Ber.ii ppt

Genetic Diversity and Status of Ziziphus in India

Ber : Ziziphus MauritianaOrder : RhamnalesCultivation : Marginal ecosystems of the subtropics and tropics

(India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Central to Southern Africa and northern parts of Australia)

• Suitable to rehabilitate resource poor areas•Suitable for integration into agro-forestry system of warm desert eco-regions•Help in economic sustenance and insurance against ecological degradation

Species : Ziziphus jujuba

Cultivation : Drier parts of china, including Taiwan, Syria, Spain, France, Uzbekistan, South Western USA

•Can tolerate very low temperature and suitable for growing in colder regions•Major production of Chinese jujube fruits is dehydrated and marketed as “Chinese dates”

Difference between Indian Ber and Chinese ber

Indian Ber Chienese Ber

Ziziphus mauritiana Ziziphus jujube

Indian ber Chinese berCultivated in warmer regions Cultivated in colder regions

Trees large and spreading Trees small and have upright growth

Branches vine like Branches Zig Zag

Leaves pubescent on lower surface Leaves glabose on lower surface

Flowers in autumn (Sept–Oct. ) Flowers in Spring (Feb-March)

Summer dormancy Winter dormancy

Doesn’t prefer cool climate Prefers cool climate

Single spine, generally curved Spines are in pair, one is larger and straight

Fruits have more acidity and less Vitamin C

Fruits are less acidic and contains higher vitamin C

ORIGIN

Original home of Ziziphus mauritiana Myanmar (Burma) Indo-Malaysia

Indian archeological : 1500 BC - 300 ADand literary records

Indian Scriptures : 800 - 300 BC

DISTRIBUTION

All over the Indian sub - continent

Himalayas (1500 m - Kanyakumari

Western Desert - Eastern wet tropics

Central - South India

Area under cultivation 90, 000 ha

Thermalstress

Intense aridity

High wind velocity

Erratic rainfall

Drought

ARID ECO-SYSTEM

GERMPLASM CONSERVATION Centre Accessions (No.)

Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner, Rajasthan 311

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (CAZRI), Jodhpur, Rajasthan

146

Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 25

Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 51

Central Institute for Arid Horticulture (CHES), Godhra, Gujarat 52

CCS, Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar 79

CCS, HAU, (RRS), Bawal Hissar 58

N. D. Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad 30

Mahatma Phule Agriculture University, Rahuri, Maharashtra 93

Fruit Research Station, Punjab Agricultural University, Punjab 41Rajasthan Agricultural University, RRS, Jobner, Rajasthan 54

Z. apetla Hook. f.Z. funiculosa Ham.Z. glabra Roxb. Z. horrida Roth.Z. incurva Roxb. Z. Jujuba Mill.

North Eastern Hills

N. W. Himalayas Z. horsifieldi Miq. Nicobar IslandZ. oxyphylla Edgew. N. W. HimalayasZ. rupicola T. Andern. Central and Eastern IndiaZ. trinervia Roxb.Z. truncata Blatt. and Hall. Z. Vulgaris Lam.

North west

DIVERSITY OF THE GENUS: Ziziphus

Cont…

* Z. nummularia Wight and Arn.* Z. mauritiana Lam.

N. W. India and U. P.

* Z. oenoplia Mill.* Z. rugosa Lam. * Z. rotundifolia Lam.* Z. Sativa Gaertn.

Throughout India

* Z. Xylopyra Willd Sub Himalyan tract, Central and Southern India

(Maheswari and Singh, 1965)

Genetic variability among the species

CYTOLOGYCultivars Chromosome number

Banarasi, Banarasi Pewandi, Bombay, Chhuhara, Dandan, Desi Alwar, Golar, Gorva, Kaithali, Kala gola, Katha phal, Laddu, Mirchia, Nalgarhi, Narikeli, Nazuk, Noki, Pathani, Sandhura Narnaul, Sanaur, Sanaur-2, Sanaur-3, Sanaur-4, Sanaur-6, Seb, Safeda selected, 28/1, Umran, Wilayati, ZG-2, ZG-3, Hoshiarpur

n = 24

Illaichi and Mithianwali n = 48Kalianwali n = 30Z. rotundifolia n = 24, 36Z. nummularia n = 48Z. sativa n = 12Z. vulgaris n = 26

