Three-Storey Residential Building with Roof Deck with Recycled Glass as Concrete Admixture That Can Withstand the Wind Load of Super Typhoon Yolanda Researchers: Apit, John Carlo T. Bongalos, Jake Andrew T. Laggui, John Paul M. Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering (SCEGE) In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Mapua Institute of Technology Manila City September/2014
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Three-Storey Residential Building with Roof Deck with
Recycled Glass as Concrete Admixture That Can Withstand
the Wind Load of Super Typhoon Yolanda
Researchers:
Apit, John Carlo T.
Bongalos, Jake Andrew T.
Laggui, John Paul M.
Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological
Engineering (SCEGE)
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Mapua Institute of Technology
Manila City
September/2014
i
APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that we have supervised the preparation of and read the research directed
study entitled THREE-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH ROOF DECK WITH
RECYCLED GLASS AS CONCRETE ADMIXTURE THAT CAN WITHSTAND THE
WIND LOAD OF TYPHOON YOLANDA, Prepared by JAKE ANDREW BONGALOS,
JOHN CARLO APIT, and JOHN PAUL LAGGUI, that the said research directed study has
been submitted for final examination by the Oral Examination Committee.
ENGR BIENVENIDO A. CERVANTES
Project Adviser
As members of the Oral Examination Committee, we certify that we have examined this
research directed study, presented before the committee on September 11, 2014, and
hereby recommend that it be accepted as fulfillment of the research directed study
requirement for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.
Engr. Melchor Pilones Engr. Divina R. Gonzales
Panel Member Panel Member
Engr. Victor Sabandeja
Panel Member
This research directed study is hereby approved and accepted by the School as fulfillment
of the research directed study requirement for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering.
______________________________
DR. FRANCIS ALDRINE A. UY
ii
This thesis, entitled THREE-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH ROOF
DECK WITH RECYCLED GLASS AS CONCRETE ADMIXTURE THAT CAN
WITHSTAND THE WIND LOAD OF TYPHOON YOLANDA, prepared and submitted
by, JAKE ANDREW BONGALOS, JOHN CARLO APIT, and JOHN PAUL LAGGUI in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING is hereby accepted.
“THREE-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH ROOF DECK WITH
RECYCLED GLASS AS CONCRETE ADMIXTURE THAT CAN WITHSTAND
THE WIND LOAD OF TYPHOON YOLANDA.”
ENGR. BIENVENIDO A. CERVANTES
Project Adviser
Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.
DR. FRANCIS ALDRINE A. UY
Dean
iii
Executive Summary
The researcher will present this project to design a residential building using
alternative structural materials or rather recycled materials which saves space, cost and
energy. The design is a three-storey building that uses a recycled glass aggregate as
concrete admixtures in column pedestal and beam girders. The project also concentrates on
enhancing the capacity of the structure to withstand upcoming typhoons which the recent
one is Yolanda that swept the Visayas region.
iv
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………… 1
Chapter 2 Presenting the Challenges…………………………………….. 2
2.1 Problem Statement…………………………………………………… 2
2.2 Project Objective …………………………………………………….. 2
2.3 Design Norms Considered…………………………………………… 2
2.4 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering………………………. 3
2.5 The Project Beneficiary………………………………………………. 8
2.6 The Innovative Approach……………………………………………. 8
2.7 The Research Component……………………………………………. 8
2.8 The Design Component………………………………………………. 8
2.9 Sustainable Development Concept…………………………………... 9
The researcher’s proposed three-storey residential building with roof deck with recycled
glass as concrete admixture has a duration of 167 days or roughly six (6) months. The first
stage of the project includes the permit acquisition which includes the barangay and
municipal permit. After it, sourcing and purchasing of the needed materials and
construction equipment is done. The next stage is the implementation of the project which
includes the foundation works (20 days), substructure construction (10 days) and the
superstructure construction (120 days). The last stage of the project includes the testing and
commissioning, and the awarding of final acceptance tests and certificates.
Once all major construction works are done, finishing works will follow including tile
and welding works, schedule of doors and windows, hardware, electrical, plumbing, and
lastly painting works.
