Update set $a&s H s15$a&s

6hen not $at!hed then

Inset (s25no#s25na$e#s25$a&s)

9alues(s15no#s15na$e#s15$a&s).

In the a%ove the two ta%les ae with the sa$e stu!tue %ut we !an $ege diffeent stu!tued ta%les also

%ut the datat7pe of the !olu$ns should $at!h5

ssu$e that student2 has !olu$ns li&e no#na$e#$a&s and student1 has !olu$ns li&e no#

na$e# hno# !it75

SQL- Mege into student2 s2

Using (sele!t EBo$ student1) s1

On(s25noHs15no)

6hen $at!hed then

Update set $a&s H s15hno

6hen not $at!hed then

Inset (s25no#s25na$e#s25$a&s)

9alues(s15no#s15na$e#s15hno).


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MULTIAL' INS'RTS

6e have ta%le !alled D'AT with the following !olu$ns and data

D'ATNO DNM' LOC

"""""""" """""""" """"

23 a!!ounting new 7o&

13 esea!h dallas

43 sales Chi!ago

@3 opeations %oston

a) CR'T' STUD'NT TL'

SQL- Ceate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)#na$e va!ha(1)#$a&s nu$%e(4)).

%) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: LL BI'LDS

SQL- Inset all

Into student values(2#;a;#233)

Into student values(1#;%;#133)

Into student values(4#;!;#433)

Sele!t Efo$ dept whee deptnoH23.

"" This insets 4 ows

!) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: SA'CIBI'D BI'LDS

SQL- inset all

Into student (no#na$e) values(@#;d;)

Intostudent(na$e#$a&s)values(;e;#@33)


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d) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: DUALICT' RO6S

SQL- inset all

Into student values(2#;a;#233)

Into student values(1#;%;#133)


Sele!t Efo$ dept whee deptno - 23.

"" This insets ows %e!ause in the sele!t state$ent etieves 4 e!ods (4 insets fo

ea!h ow etieved)

e) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: CONDITIONS S'D

SQL- Inset all

6hen deptno - 23 then

Into student2 values(2#;a;#233)

6hen dna$e H KSL'S; then

Into student1 values(1#;%;#133)

6hen lo! H KN'6 *ORF; then

Into student4 values(4#;!;#433)

Sele!t Efo$ dept whee deptno-23.

"" This insets @ ows %e!ause the fist !ondition satisfied 4 ti$es# se!ond !ondition

satisfied on!e and the last none5

f) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: CONDITIONS S'D ND 'LS'

SQL- Inset all

6hen deptno - 233 then



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6hen dna$e H KS; then




'lse

Into student values(@#;d;#@33)

Sele!t Efo$ dept whee deptno-23.

"" This insets 4 e!ods %e!ause the else satisfied 4 ti$es

g) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: CONDITIONS S'D ND BIRST

SQL- Inset fist

6hen deptno H 13 then


6hen dna$e H KR'S'RC:; then





"" This insets 2 e!od %e!ause the fist !lause avoid to !he!& the e$aining

!onditions on!e the !ondition is satisfied5

h) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: CONDITIONS S'D# BIRST ND 'LS'

SQL- Inset fist

6hen deptno H 43 then

Into student2 values(2#;a;#233) 6hen dna$e H KR; then




'lse


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Into student values(@#;d;#@33)


"" This insets 2 e!od %e!ause the else !lause satisfied on!e

i) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: MULTIL' TL'S

SQL- Inset all






EE *ou !an use $ulti ta%les with spe!ified fields# with dupli!ate ows# with !onditions#

with fist and else !lauses5


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BUNCTIONS

Bun!tions !an %e !ategoied as follows5

1 Single ow fun!tions

2 8oup fun!tions

SIN8L' RO6 BUNCTIONS

Single ow fun!tions !an %e !ategoied into five5 These will %e applied fo ea!h ow and podu!esindividual output fo ea!h ow5

1 Nu$ei! fun!tions

2 Sting fun!tions

3 Date fun!tions

4 Mis!ellaneous fun!tions

5 Convesion fun!tions

NUM'RIC BUNCTIONS

1 %s

2 Sign

3 St

4 Mod

5 Nvl

6 Aowe 7 '/p

8 Ln

9 Log

10 Ceil

11 Bloo


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12 Round

13 Tun&

14 itand

15 8eatest

16 Least

17 Coales!e

a) S

%solute value is the $easue of the $agnitude of value5

%solute value is alwa7s a positive nu$%e5

S7nta/0 a%s (value)

'/0

SQL- sele!t a%s()# a%s(")# a%s(3)# a%s(null) fo$ dual.

S() S(") S(3) S(NULL)

"""""""""" """""""""" """""""""" """""""""""""

3

%) SI8N

Sign gives the sign of a value5

S7nta/0 sign (value)

'/0

SQL- sele!t sign()# sign(")# sign(3)# sign(null) fo$ dual.

SI8N() SI8N(") SI8N(3) SI8N(NULL)

"""""""""" """""""""" """""""""" """"""""""""""

2 "2 3


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!) SQRT

This will give the suae oot of the given value5

S7nta/0 st (value) "" hee value $ust %e positive5

'/0

SQL- sele!t st(@)# st(3)# st(null)# st(2) fo$ dual.

SQRT(@) SQRT(3) SQRT(NULL) SQRT(2)

"""""""""" """""""""" """"""""""""""" """"""""""

1 3 2

d) MOD

This will give the e$ainde5

S7nta/0 $od (value, divi!or )

'/0

SQL- sele!t $od(V#@)# $od(2#)# $od(null#null)# $od(3#3)# $od("V#@) fo$ dual.

MOD(V#@) MOD(2#) MOD(NULL#NULL) MOD(3#3) MOD("V#@)

"""""""""""" """""""""" """"""""""""""""""""" """"""""""" """""""""""""

4 2 3 "4

e) N9L

This will su%stitutes the spe!ified value in the pla!e of null values5

S7nta/0 nvl (null_col, replacement_value)

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student. "" hee fo 4d ow $a&s value is null


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NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 a 233

1 % 133

4 !

SQL- sele!t no# na$e# nvl($a&s#433) fo$ student.

NO NM' N9L(MRFS#433)

""" """"""" """""""""""""""""""""

2 a 233

1 % 133

4 ! 433

SQL- sele!t nvl(2#1)# nvl(1#4)# nvl(@#4)# nvl(#@) fo$ dual.

N9L(2#1) N9L(1#4) N9L(@#4) N9L(#@)

"""""""""" """""""""" """""""""" """"""""""

2 1 @

SQL- sele!t nvl(3#3)# nvl(2#2)# nvl(null#null)# nvl(@#@) fo$ dual.

N9L(3#3) N9L(2#2) N9L(null#null) N9L(@#@)

"""""""""" """""""""" """"""""""""""""" """"""""""

3 2 @

f) AO6'R

Aowe is the a%ilit7 to aise a value to a given e/ponent5

S7nta/0 powe (value, eponent )

'/0

SQL- sele!t powe(1#)# powe(3#3)# powe(2#2)# powe(null#null)# powe(1#")


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fo$ dual.

AO6'R(1#) AO6'R(3#3) AO6'R(2#2) AO6'R(NULL#NULL) AO6'R(1#")

"""""""""""""" """""""""""""" """"" """"""""" """"""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""

41 2 2 53421

g) '+A

This will aise e value to the give powe5

S7nta/0 e/p (value)

'/0

SQL- sele!t e/p(2)# e/p(1)# e/p(3)# e/p(null)# e/p("1) fo$ dual.

'+A(2) '+A(1) '+A(3) '+A(NULL) '+A("1)

"""""""" """"""""" """""""" """"""""""""" """"""""""

15V2W1W2W4 V54W32 2 524441W4

h) LN

This is %ased on natual o %ase e logaith$5

S7nta/0 ln (value) "" hee value $ust %e geate than eo whi!h is positive onl75

'/0

SQL- sele!t ln(2)# ln(1)# ln(null) fo$ dual.

LN(2) LN(1) LN(NULL)

""""""" """"""" """""""""""" 3 542@V2W2

Ln and '/p ae e!ipo!al to ea!h othe5

'+A (4) H 1353W4

LN (1353W4) H 4


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i) LO8

This is %ased on 23 %ased logaith$5

S7nta/0 log (23# value) "" hee value $ust %e geate than eo whi!h is positive onl75

'/0

SQL- sele!t log(23#233)# log(23#1)# log(23#2)# log(23#null) fo$ dual.

