Folie 1 B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011 Impact of conservation tillage on nematode infestations
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Folie 1 B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
Impact of conservation tillage on nematode infestations
Monsanto Weed Workshop 14.-15 June 2011
Topics
• sugarbeet cystnematode
• monitoring of fields
• measures against BCN
• conclusions
• future aspects
Monsanto Weed Workshop 14.-15 June 2011
free living root nematodes
nematodes affecting sugar beets
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Free living nematodes are of minor importance for sugar beets in our area.
Monsanto Weed Workshop 14.-15 June 2011
free living root nematodes
rootgall nematodes
photoshelter
nematodes affecting sugar beets
Presenter
Presentation Notes
In northern Europe rootgall nematodes seldom damage sugar beets. In warmer areas, for example the Mediterranean Sea, they are of great importance
Monsanto Weed Workshop 14.-15 June 2011
free living root nematodes
rootgall nematodes
nematodes affecting sugar beets
stem nematode
MLR BW
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Stem nematodes cause a top rot. They are locally of importance within Germany.
Monsanto Weed Workshop 14.-15 June 2011
free living root nematodes
rootgall nematodes
nematodes affecting sugar beets
stem nematode sugarbeet cystnematode
Heterodera schachtii
a problem for the past 150 years
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The sugar beet cyst-nematode causes continuous crop losses since more than 150 years. Therefore it is the most important nematode damaging sugar beets in Europe.
Monsanto Weed Workshop 14.-15 June 2011
spread of H. schachtii in Europe (KWS)
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The sugarbeet cyst nematode is widespread in Europe.
Folie 8B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
nematode spot in sugar beets
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Field symptoms are very unspecific. Nematode hot spots are obvious under hot and dry weather conditions.
Folie 9B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
with without BCNsugar beets:
Presenter
Presentation Notes
BCN cause severe damage, as You can see here. These sugar beets are from the same field!
Folie 10B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
BCN causing abnormal root growth
Presenter
Presentation Notes
They cause an enormous development of fine roots at expense of the beet corpus.
Folie 11B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
cysts of BCN feeding on beet roots
Presenter
Presentation Notes
After a while You can detect white cysts of the size of a pin head. This is the new generation of the BCN.
Folie 12B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
Lifecycle of BCN
in Rhineland-Palatinate: ….2-3/year
temperature sum: 465°(>8°C)
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The lifecycle of the BCN is simple: The second stage larvae leaves the egg within the cyst. It penetrates and attaches permanently to the host root. There it passes through several larval stages. Finally the female nematode produces up to 400 eggs and dies – forming the so called Cyst. To finish the lifecycle the BCN needs a temperature sum of 465°C above 8°C. Since it does not have a diapause the BCN can have 2-3 generations/year in our area.
Folie 13B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
cysts of BCN
premature
mature
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Here You can see the final development of the cysts. The brown, mature cysts contain the eggs. They can survive in the soil for 5-10 years, waiting for a suitable host
Folie 14B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
fields monitored for BCN every year since 2004
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Since 2004 identical fields were monitored once per year to learn more about population dynamics of the BCN. This is the area in Rhineland-Palatinate and here You can see the River of Rhine.
Folie 15B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
problem:
irregular
distribution of
BCN in the field
Presenter
Presentation Notes
A major problem regarding population dynamics of nematodes is the irregular distribution in the field. Therefore very often You will get different results successively sampling the same field.
Folie 16B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
monitoring:
GPS-labeling of sampling plots
Presenter
Presentation Notes
We tried to minimize this problem by sampling always the same spot in the field. Therefore we used GPS-labeling of the sampling plot.
Folie 17B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
monitoring:
soil sampling procecure
10 mGPS
Presenter
Presentation Notes
We marked the center of a circular sampling plot using the regular GPS-signal.