71
Figure 41 A Gantt Chart of the Project Schedule
72
Chapter 8
Promotional Material
Figure 42 Building Facade
73
Chapter 9
Conclusion and Summary
This project, Three-story residential building with roof deck using recycled glass as
aggregates— and designed in fulfillment of the course CE Project, is a type of residential
building that is designed to withstand a huge amount of wind load such as the wind load of
the recent Super Typhoon Yolanda. This project is also for the benefit of residents of
Quezon City in case such typhoon with a high wind load hit the place.
Using different materials that can substitute various parts of a concrete mix are slowly
getting recognized. In this project, recycled glass would be used as a substitute aggregate.
Concrete mix substitutes are advantageous in a number of ways. Also, production of glass
waste is said to be increasing every year and by utilizing these trash can eliminate glass
waste production. In construction, recycled glass is also a reliable substitute to the
conventional aggregates provided that only a certain percentage will be replaced, in this
case, 10% of the volume of the concrete.
In this research silicate glass is used. This type of glass generally has the property of
being transparent, because of this it has many applications; bottles for alcoholic beverages,
light bulbs, and etc. Therefore making this type of glass as an abundant waste material.
Silica (SiO2) is the common fundamental constituent of this glass type. The property of
Silica has been used to advantage by grinding it into a fine glass powder (GLP) for
incorporation into concrete as a pozzolanic material. Pozzolanic material like Silica does
not contain cementing property but in a finely divided form and in the presence of moisture
and chemically react to calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form compounds
possessing cementitious properties.
The data’s from the test results showed that substituting glass as an aggregate does affect
the compressive strength of the concrete though further research is still needed. The effect
of 10% mixture with the 28th day compressive strength of concrete is not very evident. It
is advisable to try a different percentage in the mixture for other researchers in using waste
glass as a concrete admixture.
The objective of the group is to disseminate the idea of using substitute aggregates in
further constructions as it brings benefits to the structure, and the environment. More
people ought to learn of these innovations as to be able to contribute for the greater good
of the gradually disintegrating nature.
74
Overall, the construction of the residential building is a big gain not only for the people
who will live there but also for the environment because by knowing the fact that recycled
glass waste could be used as a substitute aggregate would lessen the increasing number of
glass waste and also lessen the use of traditional gravel and sand, which is usually sourced
from mining and quarrying sites that in turn can be a hazard to the environment.
Also, in lieu of increasing frequency of natural disasters, the said residential building is
designed to resist a huge wind load up to 275KPH. All said, the 3-storey residential project
aims to be a big contribution to the people and to the city it belongs to.
75
Chapter 10
Recommendations
The Philippines is a disaster-prone country. Super typhoons hit every year causing
massive devastations on structures and lives of people, not only in National Capital Region
but on the whole country. These disasters are caused by nature, and thus can’t be prevented,
but the people should learn from past experiences and adopt to be prepared for the future
although accidents can’t be helped to happen but it can be minimized.
Appropriate measures in response to these disasters are a different matter though. With
proper preparations and facilities, casualties and fatalities can be prevented, or at least
toned down to acceptable values. Having a residential structure that can withstand a super
typhoons should now be considered, and also the researchers would like to recommend a
structure with roof deck instead of having a GI roof of metal sheet roof because it is more
prone to get blown up by the wind pressure on the other hand roof deck is more logical
concept in residential structures.
Roof deck is made of concrete, the weight itself is enough to prevent suction due to
wind pressures and it has no inclination compared to conventional roofing with trusses
therefore it is not affected by the wind pressure directly and the wind pressure will be
carried by the wall around the roof deck. And lastly here in metro manila, space is very
important due to increasing number of structures and occupants, but providing roof decks
will give the owner additional space for recreational activities or for any other means.
The wind load that is used to design the said structure still needs to further analyze by
the experts. Though the purpose of this research is to spread awareness that the wind
velocities listed in the NSCP 2010 needed to be evaluated and to update as per the current
calamities are having a much greater velocities compared to the design criteria of the NSCP
2010. The researchers used the same wind velocity that stroked the Tacloban area to
investigate the effect of this increased wind load to the structure. And it is found out that
using higher wind velocity to the structure with Fc’ = 30.19MPa and having a roof deck
instead of GI roof would definitely increase the structure’s capacity against disasters.