LO8(23#233) LO8(23#1) LO8(23#2) LO8(23#NULL)

""""""""""""""" """"""""""" """""""""""" """""""""""""""""

1 543231 3

LN (value) H LO8 ('+A(2)# value)

SQL- sele!t ln(4)# log(e/p(2)#4) fo$ dual.

LN(4) LO8('+A(2)#4)

""""""" """""""""""""""""

253W211 253W211

J) C'IL

This will podu!e a whole nu$%e that is geate than o eual to the spe!ified value5

S7nta/0 !eil (value)

'/0 SQL- sele!t !eil()# !eil(52)# !eil(")# !eil( "52)# !eil(3)# !eil(null) fo$ dual.

C'IL() C'IL(52) C'IL(") C'IL("52) C'IL(3) C'IL(NULL)

""""""""" """"""""""" """""""""" """""""""""" """""""" """"""""""""""

" " 3


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&) BLOOR

This will podu!e a whole nu$%e that is less than o eual to the spe!ified value5

S7nta/0 floo (value)

'/0

SQL- sele!t floo()# floo(52)# floo(")# floo( "52)# floo(3)# floo(null) fo$

dual.

BLOOR() BLOOR(52) BLOOR(") BLOOR("52) BLOOR(3) BLOOR(NULL)

""""""""""" """"""""""""" """""""""""" """""""""""""" """"""""""" """"""""""""""""

" " 3

l) ROUND

This will ounds nu$%es to a given nu$%e of digits of pe!ision5

S7nta/0 ound (value, preci!ion)

'/0

SQL- sele!t ound(214514@)# ound(214514@#1)# ound(214514@#1) fo$ dual.

ROUND(214514@) ROUND(214514@#3) ROUND(214514@#1) ROUND(214514@#1)

""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""

214 214 214514 21451@

SQL- sele!t ound(214514@#"2)# ound(214514@#"1)# ound(214514@#"4)#

ound(214514@#"@) fo$ dual.

ROUND(214514@#"2) ROUND(214514@#"1) ROUND(214514@#"4) ROUND(214514@#"@)

"""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""

213 233 3 3

SQL- sele!t ound(214#3)# ound(214#2)# ound(214#1) fo$ dual.


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ROUND(214#3) ROUND(214#2) ROUND(214#1)

""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""

214 214 214

SQL- sele!t ound("214#3)# ound("214#2)# ound("214#1) fo$ dual.

ROUND("214#3) ROUND("214#2) ROUND("214#1)

"""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""

"214 "214 "214

SQL- sele!t ound(214#"2)# ound(214#"1)# ound(214#"4)# ound("214#"2)# ound(

"214#"1)# ound("214#"4) fo$ dual.

ROUND(214#"2) ROUND(214#"1) ROUND(214#"4) ROUND("214#"2) ROUND("214#"1)

ROUND("214#"4)

""""""""""""" """"""""""""" """"""""""""" """""""""""""" """""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""

213 233 3 "213 "233 3

SQL- sele!t ound(null#null)# ound(3#3)# ound(2#2)# ound("2#"2)# ound("1#"1)

fo$ dual.

ROUND(NULL#NULL) ROUND(3#3) ROUND(2#2) ROUND("2#"2) ROUND("1#"1)

""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""" """""""""""""" """""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""

3 2 3 3

$) TRUNC

This will tun!ates o !hops off digits of pe!ision fo$ a nu$%e5

S7nta/0 tun! (value, preci!ion)

'/0


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SQL- sele!t tun!(214514@)# tun!(214514@#1)# tun!(214514@#1) fo$ dual.

TRUNC(214514@) TRUNC(214514@#1) TRUNC(214514@#1)

""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""

214 214514 214514

SQL- sele!t tun!(214514@#"2)# tun!(214514@#"1)# tun!(214514@#"4)#

tun!(214514@#"@) fo$ dual.

TRUNC(214514@#"2) TRUNC(214514@#"1) TRUNC(214514@#"4) TRUNC(214514@#"@)

"""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""

213 233 3 3

SQL- sele!t tun!(214#3)# tun!(214#2)# tun!(214#1) fo$ dual.

TRUNC(214#3) TRUNC(214#2) TRUNC(214#1)

"""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""

214 214 214

SQL- sele!t tun!("214#3)# tun!("214#2)# tun!("214#1) fo$ dual.

TRUNC("214#3) TRUNC("214#2) TRUNC("214#1)

""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""

"214 "214 "214

SQL- sele!t tun!(214#"2)# tun!(214#"1)# tun!(214#"4)# tun!("214#"2)# tun!(

"214#1)# tun!("214#"4) fo$ dual.

TRUNC(214#"2) TRUNC(214#"1) TRUNC(214#"4) TRUNC("214#"2) TRUNC("214#1) TRUNC("

214#"4)

""""""""""""" """"""""""""" """"""""""""" """""""""""""" """"""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

213 233 3 "213 "214 3


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SQL- sele!t tun!(null#null)# tun!(3#3)# tun!(2#2)# tun!("2#"2)# tun!("1#"1) fo$

dual.

TRUNC(NULL#NULL) TRUNC(3#3) TRUNC(2#2) TRUNC("2#"2) TRUNC("1#"1)

""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""" """"""""""""" """"""""""""""" """"""""""""""""

3 2 3 3

n) ITND

This will pefo$ %itwise and opeation5

S7nta/0 %itand (value1, value2)

'/0

SQL- sele!t %itand(1#4)# %itand(3#3)# %itand(2#2)# %itand(null#null)# %itand("1#"4)

fo$ dual.

ITND(1#4) ITND(3#3) ITND(2#2) ITND(NULL#NULL) ITND("1#"4)

"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""" """""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""

1 3 2 "@

o) 8R'T'ST

This will give the geatest nu$%e5

S7nta/0 geatest (value1, value2, value3 … valuen)

'/0

SQL- sele!t geatest(2# 1# 4)# geatest("2# "1# "4) fo$ dual.

8R'T'ST(2#1#4) 8R'T'ST("2#"1#"4)

"""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""

4 "2


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1 If all the values ae eos then it will displa7 eo5

2 If all the paa$etes ae nulls then it will displa7 nothing5

3 If an7 of the paa$etes is null it will displa7 nothing5

p) L'ST

This will give the least nu$%e5

S7nta/0 least (value1, value2, value3 … valuen)

'/0

SQL- sele!t least(2# 1# 4)# least("2# "1# "4) fo$ dual.

L'ST(2#1#4) L'ST("2#"1#"4)

"""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""

2 "4

4 If all the values ae eos then it will displa7 eo5



) COL'SC'

This will etun fist non"null value5

S7nta/0 !oales!e (value1, value2, value3 … valuen)

'/0

SQL- sele!t !oales!e(2#1#4)# !oales!e(null#1#null#) fo$ dual.

COL'SC'(2#1#4) COL'SC'(NULL#1#NULL#)

""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

2 1

STRIN8 BUNCTIONS


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18 Init!ap

19 Uppe

20 Lowe

21 Length

22 Rpad

23 Lpad

24 Lti$

25 Rti$

26 Ti$

27 Tanslate

28 Repla!e

29 Sounde/

30 Con!at ( K XX K Con!atenation opeato)

31 s!ii

32 Ch

33 Su%st

34 Inst

35 De!ode

36 8eatest

37 Least

38 Coales!e

a) INITCA

This will !apitalie the initial lette of the sting5

S7nta/0 init!ap ( !trin" )

'/0

SQL- sele!t init!ap(=!o$pute=) fo$ dual.

INITCA


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"""""""""""

Co$pute

%) UAA'R

This will !onvet the sting into uppe!ase5

S7nta/0 uppe ( !trin" )

'/0

SQL- sele!t uppe(=!o$pute=) fo$ dual.

UAA'R

"""""""""""

COMAUT'R

!) LO6'R

This will !onvet the sting into lowe!ase5

S7nta/0 lowe ( !trin" )

'/0

SQL- sele!t lowe(=COMAUT'R=) fo$ dual.

LO6'R

"""""""""""

!o$pute

d) L'N8T:

This will give length of the sting5


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S7nta/0 length ( !trin" )

'/0

SQL- sele!t length(=!o$pute=) fo$ dual.

