1 Harvesting energy from CO 2 emissions 1 H.V.M. Hamelers 1 *, O. Schaetzle 1 , J.M. Paz-García 1 , P.M. Biesheuvel 1 , 2 and C.J.N. Buisman 1 , 2 2 1 Wetsus, centre of excellence for sustainable water technology, Agora 1, 8934 CJ Leeuwarden, 3 The Netherlands. 4 2 Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 5 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands. 6 KEYWORDS: CO2 utilization, capacitive electrodes, salinity gradient energy, 7 monoethanolamine. 8 Abstract 9 When two fluids of different composition are mixed, the so-called mixing energy is released. 10 This holds true for both liquids and gases though, in case of gas, no technology is available to 11 harvest this energy source. Mixing the CO 2 in combustion gases with air represents a source of 12 energy with a total annual worldwide capacity of 1570 TWh. To harvest the mixing energy from 13 CO 2 containing gas emissions, we use pairs of porous electrodes, one selective for anions and the 14 other selective to cations. We demonstrate that, when an aqueous electrolyte, flushed with either 15 CO 2 or air, alternately flow between these selective porous electrodes, electrical energy is 16 gained. The efficiency of this process reached up to 24.0% for deionized water as aqueous 17 electrolyte and 31.5% for 0.25 M monoethanolamine solution as aqueous electrolyte. The highest 18
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1
Harvesting energy from CO2 emissions 1
H.V.M. Hamelers1*, O. Schaetzle1 , J.M. Paz-García1 , P.M. Biesheuvel1,2 and C.J.N. Buisman1,2 2
1 Wetsus, centre of excellence for sustainable water technology, Agora 1, 8934 CJ Leeuwarden, 3
The Netherlands. 4
2 Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 5
WG Wageningen, The Netherlands. 6
KEYWORDS: CO2 utilization, capacitive electrodes, salinity gradient energy, 7
monoethanolamine. 8
Abstract 9
When two fluids of different composition are mixed, the so-called mixing energy is released. 10
This holds true for both liquids and gases though, in case of gas, no technology is available to 11
harvest this energy source. Mixing the CO2 in combustion gases with air represents a source of 12
energy with a total annual worldwide capacity of 1570 TWh. To harvest the mixing energy from 13
CO2 containing gas emissions, we use pairs of porous electrodes, one selective for anions and the 14
other selective to cations. We demonstrate that, when an aqueous electrolyte, flushed with either 15
CO2 or air, alternately flow between these selective porous electrodes, electrical energy is 16
gained. The efficiency of this process reached up to 24.0% for deionized water as aqueous 17
electrolyte and 31.5% for 0.25 M monoethanolamine solution as aqueous electrolyte. The highest 18
2
average power density with MEA was 4.5 mW/m2, significantly higher than for water as 19
electrolyte 0.28 mW/m2. 20
1. Introduction 21
Mixing two solutions of different composition leads to a mixture with a lower Gibbs energy 22
content compared to the original two solutions (1). This decrease in the Gibbs function indicates 23
the presence of mixing energy that can be harvested when a suitable technology is available. 24
Up until now, the use of the mixing process as a source of energy has only been exploited for 25
mixing of aqueous solutions with different salinity (2, 3). Mixing fresh water from rivers with 26
brackish seawater typically has an available work of ~3 kJ per L of fresh water (4). Several 27
technologies are being developed to exploit this source of energy using semipermeable 28
The manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval 226
to the final version of the manuscript. 227
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 228
This work was performed in the TTIW-cooperation framework of Wetsus, centre of excellence 229
for sustainable water technology (www.wetsus.nl). Wetsus is funded by the Dutch Ministry of 230
Economic Affairs, the European Union Regional Development Fund, the Province of Fryslân, 231
the City of Leeuwarden and the EZ/Kompas program of the “Samenwerkingsverband Noord-232
Nederland”. The work presented here benefited from the inspiration coming from the Capmix 233
project funded from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) 234
under grant agreement n° 256868. 235
ASSOCIATED CONTENT 236
Supporting Information. 237
The supporting information includes: 238
- Theory on the open circuit cell potential, Relationship between partial pressure ratio and pH 239
difference and Theory on the maximal mixing energy. 240
- 5 figures 241
This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. 242
14
243
ABBREVIATIONS 244
CDI, capacitive deionization; MEA monoethanolamine; CEM, cation exchange membrane; 245