Khoshoo and Singh, 1963

Chromosomal association at diakinesis of metaphase I

Species/cultivar Chromosome number (2n)

Chromosomal association I II III IV

Z. mauritianacv. Illaichi

96 -- 48 -- --

Z. mauritianacv. Umran

48 -- 24 -- --

Gola (wild) 96 1 36 1 5Boradi (wild) 96 1 44 1 1Z. rotundifolia 48

72----

2236

----

1--

(Nehra et al., 1983)

GROWTH FORMSCharacteristics RangeTree Form Erect - semi - erect - spreadingPetiole length (cm) 1.1 - 3.2

Leaf length (cm) 4.9 - 12.0

Leaf width (cm) 3.6 - 6.5Length : width 1.0 - 2.2

Leaf area (cm2) 15 - 60

Leaf colour Light - Dark green

Leaf shape Oblong - oval - elliptic - round - cordateLeaf base Obtuse - broad - round - oblique - tapering-

narrow - acuteLeaf apex Round - obtuse flat - obtuse cupped - acute -

curved - acute

(Pareek., 2001)

FLOWERING PERIOD AND FRUIT MATURITY

Location Lat. - Long. Av. Temp °C. Max Min

Av. Rainfall

(mm)

Flowering period

Fruit maturity

Aruppukotai (09° 55' N - 78° 07' E) 26.3 20.9 904.9 10 May - 20 Sep 10 Sep - 25 Feb

Rayadurg (14° 58' N– 77° 35' E) 32.7 15.0 923.7 10 Jan - 20 Jul 20 Oct - 20 Nov

Anantapur (14° 41' N– 77° 37' E) 38.4 17.2 562.3 20 May - 30 Aug 30 Oct - 20 Jan

S. K. Nagar (24° 19' N – 72° 19' E) 41.4 09.5 650.0 25 Aug - 25 Nov 10 Jan - 05 Mar

Varanasi (25° 18' N– 83° 00 ' E) 41.5 09.5 1041.4 15 Sep - 05 Nov 28 Feb - 20 MarJodhpur (26° 18' N – 73 ° 00 ' E) 41.6 09.5 350.1 25 Aug - 30 Oct 30 Dec - 05 Mar

Sikar (27° 36' N – 75° 06' E) 40.6 08.3 648.1 20 Aug - 10 Nov 10 Jan - 20 Mar

Faizabad (26° 47' N – 82° 08' E) 40.5 08.4 1181.4 30 Aug - 30 Oct 10 Feb - 20 Mar

Bikaner (28° 06' N – 73° 18' E) 42.5 07.1 243.0 30 Aug - 30 Oct 30 Jan - 20 Mar

Bawal (29° 10' N – 75° 44' E) 41.6 5.5 446.0 20 Aug -25 Nov 05 Feb - 15 Apr

Patiala (30° 18' N – 76° 24' E) 40.4 07.1 859.5 10 Sep - 20 Nov 15 Feb - 20 Apr

Flowering

6-Feb9-Mar9-Apr

10-May10-Jun11-Jul

11-Aug11-Sep12-Oct12-Nov13-Dec

Arid Semi Arid Tropical Subtropical

Months

Initital Peak Ends

Fruit Maturing

0

50

100

150

200

Arid Semi Arid Tropical SubTropical

Days.Intiation Peak

FRUIT CHARACTERISTICSCharacteristics RangeShape Round - oval - ovate - oblong - oblateStyle end Round - round with depression - bluntly tapering

- obliquely flatLength (cm) 1.82 - 5.80Breadth (cm) 1.1 - 4.7Size (l x w) cm 2.2 - 1.7 x 5.7-3.5Weight (g) 3.8 - 39.5Stem end Round - round with shallow cavity-obtuse or

flattened - slightly ridged-faintly grooved-distinctly ridged - necked - tapering