L'N8T:

"""""""""""

W

e) RAD

This will allows 7ou to pad the ight side of a !olu$n with an7 set of !haa!tes5

S7nta/0 pad ( !trin", len"t *, paddin"_car+)

'/0

SQL- sele!t pad(=!o$pute=#2#=E=)# pad(=!o$pute=#2#=EY=) fo$ dual.

RAD(=COMAUT'R= RAD(=COMAUT'R=

"""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""

!o$puteEEEEEEE !o$puteEYEYEYE

"" Default padding !haa!te was %lan& spa!e5

f) LAD

This will allows 7ou to pad the left side of a !olu$n with an7 set of !haa!tes5

S7nta/0 lpad ( !trin", len"t *, paddin"_car+)

'/0

SQL- sele!t lpad(=!o$pute=#2#=E=)# lpad(=!o$pute=#2#=EY=) fo$ dual.

LAD(=COMAUT'R= LAD(=COMAUT'R=

""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""


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EEEEEEE!o$pute EYEYEYE!o$pute

"" Default padding !haa!te was %lan& spa!e5

g) LTRIM

This will ti$ off unwanted !haa!tes fo$ the left end of sting5

S7nta/0 lti$ ( !trin" *,unwanted_car!+)

'/0

SQL- sele!t lti$(=!o$pute=#=!o=)# lti$(=!o$pute=#=!o$=) fo$ dual.

LTRIM( LTRIM

"""""""" """""""""

$pute pute

SQL- sele!t lti$(=!o$pute=#=pute=)# lti$(=!o$pute=#=o$pute=) fo$ dual.

LTRIM(=C LTRIM(=C

"""""""""" """"""""""

!o$pute !o$pute

"" If 7ou haven;t spe!if7 an7 unwanted !haa!tes it will displa7 entie sting5

h) RTRIM

This will ti$ off unwanted !haa!tes fo$ the ight end of sting5

S7nta/0 ti$ ( !trin", * unwanted_car!+)

'/0

SQL- sele!t ti$(=!o$pute=#=e=)# ti$(=!o$pute=#=te=) fo$ dual.

RTRIM( RTRIM

"""""""" """""""""


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!o$put !o$pu

SQL- sele!t ti$(=!o$pute=#=!o$put;)# ti$(=!o$pute=#=!o$pute=) fo$ dual.

RTRIM(=C RTRIM(=C

"""""""""" """"""""""

!o$pute !o$pute

"" If 7ou haven;t spe!if7 an7 unwanted !haa!tes it will displa7 entie sting5

i) TRIM

This will ti$ off unwanted !haa!tes fo$ the %oth sides of sting5

S7nta/0 ti$ (unwanted_car! fo$ !trin" )

'/0

SQL- sele!t ti$( =i= fo$ =indiani=) fo$ dual.

TRIM(

"""""

ndian

SQL- sele!t ti$( leading=i= fo$ =indiani=) fo$ dual. "" this will wo& as LTRIM

TRIM(L

""""""

ndiani

SQL- sele!t ti$( tailing=i= fo$ =indiani=) fo$ dual. "" this will wo& as RTRIM

TRIM(T

""""""

Indian


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J) TRNSLT'

This will epla!e the set of !haa!tes# !haa!te %7 !haa!te5

S7nta/0 tanslate ( !trin", old_car!, new_car!)

'/0

SQL- sele!t tanslate(=india=#=in=#=/7=) fo$ dual.

TRNS

""""""""

/7d/a

&) R'ALC'

This will epla!e the set of !haa!tes# sting %7 sting5

S7nta/0 epla!e ( !trin", old_car! *, new_car!+)

'/0

SQL- sele!t epla!e(=india=#=in=#=/7=)# epla!e(Kindia;#;in;) fo$ dual.

R'ALC' R'ALC'

""""""""""" """""""""""

+7dia dia

l) SOUND'+

This will %e used to find wods that sound li&e othe wods# e/!lusivel7 used in whee

!lause5

S7nta/0 sounde/ ( !trin" )

'/0


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SQL- sele!t E fo$ e$p whee sounde/(ena$e) H sounde/(=SMIT=).

'MANO 'NM' >O M8R :IR'DT' SL D'ATNO

"""""""" """""""" """"" """"" """""""""""" """"""""" """"""""""

V4 SMIT: CL'RF V31 2V"D'C"W3 33 13

$) CONCT

This will %e used to !o$%ine two stings onl75

S7nta/0 !on!at ( !trin"1, !trin"2)

'/0

SQL- sele!t !on!at(=!o$pute=#= opeato=) fo$ dual.

CONCT(=COMAUT'R=

"""""""""""""""""""""""""

!o$pute opeato

If 7ou want to !o$%ine $oe than two stings 7ou have to use !on!atenation

opeato(XX)5

SQL- sele!t =how= XX = ae= XX = 7ou= fo$ dual.

=:O6=XX=R'

"""""""""""""""

how ae 7ou

n) SCII

This will etun the de!i$al epesentation in the data%ase !haa!te set of the fist

!haa!te of the sting5

S7nta/0 as!ii ( !trin" )


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'/0

SQL- sele!t as!ii(=a=)# as!ii(=apple=) fo$ dual.

SCII(==) SCII(=AAL'=)

"""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""

V V

o) C:R

This will etun the !haa!te having the %ina7 euivalent to the sting in eithe the

data%ase !haa!te set o the national !haa!te set5

S7nta/0 !h (number )

'/0

SQL- sele!t !h(V) fo$ dual.

C:R

"""""

a

p) SUSTR

This will %e used to e/ta!t su%stings5

S7nta/0 su%st ( !trin", !tart_cr_count *, no_o'_car!+)

'/0SQL- sele!t su%st(=!o$pute=#1)# su%st(=!o$pute=#1#)# su%st(=!o$pute=#4#V)

fo$ dual.

SUSTR( SUST SUSTR


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"""""""""" """"""" """"""""o$pute o$put $pute

1 If no_o'_car! paa$ete is negative then it will displa7 nothing5

2 If %oth paa$etes e/!ept !trin" ae null o eos then it will displa7 nothing5

3 If no_o'_car! paa$ete is geate than the length of the sting then it ignoes and

!al!ulates %ased on the oginal sting length5

4 If !tart_cr_count is negative then it will e/ta!t the su%sting fo$ ight end5

2 1 4 @ V W

C O M A U T ' R

"W "V " " "@ "4 "1 "2

) INSTR

This will allows 7ou fo sea!hing though a sting fo set of !haa!tes5

S7nta/0 inst ( !trin", !earc_!tr *, !tart_cr_count *, occurrence+ +)

'/0

SQL- sele!t inst(=info$ation=#=o=#@#2)# inst(=info$ation=#=o=#@#1) fo$ dual.

INSTR(=INBORMTION=#=O=#@#2) INSTR(=INBORMTION=#=O=#@#1)

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

@ 23

1 If 7ou ae not spe!if7ing !tart_cr_count and occurrence then it will stat

sea!h fo$ the %eginning and finds fist o!!uen!e onl75

2 If %oth paa$etes !tart_cr_count and occurrence ae null# it will displa7

nothing5

) D'COD'

De!ode will a!t as value %7 value su%stitution5


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Bo eve7 value of field# it will !he!&s fo a $at!h in a seies of if?then tests5

S7nta/0 de!ode (value, i'1, ten1, i'2, ten2, ……. el!e).

'/0

SQL- sele!t sal# de!ode(sal#33#=Low=#333#=:igh=#=Mediu$=) fo$ e$p.

SL D'COD'

""""" """""""""

33 Low

133 Mediu$

1333 Mediu$

433 Mediu$

4333 Mediu$

333 :igh

@333 Mediu$

333 :igh

2W33 Mediu$

2133 Mediu$

1333 Mediu$

1V33 Mediu$

1133 Mediu$

4133 Mediu$

SQL- sele!t de!ode(2#2#4)# de!ode(2#1#4#@#@#) fo$ dual.

D'COD'(2#2#4) D'COD'(2#1#4#@#@#)""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" 4

1 If the nu$%e of paa$etes ae odd and diffeent then de!ode will displa7

nothing5

2 If the nu$%e of paa$etes ae even and diffeent then de!ode will displa7 last

value5

3 If all the paa$etes ae null then de!ode will displa7 nothing5


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4 If all the paa$etes ae eos then de!ode will displa7 eo5

s) 8R'T'ST

This will give the geatest sting5

S7nta/0 geatest ( !trn"1, !trin"2, !trin"3 … !trin"n)

'/0

SQL- sele!t geatest(=a=# =%=# =!=)# geatest(=satish=#=sinu=#=sa&eth=) fo$ dual.

