The land around typical Darfur refugee camps is cleared of all wood 2 T H E T R O U B L E W I T H C O O K I N G the impact of biomass-burning on health & enviornment and what we are doing about it H A I T I D A R F U R E T H I O P I A Concentration of particles smaller than 10 microns in the air in micrograms per cubic meter 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Berlin city-center Bangkok roadside Hut with open fire By 2030, biomass use for cooking is projected to in- crease by an addi- tional 30% 13 References [1] International Energy Agency, 2002, World Energy Outlook, OECD, Paris, pp 365-393. Chap 13. [2] UNDP, 1997, Energy after Rio: Prospects and Challenges, pp. 11-17, Chap. 2 [3] Wood, T. S., et.al., 1985, “Fuelwood and Charcoal Use in Developing Countries,” Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 10, pp. 407–429. [5] Epidemiological Bulletin, Pan American Health Organization (1995) [6] Darfur Stoves Project. (2010). Haiti Trip Report, April 14-25. Collected cooking and fuel price data from Port-au-Prince, Mirebalais, Toumonde, and Cange. [7] Women’s Refugee Commission & World Food Programme, 2010, Cooking Fuel Needs in Haiti: A Rapid Assessment, pp. 10-11 [8] FAO, 2009, State of the World’s Forests, FAO, Rome, p113, Annex 2. [9] FAO, 2000, Haiti Country Report: Forestry Outlook Study for the Caribbean, FAO, Rome [10] Centre de Formation et d’Encadrement Technique, 1997. Diagnostic des communaute s vivant au sein et dans le voisinage de la Foreˆ t des Pins. Assistance Technique pour la Protection des Parcs et Foreˆ ts (ATPPF)/Ministe` re de l’Environnement (MDE), Port-au-Prince, Haiti. [11] Ramanathan, V; Carmichael, G (2008) Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon, Nat. Geosci., 1, 221-227. [12] Adaped from Figure 1 of WHO Fuel for Life [13] http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/en/ 76-100% 25-50% Percent of population using solid fuels 12 51-75% 0 20 40 60 80 100 85% of Haitians use bio- mass energy as their pri- mary fuel 10 Since the 2010 earthquake, char- coal prices have increased to rep- resent up to 40% of a family’s yearly income 7 Deforestation contributes to soil erosion, increased vul- nerability to flooding, and lower crop yields 4 . Haiti is over 96% deforested 8 , with the situation worsening as charcoal producers cut down 8 million trees annually 9 of deaths of children under five in Haiti are caused by smoke from indoor cooking fires 5 25 % BUT WE ARE WORK- ING TO MAKE THINGS B E T T E R Since 2010, we have been working to provide Haitian NGOs with information about the performance of existing stoves. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Traditional E c o R e c h o Prakti Rouj S t o v e T e c M i r a k Grams of Charcoal Burned to Boil 2.5L of Waterr With roughly 85 million citizens, Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Africa. = Over its lifetime, one Berkeley-Ethiopia Stove will offset the carbon equivalent of taking a car in the USA off of the road for a full year Photo Credits: [1] Mark Jacobs, [2] Darfur Stoves Project [3] Michael Helms, [4] James P. Blair/National Geographic/Getty Images [5] Robert Cheng, [6] Kathleen Lask CONTACT: Daniel Wilson: [email protected] Kathleen Lask: [email protected] http://cookstoves.lbl.gov/ POSTER PRINTED: 12 October, 2011 0 10 20 30 40 50 >80 % More than 80% of Ethiopia’s population currently depends on solid fuel for energy Today 1950s Ethiopia’s forest cover has gone from 35% to 3% since the 1950s, par- tially as a result of the practice of burning solid fuels for cooking. What are we doing to make a difference? 48% Disease-causing small (PM2.5) particles 61% Carbon Monoxide 65% Wood Net climate- cooling smoke chemistry WHEN COMPARED TO A TRA- DITIONAL THREE-STONE FIRE 2 : 0 5 10 15 20 25 Minutes to Boil 2.5 Liters of Water Traditional Three-Stone Fire Berkeley-Darfur Stove World Population 3B 7B 3B 4B Biomass Users Non-Biomass Users 2,000,000 deaths annually attributed to smoke from cooking fires 13 . This is equivalent to the entire HIV/AIDS epidemic Wood or Charcoal as a Primary Energy Source 85% Wood or Charcoal Other $30 MILLION worth of firewood cost saved 20,276 stoves in the field 120,000 displaced persons helped In the fall of 2005, hundreds of thousands of women living in Darfur’s displacement camps walked up to 7 hours per day, 3 to 5 days per week, to collect firewood for cook- ing. During these treks, women were often subjected to sexual assault and abuse. The Berkeley-Darfur Stove, developed by the Uni- versity of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory collaborating with Oxfam America and Plan Canada, was created to address this problem $20 cost $300 annual fuel savings $1500 savings over life of stove Worldwide, about 3 bil- lion people use biomass fuels including wood, charcoal, animal dung, or crop residues to cook their food and heat their homes 1 . The health im- plications of this practice disproportionately affect women and children, re- sulting in 2 million pre- mature deaths annually 2 . Black carbon soot like that produced from biomass burn- ing is respon- sible for 18% of the planet’s warming 11 Sudanese woman cooking on an inefficient three-stone fire 1 Darfuri women returning to camp after a day of gathering wood for