For the concrete to be used in the structure the use of admixture is also a gradually
growing concept, though there are many more tests and experiments needed to find more
suitable materials that can qualify as concrete mixtures. Recycled glass is just some of
many available alternates to aggregates for concrete. Though the researchers cannot
conclude that using glass admixture would definitely enhance the concrete, it is advisable
to conduct further analysis and investigation to the said admixture. The 10% by volume
addition of glass aggregates results only to a very minimal increase compared to the design
mix. And it is recommended for other researchers to try a different percentage in the
concrete mix.
76
Chapter 11
Acknowledgements
This CE Project entitled “Three-Storey Residential Building with Recycled Glass as
Concrete Admixture That Can Withstand the Wind Load of Super Typhoon Yolanda” would have not been accomplished without the efforts of each and every member. Three
people in a group sometimes can’t really be enough, and so external help from friends,
schoolmates, advisers, and various sources are well appreciated.
To our thesis adviser, Engr. Bienvenido Cervantes, we are truly grateful for your help
and supervision. We thank you for answering our every question and inquiry and your
numerous effective advices that helped us improve our work.
We’d also like to thank our beneficiary who backed us up and showed his support for
our cause despite being occupied with his own duties and responsibilities to serve his
constituents.
We offer our gratitude to our families who never tired in supporting us in every endeavor
we underwent in the process of completing this project. And we thank God above all for
none of this is possible without His will, His wisdom, and His guidance bestowed upon us.
77
Chapter 12
References
Bacani, L. (2013). 'Yolanda' death toll jumps to 4,011; Damage cost pegged at P12-B
Retrieved from http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/11/20/1258841/yolanda-death-
toll-jumps-4011-damage-cost-pegged-p12-b
Porter, M.I. (2001). Aspects of Structural Design with Glass
Retrieved from http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/civil/publications/theses/porter.pdf
O'Mahoney, M.M. (1990). Recycling of Materials in Civil Engineering
Retrieved from http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/civil/publications/theses/o_mahony.pdf
Crompton, P.R. (1999). Assessment of Design Procedures for Structural Glass
Beams Retrieved from http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/civil/publications/theses/crompton.pdf
Schneider, R.R., & Dickey, W. L. (1994) Reinforced Masonry Design, third edition
Liang, H., Zhu, H. & Byars, E. A. (2007) “Use of Waste Glass as Aggregate in
Concrete” University of Edinburgh, UK
M. Mageswari, & Dr. B. Vidivelli (2010). “The Use of Sheet Glass Powder as Fine
Aggregate Replacement in Concrete” The Open Civil Engineering Journal
McCormac J. Design of Reinforced Concrete, Seventh Edition, ACI 318-05 Code
Edition.
Gillesania, D.I.T., (2003). Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design, Second
Edition. Cebu: GERTC.
Sekar, T., Ganesan, N., Nampoothiri, N.V.N., (2011). Studies on strength
characteristics on utilization of waste materials as coarse aggregate in concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 7.
Fajardo, M., (2000). Simplified Construction Estimate. 5138 Merchandising
Publisher
78
Appendices
Figure 43 Test Result of concrete with Glass aggregates for 28th day compressive strength
.
79
Figure 44 Test Result of concrete with Glass aggregates for 7th day compressive strength.
80
For each batch of concrete, seven cylindrical samples of 150mmx300mm size were
tested to determine its 7th and 28th compressive strength.
Test Results and Discussion
From the test results, it is observed that the recycled glass can be used as conventional
fine aggregate. It can be observed from Figure 20 that the strength of concrete increases
with a minimal value due to the usage of recycled glass as fine aggregate. In Figure 21,
though the strength increases, some sample materials failed due to some possible
experiment errors. The use of recycled glass can be used as fine aggregate but it requires
proper handling.