8R'T 8R'T""""""" """""""

! sinu



t) L'ST

This will give the least sting5

S7nta/0 geatest ( !trn"1, !trin"2, !trin"3 … !trin"n)

'/0

SQL- sele!t least(=a=# =%=# =!=)# least(=satish=#=sinu=#=sa&eth=) fo$ dual.

L'ST L'ST

""""""" """""""

a sa&eth



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u) COL'SC'

This will gives the fist non"null sting5

S7nta/0 !oales!e ( !trn"1, !trin"2, !trin"3 … !trin"n)

'/0

SQL- sele!t !oales!e(=a=#=%=#=!=)# !oales!e(null#=a=#null#=%=) fo$ dual.

COL'SC' COL'SC'

""""""""""" """""""""""

a a

DT' BUNCTIONS

39 S7sdate

40 Cuentdate

41 Cuentti$esta$p

42 S7sti$esta$p

43 Lo!alti$esta$p

44 D%ti$eone

45 Sessionti$eone

46 To!ha

47 Todate

48 dd$onths

49 Months%etween

50 Ne/tda7

51 Lastda7

52 '/ta!t

53 8eatest


52/326

54 Least

55 Round

56 Tun!

57 Newti$e

58 Coales!e

Oa!le default date fo$at is DD"MON"**5

6e !an !hange the default fo$at to ou desied fo$at %7 using the following !o$$and5

SQL- alte session set nlsdatefo$at H KDD"MONT:"****;.

ut this will e/pie on!e the session was !losed5

a) S*SDT'

This will give the !uent date and ti$e5

'/0

SQL- sele!t s7sdate fo$ dual.

S*SDT'

"""""""""""

1@"D'C"3

%) CURR'NTDT'

This will etuns the !uent date in the session;s ti$eone5

'/0

SQL- sele!t !uentdate fo$ dual.

CURR'NTDT'

""""""""""""""""""

1@"D'C"3

!) CURR'NTTIM'STMA


53/326

This will etuns the !uent ti$esta$p with the a!tive ti$e one info$ation5

'/0

SQL- sele!t !uentti$esta$p fo$ dual.

CURR'NTTIM'STMA

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@"D'C"3 345@15@254W44 M G3043

d) S*STIM'STMA

This will etuns the s7ste$ date# in!luding fa!tional se!onds and ti$e one of the

data%ase5

'/0

SQL- sele!t s7sti$esta$p fo$ dual.

S*STIM'STMA

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@"D'C"3 345@5425W433 M G3043

e) LOCLTIM'STMA

This will etuns lo!al ti$esta$p in the a!tive ti$e one info$ation# with no ti$e

one info$ation shown5

'/0

SQL- sele!t lo!alti$esta$p fo$ dual.

LOCLTIM'STMA"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1@"D'C"3 345@@52W531WV@ M

f) DTIM'ZON'


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This will etuns the !uent data%ase ti$e one in UTC fo$at5 (Coodinated Univesal

Ti$e)

'/0

SQL- sele!t d%ti$eone fo$ dual.

DTIM'ZON'""""""""""""""" "3V033

g) S'SSIONTIM'ZON'

This will etuns the value of the !uent session;s ti$e one5

'/0

SQL- sele!t sessionti$eone fo$ dual.

S'SSIONTIM'ZON'

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

G3043

h) TOC:R

This will %e used to e/ta!t vaious date fo$ats5

The availa%le date fo$ats as follows5

S7nta/0 to!ha (date# 'ormat )

DT' BORMTS

D "" No of da7s in wee&

DD "" No of da7s in $onth

DDD "" No of da7s in 7ea

MM "" No of $onth


55/326

MON "" Thee lette a%%eviation of $onth

MONT: "" Bull7 spelled out $onth

RM "" Ro$an nu$eal $onth

D* "" Thee lette a%%eviated da7

D* "" Bull7 spelled out da7

* "" Last one digit of the 7ea

** "" Last two digits of the 7ea

*** "" Last thee digits of the 7ea

**** "" Bull fou digit 7ea

S**** "" Signed 7ea

I "" One digit 7ea fo$ ISO standad

I* "" Two digit 7ea fo$ ISO standad

I** "" Thee digit 7ea fo$ ISO standad

I*** "" Bou digit 7ea fo$ ISO standad

*# *** "" *ea with !o$$a

*'R "" Bull7 spelled out 7ea

CC "" Centu7

Q "" No of uates

6 "" No of wee&s in $onth

66 "" No of wee&s in 7ea

I6 "" No of wee&s in 7ea fo$ ISO standad

:: "" :ous

MI "" Minutes

SS "" Se!onds

BB "" Ba!tional se!onds

M o AM "" Displa7s M o AM depending upon ti$e of da7

5M o A5M "" Displa7s 5M o A5M depending upon ti$e of da7

D o C "" Displa7s D o C depending upon the date

5D o 5C "" Displa7s D o C depending upon the dateBM "" Aefi/ to $onth o da7# suppesses padding of $onth o da7

T: "" Suffi/ to a nu$%e

SA "" suffi/ to a nu$%e to %e spelled out

SAT: "" Suffi/ !o$%ination of T: and SA to %e %oth spelled out

T:SA "" sa$e as SAT:


56/326

'/0

SQL- sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=dd $onth 7777 hh0$i0ss a$ d7=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(S*SDT'#=DD MONT: ****::0MI

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de!e$%e 133 31034014 p$ sun

SQL- sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=dd $onth 7ea=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(S*SDT'#=DDMONT:*'R=)

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de!e$%e two thousand si/

SQL- sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=dd f$$onth 7ea=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(S*SDT'#=DD BMMONT: *'R=)

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de!e$%e two thousand si/

SQL- sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=ddth DDT:=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(S

""""""""""""

1@th 1@T:

SQL- sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=ddspth DDSAT:=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(S*SDT'#=DDSAT:DDSAT:

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

twent7"fouth T6'NT*"BOURT:

SQL- sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=ddsp Ddsp DDSA =) fo$ dual.


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TOC:R(S*SDT'#=DDSADDSADDSA=)

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

twent7"fou Twent7"Bou T6'NT*"BOUR

i) TODT'

This will %e used to !onvet the sting into data fo$at5

S7nta/0 todate (date)

'/0

SQL- sele!t to!ha(todate(=1@?de!?133=#=dd?$on?7777=)# =dd E $onth E da7=)

fo$ dual.

TOC:R(TODT'(=1@?D'C?13

""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ E de!e$%e E Sunda7

"" If 7ou ae not using to!ha oa!le will displa7 output in default date fo$at5

J) DDMONT:S

This will add the spe!ified $onths to the given date5

S7nta/0 add$onths (date, no_o'_mont!)

'/0

SQL- sele!t add$onths(todate(=22"Jan"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)# ) fo$ dual.

DDMONT:S

""""""""""""""""

22">UN"3


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SQL- sele!t add$onths(todate(=22"Jan"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)# ") fo$ dual.

DDMONT:

"""""""""""""""

22"U8"W

1 If no_o'_mont! is eo then it will displa7 the sa$e date5

2 If no_o'_mont! is null then it will displa7 nothing5

&) MONT:S'T6''N

This will give diffeen!e of $onths %etween two dates5

S7nta/0 $onths%etween (date1, date2)

'/0

SQL- sele!t $onths%etween(todate(=22"aug"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)# todate(=22"

Jan"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)) fo$ dual.

MONT:S'T6''N(TODT'(=22"U8"23=#=DD"MON"****=)#TODT'(=22">N"

23=#=DD"MON"****=))

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

V

SQL- sele!t $onths%etween(todate(=22"Jan"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)# todate(=22"

aug"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)) fo$ dual.

MONT:S'T6''N(TODT'(=22">N"23=#=DD"MON"****=)#TODT'(=22"U8"

23=#=DD"MON"****=))

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"V

l) N'+TD*


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This will podu!e ne/t da7 of the given da7 fo$ the spe!ified date5

S7nta/0 ne/tda7 (date, day)

'/0

SQL- sele!t ne/tda7(todate(=1@"de!"133=#=dd"$on"7777=)#=sun=) fo$ dual.