Cavity in pericarp At stem end - at styler end - at both ends.Colour of developing fruit

Light green - green - dark green - green with red pigment - brownish red - half red green

Colour of ripe fruit Green - greenish - light yellow - golden yellow -brownish - reddish brown

COMPOSITIONCharacteristics RangePulp (%) 81.00 - 97.00Stone (%) 2.70 - 12.00Starch (%) 0.72 - 1.15TSS (°Brix) 12.00 - 23.00Total Sugar (%) 3.10 - 14.50Reducing Sugar (%) 1.40 - 9.70Non Reducing sugars (%) 1.30 - 9.70Acidity (%) 0.13 - 1.42Ascorbic acid (mg/100g) 39.00 - 166.00Fe2O3 (mg/100g) 0.01 - 2.00

IDENTIFIED TRAITS

Traits CultivarFruit maturity Early (Gola, Goma Kirti, Mundia, Nazuk, Sandhura Thar

Sevika, Thar Bhubhraj), mid season (Banarasi, Dandan, Jogia, Kaithali, Sanaur-2, Sanaur-5, Seb), Late (Illaichi, Kali, Katha phal, Mahrawali, Umran, Vikas, ZG-3)

Sweetness Thar Bhubhraj, Thar Sevika, Reshmi, UmranPulp texture Coconut-like (Umran), juicy (Gola, Aligang), Melting

(Illaicchi)Fruit size Very large (Ponda), large (Umran), Medium (Mundia,

Banarasi, Gola), Small (Illaichi)Fruit shape Apple like (Seb), Cardamom-shaped (Illaichi), Bell

shaped (Mundia), Round (Gola), Oblong (Umran)Fruit colour Bright golden (Sanaur), Bright yellow (Gola), Greenish

yellow with brown blush (Kathaphal)Acidity Very low (Umran, Maharwali), Moderate (Sanaur),

Acidic (Kathaphal) (Pareek., 2001)

Thar Bhubhraj Thar Sevika (Seb x Katha)

SELECTION AND HYBRIDS

CIAH-H-2

Gola Z. rotundifolia

CULTIVARS

Cont…

Z. rotundifolia

Seb Kaithali

Cont…

Goma Kirti Banarasi Karaka

Cont…

Ponda

Mirchia

BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESSES

Traits CultivarTolerant to fruit fly

Illaichi, Thar Sevika, Thar Bhubhraj, Bawal Selection-1, Bawal selection-2

Resistance to fruit fly

Tikadi, Meharun

Tolerant to Powdery mildew

Bawal Selection-1, Thar sevika, Thar Bhubhraj, Sanaur-5, katha phal, safed Rohtak, Gola, Seb, Meharun

Resistance to Powdery mildew

Tikadi, Khavaspura

Tolerant to Frost Mahrawali, ZG-3

Resistance to Frost

Tikadi, Khavaspura

Salt tolerance Z. rotundifolia, Banarsi Karaka >50% (60.5 ESP, 20.25 dsm-1)

CHILLING INJURY

Narma Manuka Noki Gola Gurgaon

GolaKakrola GolaNokiBS 75, 1B-51GolaGurgoanChonchalIllaichiBagwadi

Sanaur 5LaduKaithaliKatha Phal

SebB. PewandiB. KadakaMundiaDandan Alwar DesiGovindgarh specialKala Gola

Chhuhara UmranGola HisarReshmi

Carboxylation efficiency

WUE

PN

CLASSIFICATION OF BER CULTIVAR

SHELF LIFECultivar Storage condition TemperatureGoodThar SevikaThar BhubhrajSebUmranMahrawaliBanarasi karakaIllaichi

Room Temperature (10-12 days)Zero Energy (15-20 days)Cold storage (30-35 days)

15°-25°C, 64% RH12°-20°C, 95% RH10-12°C, 79%RH

PoorGola

Room Temperature ( 7- 8 days)Zero Energy (10-15 days)Cold storage (20-25 days)