81
Conventional Concrete and Modified Concrete Comparison
Alternative Aggregates
A conventional concrete aggregate is composed of sand (fine aggregate) and various
sizes and shapes of gravel or stones (course aggregate). However, there is a growing
interest in substituting alternative aggregate materials, largely as potential use for recycled
materials. From the tests and researches done on stone dusts and ceramic scraps, these two
materials have proven to be used as partial alternatives for concrete production.
Even though aggregate usually accounts for 70% to 80% of the concrete volume, it is
commonly thought of as inert filler having small effects on the finished concrete properties.
However, studies have proven that aggregate plays an important role in determining the
workability, strength, dimensional stability, and durability of the concrete. It is also evident
that aggregates can have a significant effect on the cost of the concrete mixture.
Some parameters of aggregates are known to be important for engineered-use concrete:
strength, hardness and durability. Aggregate composed of recycled concrete generally has
a lower specific gravity and a higher absorption than conventional gravel aggregate. New
concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate typically has good workability and
durability. It has been found that recycled glass can be effectively used as fine aggregate
in place of conventional sand in concrete. By substituting recycled glass up to 10% by
volume of concrete could increase its compressive strength.
Installation
The installation of alternative aggregate concrete is basically the same as for
conventional concrete. The use of alternative aggregates addressed in this study (recycled
glass) does not present a significant deviation from standard concrete mixing and
application methods.
82
Benefits
Some of the additional benefits of the alternative aggregates in concrete include:
Use of any recycled material helps to keep that material out of landfills. Recycling
practices also can decrease the environmental impact of obtaining / manufacturing
the material from virgin resources.
New concrete made from recycled concrete aggregate generally has the same
properties as stone or gravel aggregate.
May result to boosting or creating secondary markets around recycling and selling
such materials.
Concrete unit cost is decrease
Freight cost is lowered.
Landfill costs are avoided and waste generation reduced.
And it makes maximum use of the energy already contained in the waste
Together, these factors constitute one of the basic cornerstones of sustainable development.
83
Figure 45: Borehole Log
84
Figure 46 Soil Report of the adjacent lot
85
STATISTICAL DATA FOR SMALL SAMPLE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION:
(From Appendix: Test results of 28th day compressive strength)
X1 = 29.87 MPA
X2 = 28.91 MPA
X3 = 31.29 MPA
X4 = 30.73 MPA
X5 = 29.49 MPA
X6 = 30.56 MPA
X7 = 30.48 MPA
Xave = 30.19 MPA
S = 0.8117265549
N = 7; V = 7-1 = 6
μ = 30 ; μ ≠ 30
α = 10%
Figure 47 Distribution Curve
Using Normal Distribution formula for the average of a small sample n from a population
in which the mean is μ and the standard deviation is S, the standard error is S/√n:
𝑡 = 𝑥𝑎𝑣𝑒 − 𝜇
𝑠√𝑛⁄
𝑡 = 30.19− 300.8117
√7⁄
; 𝑡 = 0.61931
−𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟑 < 𝑡 < 1. 𝟗𝟒𝟑
Therefore, t is within the acceptable range.
86
Figure 48 Distribution Curve Table
ARTICLE
TYPE PAPER
CEGE Journal
ISBN ___________________
THREE-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH ROOF DECK WITH
RECYCLED GLASS AS CONCRETE ADMIXTURE THAT CAN WITHSTAND
THE WIND LOAD OF SUPER TYPHOON YOLANDA
Project By
APIT, JOHN CARLO T., BONGALOS, JAKE ANDREW T., LAGGUI, JOHN PAUL M.,
ENGR. BIENVENIDO A. CERVANTES
Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering (SCEGE)
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Mapua Institute of Technology
Intramuros, Manila
SEPTEMBER 2014
CEGE Journal
ISBN ___________________
ABSTRACT
The terms global warming and climate change has been commonly used and hear recently.
This is due to the erratic weather the planet Earth has been undergoing lately. It can be
attributed to the growth of population, and the subsequent destruction of the environment.
Super Typhoons are beginning to reach never-before-heard-of speeds surpassing the
250kph mark wind velocity, which greatly affects the structural integrity as the NSCP codes
for wind velocity. As a possible response to this, the proponents thought that a residential
structure with roof deck for additional spaces and for safety purposes seemed like a viable
project to do. Coupled with the innovation of using substitute aggregates in a form of
recycled glass, it also keeps within the theme of being environmental-friendly, and
economical by helping to reduce waste that damages the surrounding environment.