N'+TD*(

"""""""""""""

42"D'C"3

"" If the da7 paa$ete is null then it will displa7 nothing5

$) LSTD*

This will podu!e last da7 of the given date5

S7nta/0 lastda7 (date)

'/0

SQL- sele!t lastda7(todate(=1@"de!"133=#=dd"$on"7777=)#=sun=) fo$ dual.

LSTD*(

"""""""""""""

42"D'C"3

n) '+TRCT

This is used to e/ta!t a potion of the date value5

S7nta/0 e/ta!t ((7ea X $onth X da7 X hou X $inute X se!ond)# date)

'/0

SQL- sele!t e/ta!t(7ea fo$ s7sdate) fo$ dual.


60/326

'+TRCT(*'RBROMS*SDT')

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

133

"" *ou !an e/ta!t onl7 one value at a ti$e5

o) 8R'T'ST

This will give the geatest date5

S7nta/0 geatest (date1, date2, date3 … daten)

'/0

SQL- sele!t geatest(todate(=22"Jan"3=#=dd"$on"77=)#todate(=22"$a"3=#=dd"

$on"77=)#todate(=22"ap"3=#=dd"$on"77=)) fo$ dual.

8R'T'ST(

"""""""""""""

22"AR"3

p) L'ST

This will give the least date5

S7nta/0 least (date1, date2, date3 … daten)

'/0

SQL- sele!t least(todate(=22"Jan"3=#=dd"$on"77=)#todate(=22"$a"3=#=dd"$on"

77=)#todate(=22"ap"3=#=dd"$on"77=)) fo$ dual.

L'ST(

"""""""""""""

22">N"3

) ROUND


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Round will ounds the date to whi!h it was eual to o geate than the given date5

S7nta/0 ound (date, ( da7 X $onth X 7ea ))

If the se!ond paa$ete was year then ound will !he!&s the $onth of the given date in

the following anges5

>N "" >UN

>UL "" D'C

If the $onth falls %etween >N and >UN then it etuns the fist da7 of the !uent 7ea5

If the $onth falls %etween >UL and D'C then it etuns the fist da7 of the ne/t 7ea5

If the se!ond paa$ete was mont then ound will !he!&s the da7 of the given date in

the following anges5

2 "" 2

2 "" 42

If the da7 falls %etween 2 and 2 then it etuns the fist da7 of the !uent $onth5

If the da7 falls %etween 2 and 42 then it etuns the fist da7 of the ne/t $onth5

If the se!ond paa$ete was day then ound will !he!&s the wee& da7 of the given date

in the following anges5

SUN "" 6'D

T:U "" SUN

If the wee& da7 falls %etween SUN and 6'D then it etuns the pevious sunda75

If the wee&da7 falls %etween T:U and SUN then it etuns the ne/t sunda75

1 If the se!ond paa$ete was null then it etuns nothing5

2 If the 7ou ae not spe!if7ing the se!ond paa$ete then ound will esets the ti$e to the %egining

of the !uent da7 in !ase of use spe!ified date5


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3 If the 7ou ae not spe!if7ing the se!ond paa$ete then ound will esets the ti$e to the %egining

of the ne/t da7 in !ase of s7sdate5

'/0

SQL- sele!t ound(todate(=1@"de!"3@=#=dd"$on"77=)#=7ea=)# ound(todate(=22"$a"

3=#=dd"$on"77=)#=7ea=) fo$ dual.

ROUND(TO ROUND(TO

"""""""""""" """""""""""""""

32">N"3 32">N"3

SQL- sele!t ound(todate(=22"Jan"3@=#=dd"$on"77=)#=$onth=)# ound(todate(=2W"

Jan"3@=#=dd"$on"77=)#=$onth=) fo$ dual.

ROUND(TO ROUND(TO

""""""""""""" """""""""""""""

32">N"3@ 32"B'"3@

SQL- sele!t ound(todate(=1"de!"3=#=dd"$on"77=)#=da7=)# ound(todate(=1"de!"

3=#=dd"$on"77=)#=da7=) fo$ dual.

ROUND(TO ROUND(TO

"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""

1@"D'C"3 42"D'C"3

SQL- sele!t to!ha(ound(todate(=1@"de!"3=#=dd"$on"77=))# =dd $on 7777

hh0$i0ss a$=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(ROUND(TODT'(=

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de! 133 21033033 a$

) TRUNC

Tun! will !hops off the date to whi!h it was eual to o less than the given date5


63/326

S7nta/0 tun! (date, ( da7 X $onth X 7ea ))

1 If the se!ond paa$ete was year then it alwa7s etuns the fist da7 of the !uent 7ea5

2 If the se!ond paa$ete was mont then it alwa7s etuns the fist da7 of the !uent $onth5

3 If the se!ond paa$ete was day then it alwa7s etuns the pevious sunda75

4 If the se!ond paa$ete was null then it etuns nothing5

5 If the 7ou ae not spe!if7ing the se!ond paa$ete then tun& will esets the ti$e to the %egining

of the !uent da75

'/0

SQL- sele!t tun!(todate(=1@"de!"3@=#=dd"$on"77=)#=7ea=)# tun!(todate(=22"$a"

3=#=dd"$on"77=)#=7ea=) fo$ dual.

TRUNC(TO TRUNC(TO

""""""""""""" """"""""""""""

32">N"3@ 32">N"3

SQL- sele!t tun!(todate(=22"Jan"3@=#=dd"$on"77=)#=$onth=)# tun!(todate(=2W"Jan"

3@=#=dd"$on"77=)#=$onth=) fo$ dual.

TRUNC(TO TRUNC(TO

""""""""""""" """""""""""""

32">N"3@ 32">N"3@

SQL- sele!t tun!(todate(=1"de!"3=#=dd"$on"77=)#=da7=)# tun!(todate(=1"de!"

3=#=dd"$on"77=)#=da7=) fo$ dual.

TRUNC(TO TRUNC(TO

""""""""""""" """"""""""""""

1@"D'C"3 1@"D'C"3

SQL- sele!t to!ha(tun!(todate(=1@"de!"3=#=dd"$on"77=))# =dd $on 7777 hh0$i0ss

a$=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(TRUNC(TODT'(=


64/326

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de! 133 21033033 a$

s) N'6TIM'

This will give the desied ti$eone;s date and ti$e5

S7nta/0 newti$e (date, current_timeone, de!ired_timeone)

vaila%le ti$eones ae as follows5

TIM'ZON'S

ST?DT "" tlanti! standad?da7 light ti$e

ST?DT "" eing standad?da7 light ti$e

CST?CDT "" Cental standad?da7 light ti$e

'ST?'DT "" 'asten standad?da7 light ti$e

8MT "" 8eenwi!h $ean ti$e

:ST?:DT "" las&a":awaii standad?da7 light ti$e

MST?MDT "" Mountain standad?da7 light ti$e

NST "" Newfoundland standad ti$e

AST?ADT "" Aa!ifi! standad?da7 light ti$e

*ST?*DT "" *u&on standad?da7 light ti$e

'/0

SQL- sele!t to!ha(newti$e(s7sdate#=g$t=#=7st=)#=dd $on 7777 hh0$i0ss a$=) fo$

dual.

TOC:R(N'6TIM'(S*SDT

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de! 133 3102013 p$

SQL- sele!t to!ha(newti$e(s7sdate#=g$t=#=est=)#=dd $on 7777 hh0$i0ss a$=) fo$

dual.


65/326

TOC:R(N'6TIM'(S*SDT

"""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de! 133 30201 p$

t) COL'SC'

This will give the fist non"null date5

S7nta/0 !oales!e (date1, date2, date3 … daten)

'/0

SQL- sele!t !oales!e(=21"Jan"3=#=24"Jan"=)# !oales!e(null#=21"Jan"3=#=14"$a"

W=#null) fo$ dual.

COL'SC'( COL'SC'(

""""""""""""" """"""""""""

21"Jan"3 21"Jan"3

MISC'LLN'OUS BUNCTIONS

59 Uid

60 Use

61 9sie

62 Ran&

63 Densean&

a) UID

This will etuns the intege value !oesponding to the use !uentl7 logged in5

'/0

SQL- sele!t uid fo$ dual.


66/326

UID

""""""""""

42

%) US'R

This will etuns the login;s use na$e5

'/0

SQL- sele!t use fo$ dual.