Folie 18B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
GPS signal difference
plot identity
± 4 m 78 %± 5 m 71 %
± 6 m 65 %
monitoring:
soil sampling precision
r = 10 m
Presenter
Presentation Notes
As we all know, GPS-signals are of limited precision. Provided that we have normal weather conditions: the sampling plot needs to have a diameter of 20 m in order to meet 80 % of the original plot.
Folie 19B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
laboratory methode:
hatch test
and
….
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Once we have collected the soil samples, they were treated with a chemical called “Acetox” (Acetoxy-Ethyl-Hexadien) for the so called “hatch test”. This compound is specific for BCN. It simulates root exudates of beets. The larvae hatch and migrate into the water.
Folie 20B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
laboratory methode:
….
counting of larvae (L2)
Presenter
Presentation Notes
… now they can easily be counted.
Folie 21B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
Mainz-Marienborn: 153 m NN; 586 mm NS; Ø 10,0°Cweather datas 06/07
°C mmSep 06 + 4,0 - 31,7Okt 06 + 3,9 + 29,3Nov 06 + 3,1 - 34,4Dez 06 + 2,4 - 29,5Jan 07 + 5,1 - 5,5Feb 07 + 3,5 + 15,9Mrz 07 + 2,1 + 7,5Apr 07 + 5,3 - 39,6Mai 07 + 2,1 + 21,5Jun 07 + 1,3 + 26,6Jul 07 - 0,4 + 18,7Aug 07 + 0,1 -21,5Sep 07 - 0,8 + 11,8
differences from longterm averages2007:
Chenopodium album
a widespread problem
esp. in barley and beets
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Looking on the results over the years, it is important to recognize extraordinary vegetation periods. The winter 2006 to 2007 was such a period, as You can see here. The temperature was significantly beyond the long time averages. In the monitoring area we had just one single day with frost. Rainfall was to low in the autumn and to high in spring time. This caused specific weed problems. Especially Chenopodium album was very difficult to control in cereals as well as in sugar beets. Farmers even started talking about herbicide resistance. In the coming graphs this arrow marks the critical period.
Folie 22B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Now let´ s have a look on the results of some monitoring fields. First a field in “Guntersblum”. The red line indicates the damage threshold of BCN, which is 500 eggs and larvae per 100 g of soil for sugar beets. The blue line is the population development of BCN during the past years. This is what we normally expect to find : sensitive beet varieties multiply BCN resistant beet varieties reduce BCN resistant white mustard reduce BCN cereals don´ t affect BCN population.
Folie 23B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
Presenter
Presentation Notes
We had a similar situation in “Hochborn”: Here the population of BCN was much higher: more than 4000 larvae/100 g of soil. Multiplication was found only under sensitive sugar beets a decline of BCN was obvious under cereals and resistant oilradish or sunflower
Folie 24B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
Presenter
Presentation Notes
At the first glance it seemed to be the same population dynamic in “Hillesheim”. Possibly because of the high population level it took four years without sugar beets to bring the BCN population below damage threshold.
Folie 25B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
Capsella bursa pastoris
Pf/Pi = 1,5
Presenter
Presentation Notes
But on the same field we had a plot trail with four replicates and a cereal crop rotation. There we made an observation which we first interpreted as a possible experimental error: A significant multiplication of BCN under winter barley. Investigation of the weed flora showed, that Capsella bursa pastoris possibly increased BCN population.
Folie 26B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
Presenter
Presentation Notes
In “Dautenheim 2” we noticed a similar case in 2007: increasing BCN numbers after summer barley
Folie 27B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
Presenter
Presentation Notes
In “Undenheim” we found a rising BCN population in winter wheat.
Folie 28B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
Presenter
Presentation Notes
In “Dautenheim 1” we had an extreme high population. In 2007 we registered a rising of the BCN population in summer barley.
Folie 29B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
Presenter
Presentation Notes
“Hessloch” is an example, that demonstrates, that it might take 7 Years to bring BCN beneath damage threshold. It obviously multiplicated in winter wheat and summer barley.
Folie 30B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
Presenter
Presentation Notes
In “Rheindürkheim” we had a similar situation. Multiplication in winter wheat, onion and potato.