Keywords: NSCP codes for wind velocity, Glass Aggregates, Environmental-friendly,
and Economical
Acronyms / Abbreviations
ASR Alkali-Silica Reaction
CAD Computer Aided Design
CBR California Bearing Ratio
NCR National Capital Region
NDRRMC National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council
NSCP National Structural Code of the Philippines
PAG-ASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service
Administration
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
SGP Sheet Glass Powder
CEGE Journal
ISBN ___________________
1 Introduction
Global cement industry contributes large percentage of greenhouse gas emission to
Earth. Concrete and cement production requires 700 and 1750 kW-hour of energy. The
energy is somehow smaller than the aluminum, steel and PVC production (141,500, 46,000
and 24,700) but concrete and cement are widely used in construction so therefore,
producing these materials definitely requires a large amount of energy which affects the
environment due to CO2 emissions.
Because of this, efforts have been made to introduce coarse or fine aggregate waste
materials and in this study; the group will focus on recycled waste glass material and also
to determine if this could be used as an admixture for concrete.
It has been recognized that glass waste is increasing year by year in the shops, factories
and construction areas. Glass is commonly used in our lives because of products such as
bottles, glass wares and sheet glass. Glass is an ideal material for recycling and using
recycled glass would definitely help the environment and will save energy. The increasing
awareness of glass recycling makes the use of waste glass into different forms in various
fields. One of this is in the construction field where waste glass is recycled and reused for
concrete production. In addition to this, using waste glass in the concrete production is
advantageous, because this would lessen the production cost of concrete.
And for the design parameter of the proposed structure the researchers consider the
recent calamity that attacked the eastern Visayas; Super typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda).
Typhoon Haiyan devastated the province of Samar and Leyte resulting to a damage cost of
₱12-Billion with a death toll of 4,011. This serves as an inspiration for the researchers to
introduce a higher Wind Load in considering the design parameters of the proposed
building. [1]
1.1 Problem Statement
In this study, the group focused on recycled glass material and also to determine if this type
of material could be used as an admixture for the concrete that is going to be used in a
residential structure that can sustain the wind load of Typhoon Yolanda. Other problems
that are connected in this project includes analyzing whether the recycled glass aggregates
will affect the compressive strength of a concrete mixture, and determining if using
recycled glass aggregate would be more economical than using normal aggregate. ___________________ 1 Bacani, L. (2013). 'Yolanda' death toll jumps to 4,011; Damage cost pegged at P12-B Retrieved
from http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/11/20/1258841/yolanda-death-toll-jumps-4011-
damage-cost-pegged-p12-b
CEGE Journal
ISBN ___________________
1.2 Project Objective
This study aims to first research on the strength of the concrete using waste recycled
glass as an admixture. Material testing will also be conducted to determine the 28th day
compressive strength of the concrete. The data that will be gathered from the material
testing will be compared to the data of commercially available and widely used concrete.
This also includes the design of a three-storey residential building with roof deck on
which the researchers will apply the waste recycled glass as an admixture and to adopt a
new maximum wind load based on the recent calamities. The objective also includes
estimation of the overall cost of the proposed building and research on glass as construction
material.
In addition, the group would also like to address what engineers should reconsider in
light of Typhoon Yolanda, that is using glass as a wall for structures, since glass is very
brittle and the effort is to introduce a new approach in which the glass can be used. Finally,
the study aims to provide additional research on the use of recycled glass aggregates here
in the Philippines.
1.3 Design Norms Considered
Engineers involved in projects must ensure safety of occupants of the building thus
following the standard procedure. Making the structure economical is also an important
factor without impairing the quality of the structure. Another important norm considered is
aesthetics.
1.4 The Project Beneficiary The beneficiary of this project is Juan B. Apit. The design statistics will be given to them
and they will be occupying the said structure.
1.5 The Innovative Approach
The project will be utilizing software and other technology that give better outputs and
hasten the completion of the project. These software and technology are as follows:
AutoCAD
This software will provide mostly the architectural and structural plans of the
structure.