US'R

""""""""""""""""

SF'T:

!) 9SIZ'

This will etuns the nu$%e of %7tes in the e/pession5

'/0

SQL- sele!t vsie(214)# vsie(=!o$pute=)# vsie(=21"Jan"3=) fo$ dual.

9SIZ'(214) 9SIZ'(=COMAUT'R=) 9SIZ'(=21">N"3=)

""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""

4 W

d) RNF

This will give the non"seuential an&ing5

'/0

SQL- sele!t ownu$#sal fo$ (sele!t sal fo$ e$p ode %7 sal des!).

RO6NUM SL

"""""""""" """"""""""

2 333


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1 4333

4 4333

@ 1V

1W3

1@3

V 233

W 233

2433

23 213

22 213

21 2233

24 2333

2@ 3

2 W33

SQL- sele!t an&(1V) within goup(ode %7 sal des!) fo$ e$p.

RNF(1V)6IT:IN8ROUA(ORD'R*SLD'SC)

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

@

d) D'NS'RNF

This will give the seuential an&ing5

'/0

SQL- sele!t densean&(1V) within goup(ode %7 sal des!) fo$ e$p.

D'NS'RNF(1V)6IT:IN8ROUA(ORD'R*SLD'SC)"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

4

CON9'RSION BUNCTIONS


68/326

64 intonu$

65 Chatoowid

66 Rowidto!ha

67 Tonu$%e

68 To!ha

69 Todate

a) INTONUM

This will !onvet the %ina7 value to its nu$ei!al euivalent5

S7nta/0 %intonu$( binary_bit!)

'/0

SQL- sele!t %intonu$(2#2#3) fo$ dual.

INTONUM(2#2#3)

""""""""""""""""""""""""

1 If all the %its ae eo then it podu!es eo5

2 If all the %its ae null then it podu!es an eo5

%) C:RTORO6ID

This will !onvet a !haa!te sting to a!t li&e an intenal oa!le ow identifie o owid5

!) RO6IDTOC:R

This will !onvet an intenal oa!le ow identifie o owid to !haa!te sting5

d) TONUM'R


69/326

This will !onvet a !ha o va!ha to nu$%e5

e) TOC:R

This will !onvet a nu$%e o date to !haa!te sting5

f) TODT'

This will !onvet a nu$%e# !ha o va!ha to a date5

8ROUA BUNCTIONS

70 Su$

71 vg

72 Ma/

73 Min

74 Count

8oup fun!tions will %e applied on all the ows %ut podu!es single output5

a) SUM

This will give the su$ of the values of the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0 su$ (column)

'/0

SQL- sele!t su$(sal) fo$ e$p.

SUM(SL)

""""""""""

4W33


70/326

%) 98

This will give the aveage of the values of the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0 avg (column)

'/0

SQL- sele!t avg(sal) fo$ e$p.

98(SL)

"""""""""""""""

1VV52@1W

!) M+

This will give the $a/i$u$ of the values of the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0 $a/ (column)

'/0

SQL- sele!t $a/(sal) fo$ e$p.

M+(SL)

""""""""""

333

d) MIN

This will give the $ini$u$ of the values of the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0 $in (column)

'/0

SQL- sele!t $in(sal) fo$ e$p.


71/326

MIN(SL)

""""""""""

33

e) COUNT

This will give the !ount of the values of the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0 !ount (column)

'/0

SQL- sele!t !ount(sal)#!ount(E) fo$ e$p.

COUNT(SL) COUNT(E)

"""""""""""""" """"""""""""

2@ 2@


72/326

CONSTRINTS

Constaints ae !ategoied as follows5

Do$ain integit7 !onstaints

1 Not null

2 Che!&

'ntit7 integit7 !onstaints

1 Uniue

2 Ai$a7 &e7

Refeential integit7 !onstaints

1 Boeign &e7

Constaints ae alwa7s atta!hed to a !olu$n not a ta%le5

6e !an add !onstaints in thee wa7s5

2 Colu$n level "" along with the !olu$n definition

3 Ta%le level "" afte the ta%le definition

4 lte level "" using alte !o$$and

6hile adding !onstaints 7ou need not spe!if7 the na$e %ut the t7pe onl7# oa!le will intenall7 na$e the

!onstaint5

If 7ou want to give a na$e to the !onstaint# 7ou have to use the !onstaint !lause5

NOT NULL

This is used to avoid null values5

6e !an add this !onstaint in !olu$n level onl75

'/0

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) not null# na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s


73/326

nu$%e(4)).

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) !onstaint nn not null# na$e va!ha(23)#

$a&s nu$%e(4)).

C:'CF

This is used to inset the values %ased on spe!ified !ondition5

6e !an add this !onstaint in all thee levels5

'/0

COLUMN L'9'L

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) # na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s nu$%e(4) !he!&

($a&s - 433)).

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) # na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s nu$%e(4)

!onstaint !h !he!&($a&s - 433)).

TL' L'9'L

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) # na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s nu$%e(4)# !he!&

($a&s - 433)).

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) # na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s nu$%e(4)#

!onstaint !h !he!&($a&s - 433)).

LT'R L'9'L

SQL- alte ta%le student add !he!&($a&s-433).

SQL- alte ta%le student add !onstaint !h !he!&($a&s-433).

UNIQU'

This is used to avoid dupli!ates %ut it allow nulls5

6e !an add this !onstaint in all thee levels5


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'/0

COLUMN L'9'L

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) uniue# na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s

nu$%e(4)).

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) !onstaint un uniue# na$e va!ha(23)#

$a&s nu$%e(4)).

TL' L'9'L


uniue(no)).


!onstaint un uniue(no)).

LT'R L'9'L

SQL- alte ta%le student add uniue(no).

SQL- alte ta%le student add !onstaint un uniue(no).

ARIMR* F'*

1 This is used to avoid dupli!ates and nulls5 This will wo& as !o$%ination of uniue and not null5

2 Ai$a7 &e7 alwa7s atta!hed to the paent ta%le5

3 6e !an add this !onstaint in all thee levels5

'/0

COLUMN L'9'L


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SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) pi$a7 &e7# na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s

nu$%e(4)).

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) !onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7# na$e va!ha(23)#

$a&s nu$%e(4)).

TL' L'9'L


pi$a7 &e7(no)).


!onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(no)).

LT'R L'9'L

SQL- alte ta%le student add pi$a7 &e7(no).

SQL- alte ta%le student add !onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(no).

BOR'I8N F'*

1 This is used to efeen!e the paent ta%le pi$a7 &e7 !olu$n whi!h allows dupli!ates5

2 Boeign &e7 alwa7s atta!hed to the !hild ta%le5

3 6e !an add this !onstaint in ta%le and alte levels onl75

'/0

TL' L'9'L

SQL- !eate ta%le e$p(e$pno nu$%e(1)# ena$e va!ha(23)# deptno nu$%e(1)#

pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es dept(deptno)).


!onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# !onstaint f& foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es

dept(deptno)).


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LT'R L'9'L

SQL- alte ta%le e$p add foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es dept(deptno).

SQL- alte ta%le e$p add !onstaint f& foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es dept(deptno).

On!e the pi$a7 &e7 and foeign &e7 elationship has %een !eated then 7ou !an not e$ove an7 paent

e!od if the dependent !hilds e/ists5

USIN8 ON D'LT' CSCD'

7 using this !lause 7ou !an e$ove the paent e!od even it !hilds e/ists5

e!ause when eve 7ou e$ove paent e!od oa!le auto$ati!all7 e$oves all its dependent e!ods fo$

!hild ta%le# if this !lause is pesent while !eating foeign &e7 !onstaint5

'/0

TL' L'9'L


pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es dept(deptno) on delete

!as!ade).


!onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# !onstaint f& foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es

dept(deptno) on delete !as!ade).

LT'R L'9'L

SQL- alte ta%le e$p add foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es dept(deptno) on delete

!as!ade.

SQL- alte ta%le e$p add !onstaint f& foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es dept(deptno) on

delete !as!ade.

COMAOSIT' F'*S


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!o$posite &e7 !an %e defined on a !o$%ination of !olu$ns5

6e !an define !o$posite &e7s on entit7 integit7 and efeential integit7 !onstaints5

Co$posite &e7 !an %e defined in ta%le and alte levels onl75

'/0

UNIQU' (TL' L'9'L)


uniue(no#na$e)).


!onstaint un uniue(no#na$e)).