15°-25°C, 64% RH12°-20°C, 95% RH10-12°C, 79%RH

(Anon., 1997)

PROCESSING

DehydrationUmran, Bagwari, Chhuhara, Chinese cultivars, Kaithali

Preserve Umran, Banarasi Karaka, kaithali

CandyIllaichi, Umran, Banarasi karaka, Kathaphal, Kaithali, Narma

BevarageGola, Mundia

DIVERSITY FOR IMPROVEMENT

Wild relatives Exploitable attributesZ. nummularia and Z. lotus Dwarfness, deep tap root system

Drought toleranceEarly fruit Maturity

Z. jujuba Resistance to low temperature damageExcellent for dehydrationHigh vitamin C and P contents in fruits

Z. mistol Resistance to low temperature damageZ. mauritiana Vigrous tree frame

Extended period of fruit availabilityZ. rotundifolia Wood of marginal timber value

Tolerant to low temperatureFruits of medicinal value

Retain single trunk and allow 4-5 primary branches at 1-1.2 m height.Maintain 4-5 secondaries on each primary branches.Regular pruning during summer to promote new growth.Skirting is also required.

Training in Ziziphus mauritiana

Effect of pruning time on fruit yield (kg/tree) at different locations

Pruningtime

Locations Pruning time

Bawal1 Rahuri2 Aruppukotai1

April 1 -- 34.7 30.0 January 1

May 1 44.5 38.7 30.2 February 1

May 15 47.3 -- 31.5 March 1

June 1 58.1 27.3 30.5 April 1

June 15 46.0 -- 26.6 May 1

July 1 -- 13.7 24.8 June 1

AICRP on AZF, 2007

Effect of pruning time on fruit yield (kg/tree) at Bikaner

Pruningtime

Pruning intensity (%)

25 50 75

April 20 26.0 29.0 22.0

April 30 22.0 27.0 18.0

May 10 16.0 19.0 15.0

May 20 17.0 18.0 14.0

Shukla and Awasthi, 2009

Israel Pyramid system

Side creates continuous wall for production

Flowering and production starts from the ground level making

harvesting easy and cheap

Fifteen year old orchard kept at a height of 2.0m (annual pruning)

Planting distance 1.5mx3.0m

Tree shape of 4.5m2 (222 trees/ha)

Top working

Lopping at 2m height

Shoots emerge in 15-30 days time

One vertical, well spaced and vigorous shoot on each limb are retained in different directions

Shoots budded with a suitable scion cultivar

In arid and semi arid sub tropics of India lopping is carried out between spring and summer time

Budded plants of berMist unit for raising plants

NURSERY MANAGEMENT

FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS• Conservation of genetic resources.• Molecular techniques.• Spotting of genetic markers for

resistance to powdery mildew, fruit fly and frost.

• Inducing resistance against powdery mildew, fruit fly and frost

Ber-Cluster bean-Mustard Ber-Indian AloeBer-khejri-cluster bean

Ber Based Cropping System

Mustard Cluster bean

Wheat Ground nut

Indian AloeBer

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Cash-flow from Ber based cropping system

Ber+Indian Aloe

Ber + MustardBer + Mustard

Ber + Khejri + Cluster bean

Allelopathic Effects

Root exudates

Leaf leachates

Litter decomposition

Volatile toxicants

Sick soil toxicant

Root exudates Sick soil toxicant

Volatile toxicant Leaf leachates

Litter decomposition

Allelopathic influence of Ziziphus

Ground storey crop

Germination (%) Reduction* (%)Treated Control

Groundnut 87.60 94.20 6.60

Cluster Bean 95.20 98.00 2.80

Wheat 96.60 98.40 1.80

Mustard 13.40 91.20 77.60

* Reduction in germination percent over control Saroj et al. (2000)

Allelochemicals

Zizynummin Dammarane Saponin

Allelopathic response

Cluster bean Ground nut

Mustard Wheat