Staad PRO V8i
This software will help in designing the structure frames. It uses mainly on
beams, columns, foundations, and trusses. It also checks the stability of the
structure and its adequacy.
Google SketchUp
This is used to create better perspective view on the structure.
CEGE Journal
ISBN ___________________
1.6 The Research Component
This project also includes material testing to determine the strength of the concrete
when the glass admixture is added. This will also support the different data researched by
other people in terms of recycled glass admixtures. This project will also determine the
most economical materials needed to build the structure.
1.7 The Design Component The design component will cover the design of the superstructure and substructure.
Superstructure will include the design of structural members which are roof truss, slabs,
columns, beams and walls; while the substructure is composed of the foundation. The
design of the project will refer to the NSCP (National Structural Code of the Philippines)
2010, 6th Edition, Volume 2 for the loadings of the structure and American Concrete
Institute Specifications.
The design of the substructure will depend on the strength or soil bearing capacity
of the site. Included here is the conduct of soil investigation of the site. This will shows
what kind of footing is needed for the said building.
1.8 Sustainable Development Concept
For the environmental protection and conservation, the materials to be used for the
construction of the said project will meet the norms for green design and will help in
reducing the emission of carbon dioxide as much as possible. Improved ventilation design
will be incorporated with the structure so that power consumption will be minimized.
2 Environmental Examination Report
2.1 Project Description
This project is a design of a three-storey residential building with roof deck is
located at Lot 14 Block 2 Newton Street Filinvest 2-Heights Quezon City. The materials
used in the structure will be economical and the added admixture will enhance the strength
of the concrete thus making the structure safe and compliant.
2.2 Impact Assessment and Mitigation
2.2.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level
of Significance at Various Stages of Development
Environmental Issues Level of Significance
Noise Generated Low Impact
Population Increase Medium Impact
Air Quality Medium Impact
Water Quality Medium Impact
CEGE Journal
ISBN ___________________
2.2.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on the Physical and Biological
Resources
The environmental issues are noise generated, air quality, and water quality. Noise
generated in the site greatly affects the surrounding area, since it is a residential
subdivision, people might complain about it. Other factor like air and water quality also
affects the area. The air is quite critical because of the dust and debris that could lead to
accidents. Water quality needed to secure for the workers and the removal of water during
rainy season in the site.
2.2.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic Effects/Impacts of the Project
The population increase in the subdivision affects the lives of the residents since the
people voting for the organization within will increase. It will also affect the traffic in the
area due to the falling debris from the construction.
3 The Research Component
3.1 Introduction
“Refrain from using glass cladding for your structure”.
From the above statement; the researchers gained the inspiration to present a new field
on where the glass material can be used. Since the recent typhoon that hit the Visayas region
results to devastating damages to residential structures, specifically in windows and glass
structures. The researchers will try to promote the awareness in the society that nowadays
normal glass structures may not be able to withstand the future typhoon wind loads, and
for the authorities to consider revising the structural codes of the Philippines.
3.2 Review of Related Literature
Aspects of Structural Design of Glass
Glass is being used as a structural material. The most recent developments have
seen glass used as beams and columns. These new applications present a series of design
problems that need to be addressed. Addressing these shortfalls has been a primary object
of this thesis.
CEGE Journal
ISBN ___________________
There has been much work on out-of-plane loading of glass, and in-plane loading
of traditional materials is well described. In reality engineers have been borrowing design
concepts from the two former areas to try and satisfy the latter. It was shown that the current
design methods for glass, based predominantly on design against transient lateral loading
for windows, do not adequately account for the behavior of glass when used in these new
applications. In this thesis it is demonstrated that this is not satisfactory.
A new design method was then developed, based on the principles of fracture
mechanics and incorporating limit state design concepts. This new “Crack Size Design”
method was proposed as an alternative to the allowable stress method currently used in
structural glass design. [2]
Recycling of Materials in Civil Engineering
Britain is one of the countries which have many sources with regards to the natural
aggregate and its approvals to develop new quarries are running at about half the rate of
extraction. The use of secondary materials would not create a major source of aggregate
but the quantity of natural aggregate required by the construction industry would be
reduced significantly.