UNIQU' (LT'R L'9'L)

SQL- alte ta%le student add uniue(no#na$e).

SQL- alte ta%le student add !onstaint un uniue(no#na$e).

ARIMR* F'* (TL' L'9'L)


pi$a7 &e7(no#na$e)).


!onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(no#na$e)).

ARIMR* F'* (LT'R L'9'L)

SQL- alte ta%le student add pi$a7 &e7(no#an$e).

SQL- alte ta%le student add !onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(no#na$e).

BOR'I8N F'* (TL' L'9'L)


dna$e va!ha(23)# pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# foeign &e7(deptno#dna$e) efeen!es


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dept(deptno#dna$e)).


dna$e va!ha(23)# !onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# !onstaint f& foeign

&e7(deptno#dna$e) efeen!es dept(deptno#dna$e)).

BOR'I8N F'* (LT'R L'9'L)

SQL- alte ta%le e$p add foeign &e7(deptno#dna$e) efeen!es dept(deptno#dna$e).

SQL- alte ta%le e$p add !onstaint f& foeign &e7(deptno#dna$e) efeen!es

dept(deptno#dna$e).

D'B'RRL' CONSTRINTS

'a!h !onstaint has two additional atti%utes to suppot defeed !he!&ing of !onstaints5

1 Defeed initiall7 i$$ediate

2 Defeed initiall7 defeed

Defeed initiall7 i$$ediate !he!&s fo !onstaint violation at the ti$e of inset5

Defeed initiall7 defeed !he!&s fo !onstaint violation at the ti$e of !o$$it5

'/0

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)# na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s nu$%e(4)#

!onstaint un uniue(no) defeed initiall7 i$$ediate).

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)# na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s nu$%e(4)#

!onstaint un uniue(no) defeed initiall7 defeed).

SQL- alte ta%le student add !onstaint un uniue(no) defea%le initiall7 defeed.

SQL- set !onstaints all i$$ediate.

This will ena%le all the !onstaints violations at the ti$e of inseting5

SQL- set !onstaints all defeed.

This will ena%le all the !onstaints violations at the ti$e of !o$$it5

OA'RTIONS 6IT: CONSTRINTS


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Aossi%le opeations with !onstaints as follows5

3 'na%le

4 Disa%le

5 'nfo!e

6 Dop

'NL'

This will ena%le the !onstaint5 efoe ena%le# the !onstaint will !he!& the e/isting data5

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student ena%le !onstaint un.

DISL'

This will disa%le the !onstaint5

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student ena%le !onstaint un.

'NBORC'

This will enfo!e the !onstaint athe than ena%le fo futue insets o updates5

This will not !he!& fo e/isting data while enfo!ing data5

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student enfo!e !onstaint un.

DROA

This will e$ove the !onstaint5

'/0


80/326


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33 low

133 $ediu$

1333 $ediu$

433 $ediu$

4333 $ediu$

333 high

@333 $ediu$

333 high

2W33 $ediu$

2133 $ediu$

1333 $ediu$

1V33 $ediu$

1133 $ediu$

4133 $ediu$

D'BULT

-e'ault !an %e !onsideed as a su%stitute %ehavio of not null !onstaint when applied to new ows %eing

enteed into the ta%le5

6hen 7ou define a !olu$n with the de'ault &e7wod followed %7 a value# 7ou ae a!tuall7 telling the

data%ase that# on inset if a ow was not assigned a value fo this !olu$n# use the default value that 7ou

have spe!ified5

Default is applied onl7 duing insetion of new ows5

'/0

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) default 22#na$e va!ha(1)).

SQL- inset into student values(2#=a=). SQL- inset into student(na$e) values(=%=).


NO NM'


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"""""" """""""""

2 a

22 %

SQL- inset into student values(null# K!;).


NO NM'

"""""" """""""""

2 a

22 %

C

"" Default !an not oveide nulls5

STRCT DT T*A'S

So$e ti$es 7ou $a7 want t7pe whi!h holds all t7pes of data in!luding nu$%es# !has and spe!ial

!haa!tes so$ething li&e this5 *ou !an not a!hieve this using pe"defined t7pes5

*ou !an define !usto$ t7pes whi!h holds 7ou desied data5

'/0

Suppose in a ta%le we have addess !olu$n whi!h holds hno and !it7 info$ation5

6e will define a !usto$ t7pe whi!h holds %oth nu$ei! as well as !ha data5

CR'TIN8 DT

SQL- !eate t7pe add as o%Je!t(hno nu$%e(4)#!it7 va!ha(23)). ?

CR'TIN8 TL' S'D ON DT


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SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)#na$e va!ha(1)#addess add).

INS'RTIN8 DT INTO DT TL'S

SQL- inset into student values(2#=a=#add(222#=h7d=)).

SQL- inset into student values(1#=%=#add(111#=%ang=)).

SQL- inset into student values(4#=!=#add(444#=delhi=)).

S'L'CTIN8 DT BROM DT TL'S


NO NM' DDR'SS(:NO# CIT*)

""" """"""" """""""""""""""""""""""""

2 a DDR(222# =h7d=)

1 % DDR(111# =%ang=)

4 ! DDR(444# =delhi=)

SQL- sele!t no#na$e#s5addess5hno#s5addess5!it7 fo$ student s.

NO NM' DDR'SS5:NO DDR'SS5CIT*

"""" """"""" """"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""

2 a 222 h7d

1 % 111 %ang

4 ! 444 delhi

UADT' 6IT: DT TL'S

SQL- update student s set s5addess5!it7 H =%o$%a7= whee s5addess5hno H 444.



"""" """"""" """"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""


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2 a 222 h7d

1 % 111 %ang

4 ! 444 %o$%a7

D'L'T' 6IT: DT TL'S

SQL- delete student s whee s5addess5hno H 222.



"""" """"""" """"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""

1 % 111 %ang

4 ! 444 %o$%a7

DROAAIN8 DT

SQL- dop t7pe add.

O>'CT 9I'6S ND M'T:ODS

O>'CT 9I'6S

If 7ou want to i$ple$ent o%Je!ts with the e/isting ta%le# o%Je!t views !o$e into pi!tue5

*ou define the o%Je!t and !eate a view whi!h elates this o%Je!t to the e/isting ta%le nothing %ut ob#ect

view5

O%Je!t views ae used to elate the use defined o%Je!ts to the e/isting ta%le5

'/0


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2) ssu$e that the ta%le student has alead7 %een !eated with the following !olu$ns

SQL?

1) Ceate the following t7pes

SQL- !eate t7pe add as o%Je!t(hno nu$%e(1)#!it7 va!ha(23)).?

SQL- !eate t7pe stud as o%Je!t(na$e va!ha(23)#addess add).?

4) Relate the o%Je!ts to the student ta%le %7 !eating the o%Je!t view

SQL- !eate view studentov(no#studinfo) as sele!t no#stud(na$e#add(hno#!it7))

fo$ student.

@) Now 7ou !an inset data into student ta%le in two wa7s

a) 7 egula inset

SQL- Inset into student values(2#;sudha;#222#;h7d;).

%) 7 using o%Je!t view

SQL- Inset into studentov values(2#stud(Ksudha;#add(222#;h7d;))).

M'T:ODS

*ou !an define $ethods whi!h ae nothing %ut fun!tions in t7pes and appl7 in the ta%les whi!h holds the

t7pes.

'/0

2) Defining $ethods in t7pes

SQL- Ceate t7pe stud as o%Je!t(na$e va!ha(23)#$a&s nu$%e(4)#

Me$%e fun!tion $a&sf($a&s in nu$%e) etun nu$%e#

Aag$a esti!tefeen!es($a&sf#wnds#nds#wnps#fnps)).?

1) Defining t7pe %od7

SQL- Ceate t7pe %od7 stud as

Me$%e fun!tion $a&sf($a&s in nu$%e) etun nu$%e is

egin

Retun ($a&sG233).

'nd $a&sf.

'nd.?

4) Ceate a ta%le using stud t7pe

SQL- Ceate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)#info stud).


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@) Inset so$e data into student ta%le

SQL- Inset into student values(2#stud(Ksudha;#233)).

) Using $ethod in sele!t

SQL- Sele!t s5info5$a&sf(s5info5$a&s) fo$ student s.