Folie 32B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
Conclusions based on
long-term
field monitoring
Folie 33B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
conclusions: beet varieties
susceptible varieties: severe multiplication of BCN
tolerant varieties: moderate multiplication of BCN
resistant varieties: no multiplication of BCN
Folie 34B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
conclusions: crop rotationgeneral aspects:
• a low proportion of sugar beets decreases nematode problems
under local conditions on some fields even ≥ 4 years of crop rotation could not bring nematode population beneath damage threshold
the only explanation: multiplication on weedhosts, post-harvest of cover crops
• nematode-resistant oilradish and white mustard on set-aside fields reduced nematode population significantly
special aspect:
Folie 35B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
volunteer rape!
Weed hostplants of BCN
Decker 1969
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Weed host plants of the BCN are well known. This is a probably incomplete list which Decker published in 1969. The species of importance in our area are marked.
Folie 36B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
need for selective pre- / post harvest weed control
conservation tillage favours perennial weeds like Cirsium arvense and Convolvulus arvensis – because of
increasing glyphosate treatments: later in the year
causing:
increasing post-harvest appearance of weedhosts of BCN
solutions:- pre-harvest glyphosate treatment of perennial weeds
no or postponed mechanical stubble processing
in the future:
- selective control of weedhosts according to a preventive temperature sum of 250°C (since weed emergence)
Folie 37B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
Calculation of the safety value
Daily soil temperatures between 20.07.2010 and 25.07.2010 weather station Mainz-Marienborn
daySoil temperature 20 cm
[°C] > 8°C20.07.10 23,5 15,521.07.10 24,6 16,622.07.10 24,1 16,123.07.10 22,3 14,324.07.10 21,3 13,325.07.10 20,2 12,2
88,0cumulativetemperature sum °C
safety value: 250° C
Example:
Folie 38B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
beet variety:
• sensitive
• tolerant
• resistant
Conclusions: management of BCN
Folie 39B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
modern beet varieties
*ZF Offstein Vorbestellung
proportion (area) 2011*: 26,3%
tolerant varieties:
• Adriana
• Theresa
• Belladonna
• Pauletta
resistant varieties:
• Paulina
• Sanetta
0,0 %
farmers first choice:
• max. yield
• less nematode
muliplication
future effects: ???
73,7% single tolerance (Rhizomania)
Folie 40B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
beet variety:
• tolerant
• resistant
nematode-resistant ….crops:
• oil radish
• white mustard
management: BCN
Folie 41B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
beet variety:
• tolerant
• resistent
nematode-resistant ….crops:
• oil radish
• white mustard
management: BCN
post-harvest weed control
• according to temperature sum
Folie 42B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
post-harvest control of weed hosts• Chenopodium album
• Capsella bursa pastoris
• volunteer winterrape/-mustard/-oilradish
soil cultivation/ herbicide use before a temperture
sum of 250° C (daily mean > 8° C)[ in our area.: Ø not later than 14-16 days post harvest]
• earlier (pre-harvest)
• later (following crop)
control of perennial weeds
Folie 43B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
future aspects:
integration of w. rape in a beet crop rotation?
Presenter
Presentation Notes
I showed You already the population dynamic of BCN in the field “Hillesheim”. There we integrated winter rape in the crop rotation. Although winter rape is a host plant of BCN, it did not rise the population. This is an aspect we are working on, at the moment. Because our farmers must reduce the sugar beet area and winter rape would be a very good alternative.
Folie 44B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
knowing that BCN multiplies only on volunteer w.rape :
extension of the beet crop rotation means
agronomical advantage
simultaneous suppression of BCN
future aspects:
integration of w. rape in a sugar beet crop rotation?
the only requirement: no multiplication on weedhosts and volunteer rapepost-harvest until end of August
Folie 45B. Augustin, DLR R-N-H, Abt. Landwirtschaft 14.-15 June 2011
Thank You for Your Attention