This reports mainly on laboratory tests conducted on crushed concrete and
demolition debris to examine the potential use of these materials in new construction. Other
tests were conducted to check the compliance with the Specification for Highway Works
(1986) and more detailed tests conducted with regard to CBR. Frost susceptibility where
the influences of moisture content, density and particle packing on these properties were
investigated. From the frost susceptibility results, further work would be required in this
area to determine the main factors which influence the frost heave of recycled aggregates.
The comparison of recycled aggregate and natural aggregate concrete appeared to be of
superior quality than that produced in other research.
During the study, the recycled aggregates could perform as well as limestone and
can be considered for many potential uses. It only involved physical properties of recycled
materials therefore their ability to perform as construction aggregates could be enhance
further. [3]
___________________ 2 Porter, M.I. (2001). Aspects of Structural Design with Glass Retrieved from
Crompton, P.R. (1999). Assessment of Design Procedures for Structural Glass Beams
Retrieved from http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/civil/publications/theses/crompton.pdf
Schneider, R.R., & Dickey, W. L. (1994) Reinforced Masonry Design, third edition
Liang, H., Zhu, H. & Byars, E. A. (2007) “Use of Waste Glass as Aggregate in Concrete” University of Edinburgh, UK M. Mageswari, & Dr. B. Vidivelli (2010). “The Use of Sheet Glass Powder as Fine Aggregate Replacement in Concrete” The Open Civil Engineering Journal
McCormac J. Design of Reinforced Concrete, Seventh Edition, ACI 318-05 Code Edition.
Gillesania, D.I.T., (2003). Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design, Second Edition.
Name of Institution: Mapua Institute of Technology
Location: Intramuros, Manila
Secondary
Name of Institution: Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila School
Graduation Date: Location: March 2009
Vista Verde, Cainta, Rizal
2013 American Concrete Institute, Mapua student
chapter
Member
2014 Makati Development Corporation
On-the-Job trainee
Jake Andrew T. Bongalos
Address: L16 BLK 65 Kalayaan Street Karangalan Village, Cainta Rizal Mobile number: 09 1 7 - 984 - 1191 Email: jakeandrew22 @yahoo.com
Personal Qualifications
Educational Background
Other Information
2014 DDT Konstract Inc.
On-the-Job trainee
2014 Department of Public Works and Highways
On-the-Job trainee
2013 Building Information Modelling (BIM) Seminar
2013 National Civil Engineering Symposium 2013
Age: 21 Status: Single Date of Birth: January/12/1993 Religion: Roman Catholic Place of Birth: Marikina City Father’s Name: Andie B. Bongalos Occupation: Seaman Mother’s Name: Juliet T. Bongalos Occupation: Housewife
This is to certify that the above information is true and correct.
Jake Andrew T. Bongalos
S e m i n a r s A t t e n d e d
Personal Information
Objective
To be able practice and enhance my ability as a Civil Engineering student and
develop my personality towards my career through hands on experience.
Education
TERTIARY: MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INTRAMUROS, MANILA
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
2009 - 2014
SECONDARY: FORT BONIFACIO HIGH SCHOOL, MAKATI
2008 - 2009
MCA MONTESSORI SCHOOL, TAGUIG 2005 - 2008
PRIMARY: VILLAMOR AIR BASE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, PASAY
2000 – 2005
PAGRAI COMMUNITY LEARNING CENTER, RIZAL
1999 - 2000
Skills & Abilities
KNOWLEDGEABLE IN MS OFFICE (WORD, EXCEL, POWERPOINT, & PROJECT)
KNOWLEDGEABLE IN THE FOLLOWING SOFTWARES:
O STAAD V8i
O ETABS
O AUTOCAD
O SKETCHUP PRO
STRONG DESIRE AND KEEN INTEREST TO LEARN, ENERGETIC, ADOPTABLE, AND
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATOR WHO EXHIBITS OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE
Seminars Attended On the Job Trainings
Environmental Engineering on Green Building Suntrust Parkview Towers