AEM, anion exchange membrane; OCV, open circuit voltage. 246
REFERENCES 247
1. Denbigh, K. G., The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium. Cambridge University Press: 248 1957; p 491. 249 2. Pattle, R. E., Production of Electric Power by mixing Fresh and Salt Water in the 250 Hydroelectric Pile. Nature 1954, 174, (4431), 660-660. 251 3. Logan, B. E.; Elimelech, M., Membrane-based processes for sustainable power 252 generation using water. Nature 2012, 488, (7411), 313-319. 253 4. Post, J. W.; Veerman, J.; Hamelers, H. V. M.; Euverink, G. J. W.; Metz, S. J.; Nymeijer, 254 K.; Buisman, C. J. N., Salinity-gradient power: Evaluation of pressure-retarded osmosis and 255 reverse electrodialysis. Journal of Membrane Science 2007, 288, (1-2), 218-230. 256 5. Loeb, S.; Norman, R. S., Osmotic Power Plants. Science 1975, 189, (4203), 654-655. 257 6. Brogioli, D., Extracting Renewable Energy from a Salinity Difference Using a Capacitor. 258 Physical Review Letters 2009, 103, (5), 058501-4. 259 7. Brogioli, D.; Zhao, R.; Biesheuvel, P. M., A prototype cell for extracting energy from a 260 water salinity difference by means of double layer expansion in nanoporous carbon electrodes. 261 Energy & Environmental Science 2011, 4, (3), 772-777. 262 8. La Mantia, F.; Pasta, M.; Deshazer, H. D.; Logan, B. E.; Cui, Y., Batteries for Efficient 263 Energy Extraction from a Water Salinity Difference. Nano Letters 2011, null-null. 264 9. Brogioli, D.; Ziano, R.; Rica, R. A.; Salerno, D.; Kozynchenko, O.; Hamelers, H. V. M.; 265 Mantegazza, F., Exploiting the spontaneous potential of the electrodes used in the capacitive 266 mixing technique for the extraction of energy from salinity difference. Energy & Environmental 267 Science 2012, 5, (12), 9870-9880. 268 10. Sales, B. B.; Saakes, M.; Post, J. W.; Buisman, C. J. N.; Biesheuvel, P. M.; Hamelers, H. 269 V. M., Direct Power Production from a Water Salinity Difference in a Membrane-Modified 270 Supercapacitor Flow Cell. Environmental Science & Technology 2010, 44, (14), 5661-5665. 271 11. Liu, F.; Schaetzle, O.; Sales, B. B.; Saakes, M.; Buisman, C. J. N.; Hamelers, H. V. M., 272 Effect of additional charging and current density on the performance of Capacitive energy 273 extraction based on Donnan Potential. Energy & Environmental Science 2012, 5, (9), 8642-8650. 274 12. Boon, N.; van Roij, R., ‘Blue energy’ from ion adsorption and electrode charging in sea 275 and river water. Molecular Physics 2011, 109, (7-10), 1229-1241. 276 13. Rica, R. A.; Ziano, R.; Salerno, D.; Mantegazza, F.; Bazant, M. Z.; Brogioli, D., Electro-277 diffusion of ions in porous electrodes for capacitive extraction of renewable energy from salinity 278 differences. Electrochimica Acta 2013, 92, (0), 304-314. 279 14. Merlet, C.; Rotenberg, B.; Madden, P. A.; Taberna, P.-L.; Simon, P.; Gogotsi, Y.; 280 Salanne, M., On the molecular origin of supercapacitance in nanoporous carbon electrodes. Nat 281 Mater 2012, 11, (4), 306-310. 282
15
15. Kondrat, S.; Perez, C. R.; Presser, V.; Gogotsi, Y.; Kornyshev, A. A., Effect of pore size 283 and its dispersity on the energy storage in nanoporous supercapacitors. Energy & Environmental 284 Science 2012, 5, (4), 6474-6479. 285 16. Porada, S.; Weinstein, L.; Dash, R.; van der Wal, A.; Bryjak, M.; Gogotsi, Y.; 286 Biesheuvel, P. M., Water Desalination Using Capacitive Deionization with Microporous Carbon 287 Electrodes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2012, 4, (3), 1194-1199. 288 17. Porada, S.; Zhao, R.; van der Wal, A.; Presser, V.; Biesheuvel, P. M., Review on the 289 science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization. Progress in Materials 290 Science, (0). 291 18. Zhao, R.; Biesheuvel, P. M.; van der Wal, A., Energy consumption and constant current 292 operation in membrane capacitive deionization. Energy & Environmental Science 2012, 5, (11), 293 9520-9527. 294 19. Wall, T. F., Combustion processes for carbon capture. Proceedings of the Combustion 295 Institute 2007, 31, (1), 31-47. 296 20. Mergler, Y.; Gurp, R. R.-v.; Brasser, P.; Koning, M. d.; Goetheer, E., Solvents for CO2 297 capture. Structure-activity relationships combined with vapour-liquid-equilibrium measurements. 298 Energy Procedia 2011, 4, (0), 259-266. 299 21. Rochelle, G. T., Amine Scrubbing for CO2 Capture. Science 2009, 325, (5948), 1652-300 1654. 301 22. IEA Key World Statistics 2012; International Energy Agency: 2012. 302 23. Statistics, I. CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion - Highlights; International Energy 303 Agency: 2012. 304 24. Xu, X.; Song, C.; Wincek, R.; Andresen, J. M.; Miller, B. G.; Scaroni, A. W., Separation 305 of CO2 from Power Plant Flue Gas Using a Novel CO2 “Molecular Basket” Adsorbent. Fuel 306 chemistry 2003, 48, (1), 2. 307