"" :ee we ae using the pag$a esti!tefeen!es to avoid the wites to the

Data%ase5

9RR*S ND N'ST'D TL'S

9RR*S

va7ing aa7 allows 7ou to stoe epeating atti%utes of a e!od in a single ow %ut with li$it5

'/0

2) 6e !an !eate vaa7s using oa!le t7pes as well as use defined t7pes5

a) 9aa7 using pe"defined t7pes


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SQL- Ceate t7pe va as vaa7() of va!ha(23).?

%) 9aa7s using use defined t7pes

SQL- Ceate t7pe add as o%Je!t(hno nu$%e(4)#!it7 va!ha(23)).?

SQL- Ceate t7pe va as vaa7() of add.?

1) Using vaa7 in ta%le

SQL- Ceate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)#na$e va!ha(23)#addess va).

4) Inseting values into vaa7 ta%le

SQL- Inset into student values(2#;sudha;#va(add(222#;h7d;))).

SQL- Inset into student values(1#;Jagan;#va(add(222#;h7d;)#add(111#;%ang;))).

@) Sele!ting data fo$ vaa7 ta%le

SQL- Sele!t E fo$ student.

"" This will displa7 vaa7 !olu$n data along with vaa7 and adt.

SQL- Sele!t no#na$e# s5E fo$ student s2# ta%le(s25addess) s.

"" This will displa7 in geneal fo$at

) Instead of s5E 7ou !an spe!if7 the !olu$ns in vaa7

SQL- Sele!t no#na$e# s5hno#s5!it7 fo$ student s2#ta%le(s25addess) s.

"" Update and delete not possi%le in vaa7s5

"" :ee we used ta%le fun!tion whi!h will ta&e the vaa7 !olu$n as input fo podu!ing

output e/!luding vaa7 and t7pes5

N'ST'D TL'S

nested ta%le is# as its na$e i$plies# a ta%le within a ta%le5 In this !ase it is a ta%le that is epesented as a

!olu$n within anothe ta%le5

Nested ta%le has the sa$e effe!t of vaa7s %ut has no li$it5

'/0

2) 6e !an !eate nested ta%les using oa!le t7pes and use defined t7pes whi!h has no

li$it5

a) Nested ta%les using pe"defined t7pes


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SQL- Ceate t7pe nt as ta%le of va!ha(23).?

%) Nested ta%les using use defined t7pes

SQL- Ceate t7pe add as o%Je!t(hno nu$%e(4)#!it7 va!ha(23)).?

SQL- Ceate t7pe nt as ta%le of add.?

1) Using nested ta%le in ta%le

SQL- Ceate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)#na$e va!ha(23)#addess nt) nested ta%le

addess stoe as studentte$p.

4) Inseting values into ta%le whi!h has nested ta%le

SQL- Inset into student values (2#;sudha;#nt(add(222#;h7d;))).

SQL- Inset into student values (1#;Jagan;#nt(add(222#;h7d;)#add(111#;%ang;))).

@) Sele!ting data fo$ ta%le whi!h has nested ta%le

SQL- Sele!t E fo$ student.

"" This will displa7 nested ta%le !olu$n data along with nested ta%le and adt.

SQL- Sele!t no#na$e# s5E fo$ student s2# ta%le(s25addess) s.

"" This will displa7 in geneal fo$at

) Instead of s5E 7ou !an spe!if7 the !olu$ns in nested ta%le

SQL- Sele!t no#na$e# s5hno#s5!it7 fo$ student s2#ta%le(s25addess) s.

) Inseting nested ta%le data to the e/isting ow

SQL- Inset into ta%le(sele!t addess fo$ student whee noH2)

values(add(#;!hennai;)).

V) Update in nested ta%les

SQL- Update ta%le(sele!t addess fo$ student whee noH1) s set s5!it7H;%o$%a7;

whee s5hno H 111.

W) Delete in nested ta%le

SQL- Delete ta%le(sele!t addess fo$ student whee noH4) s whee s5hnoH444.

DT MOD'L

1 LLCOLLT*A'S

2 LLT*A'S

3 DCOLLT*A'S

4 DT*A'S

5 US'RCOLLT*A'S

6 US'RT*A'S


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BLS:CF QU'R*

Used to etieve the data whi!h has %een alead7 !o$$itted with out going fo e!ove75

Blash%a!&s ae of two t7pes

1 Ti$e %ase flash%a!&

2 SCN %ased flash%a!& (SCN stands fo S7ste$ Change Nu$%e)

'/0

2) Using ti$e %ased flash%a!&

a) SQL- Sele!t Efo$ student.

"" This will displa7 all the ows

%) SQL- Delete student.

!) SQL- Co$$it. "" this will !o$$it the wo&5

d) SQL- Sele!t Efo$ student.

"" :ee it will displa7 nothing

e) Then e/e!ute the following po!edues


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SQL- '/e! d%$sflash%a!&5ena%leatti$e(s7sdate"1?2@@3)

f) SQL- Sele!t Efo$ student.

"" :ee it will displa7 the lost data

"" The lost data will !o$e %ut the !uent s7ste$ ti$e was used

g) SQL- '/e! d%$sflash%a!&5disa%le

"" :ee we have to disa%le the flash%a!& to ena%le it again

1) Using SCN %ased flash%a!&

a) De!lae a vaia%le to stoe SCN

SQL- 9aia%le s nu$%e

%) 8et the SCN

SQL- '/e! 0s 0H e/e! d%$sflash%a!&5gets7ste$!hangenu$%e

!) To see the SCN

SQL- Aint s

d) Then e/e!ute the following po!edues

SQL- '/e! d%$sflash%a!&5ena%leats7ste$!hangenu$%e(0s)

SQL- '/e! d%$sflash%a!&5disa%le

'+T'RNL TL'S

*ou !an use e/tenal ta%le featue to a!!ess e/tenal files as if the7 ae ta%les inside the data%ase5

6hen 7ou !eate an e/tenal ta%le# 7ou define its stu!tue and lo!ation with in oa!le5

6hen 7ou ue7 the ta%le# oa!le eads the e/tenal ta%le and etuns the esults Just as if the data had

%een stoed with in the data%ase5

CC'SSIN8 '+T'RNL TL' DT

To a!!ess e/tenal files fo$ within oa!le# 7ou $ust fist use the !eate die!to7 !o$$and to define a

die!to7 o%Je!t pointing to the e/tenal file lo!ation

Uses who will a!!ess the e/tenal files $ust have the ead and wite pivilege on the die!to75

'/0

CR'TIN8 DIR'CTOR* ND OS L'9'L BIL'


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SQL- Slplus s7ste$?$anage

SQL- Ceate die!to7 sa&ethdi as K?9isd%?visd%?5153?e/tenal;.

SQL- 8ant all on die!to7 sa&ethdi to sa&eth.

SQL- Conn sa&eth?sa&eth

SQL- Spool dept5lst

SQL- Sele!t deptno XX K#; XX dna$e XX K#; XX lo! fo$ dept.

SQL- Spool off

CR'TIN8 '+T'RNL TL'

SQL- Ceate ta%le depte/t

(deptno nu$%e(1)#

Dna$e va!ha(2@)#

Lo! va!ha(24))

Oganiation e/tenal ( t7pe oa!leloade

Default die!to7 sa&ethdi

!!ess paa$etes

( e!ods deli$ited %7 newline

Bields te$inated %7 P#

( deptno nu$%e(1)#

Dna$e va!ha(2@)#

Lo! va!ha(24)))

Lo!ation (K?9isd%?visd%?5153?dept5lst;)).

S'L'CTIN8 DT BROM '+T'RNL TL'

SQL- sele!t E fo$ depte/t.

This will ead fo$ dept5lst whi!h is a opeating s7ste$ level file5

LIMITTIONS ON '+T'RNL TL'S

a) *ou !an not pefo$ inset# update# and delete opeations

b) Inde/ing not possi%le

b) Constaints not possi%le


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'N'BITS OB '+T'RNL TL'S

a) Queies of e/tenal ta%les !o$plete ve7 ui!&l7 even though a full ta%le s!an id euied with

ea!h a!!ess

b) *ou !an Join e/tenal ta%les to ea!h othe o to standad ta%les

R'B D'R'B 9LU'

R'B

1 The ef fun!tion allows efeen!ing of e/isting ow o%Je!ts5

2 'a!h of the ow o%Je!ts has an o%Je!t id value assigned to it5

3 The o%Je!t id assigned !an %e seen %7 using ef fun!tion5

D'R'B

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