cooking 2 View of the Haiti - Dominican Republic border from the air 4 Traditional Haitian stove 5 Ethiopian woman preparing wot in Yaya Gulale village Charcoal is the major fuel source in Haiti 4 Manufacturing the Berkeley-Darfur stove in Mumbai 2 Testing the Berkeley-Darfur stove in the lab at LBNL 2 Haitian woman observes a lighting cone prototype field test 6 A Darfuri woman using the Berkeley-Darfur Stove 3 Sudanese woman stirring mulah in Darfur camp using Berkeley-Darfur stove 3 Atima, a Sudanese woman, cooking with a Berkeley-Darfur stove in El Fasher 2 Women must travel tremendous distances and carry heavy loads to cook for their families 1 Our team has re- designed the Berkeley-Darfur stove to meet Ethiopia’s specific cultural and food- preparation needs. We are currently developing a unique stove-use monitoring system, and our team aims to deploy the first shipment of Berkeley-Ethiopia Stoves this year. With the help of our on-the-groud partner we will soon begin to col- lect user feedback and stove-use data. Women in the camps spend up to 7 hours per day collecting fuel wood
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The land around typical Darfur refugee camps is cleared of all wood 2
T H E T R O U B L E W I T H C O O K I N Gthe impact of biomass-burning on health & enviornment and what we are doing about it
H A I T I D A R F U R E T H I O P I A
Concentration of particles smaller than 10 microns in the air in micrograms per cubic meter
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Berlin city-center
Bangkok roadside
Hut with open fire
By 2030, biomass use for cooking is projected to in-crease by an addi-tional 30%13
References[1] International Energy Agency, 2002, World Energy Outlook, OECD, Paris, pp 365-393. Chap 13. [2] UNDP, 1997, Energy after Rio: Prospects and Challenges, pp. 11-17, Chap. 2 [3] Wood, T. S., et.al., 1985, “Fuelwood and Charcoal Use in Developing Countries,” Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 10, pp. 407–429. [5] Epidemiological Bulletin, Pan American Health Organization (1995)[6] Darfur Stoves Project. (2010). Haiti Trip Report, April 14-25. Collected cooking and fuel price data from Port-au-Prince, Mirebalais, Toumonde, and Cange.[7] Women’s Refugee Commission & World Food Programme, 2010, Cooking Fuel Needs in Haiti: A Rapid Assessment, pp. 10-11[8] FAO, 2009, State of the World’s Forests, FAO, Rome, p113, Annex 2. [9] FAO, 2000, Haiti Country Report: Forestry Outlook Study for the Caribbean, FAO, Rome [10] Centre de Formation et d’Encadrement Technique, 1997. Diagnostic des communaute � s vivant au sein et dans le voisinage de la Foreˆ t des Pins. Assistance Technique pour la Protection des Parcs et Foreˆ ts (ATPPF)/Ministe` re de l’Environnement (MDE), Port-au-Prince, Haiti.[11] Ramanathan, V; Carmichael, G (2008) Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon, Nat. Geosci., 1, 221-227.[12] Adaped from Figure 1 of WHO Fuel for Life[13] http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/en/
76-100%
25-50%
Percent of population using solid fuels12
51-75%
0
20
40
60
80
100
85% of Haitians use bio-mass energy as their pri-mary fuel10
Since the 2010 earthquake, char-coal prices have increased to rep-resent up to 40% of a family’s yearly income7
Deforestation contributes to soil erosion, increased vul-nerability to flooding, and lower crop yields4. Haiti is over 96% deforested8, with the situation worsening as charcoal producers cut down 8 million trees annually9
of deaths of children under five in Haiti are caused by smoke from indoor cooking fires5
25%
BUT WE ARE WORK-ING TO MAKE THINGS B E T T E R
Since 2010, we have been working to provide Haitian NGOs with information about the performance of existing stoves.
0
200
400
600
800
1000T r a d i t i o n a l
E c o R e c h o
P r a k t i R o u jS t o v e T e c
M i r a k
Gra
ms
of C
harc
oal B
urne
d to
Boi
l 2.5
L of
Wat
err
With roughly 85 million citizens, Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Africa.
=Over its lifetime, one Berkeley-Ethiopia Stove will offset the carbon equivalent of taking a car in the USA off of the road for a full year
Photo Credits:[1] Mark Jacobs, [2] Darfur Stoves Project[3] Michael Helms, [4] James P. Blair/National Geographic/Getty Images[5] Robert Cheng, [6] Kathleen Lask
CONTACT:Daniel Wilson: [email protected] Lask: [email protected]://cookstoves.lbl.gov/POSTER PRINTED: 12 October, 2011
0
10
20
30
40
50
>80%
More than 80% of Ethiopia’s population currently depends on solid fuel for energy
Today1950s
Ethiopia’s forest cover has gone from 35% to 3% since the 1950s, par-tially as a result of the practice of burning solid fuels for cooking.
What are we doing to make a difference?
48% Disease-causing
small (PM2.5) particles
61% Carbon Monoxide
65% Wood
Net climate-cooling smoke
chemistry
WHEN COMPARED TO A TRA-DITIONAL THREE-STONE FIRE2 :
0
5
10
15
20
25
Minutes to Boil 2.5 Liters of Water
Traditional Three-Stone Fire
Berkeley-Darfur Stove
World Population
3B
7B
3B4B
Biomass Users
Non-Biomass Users
2 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0deaths annually attributed to smoke from cooking fires13.
This is equivalent to the entire HIV/AIDS epidemic
Wood or Charcoal as a Primary Energy Source
85%
Wood or Charcoal Other
$30 MILLIONworth of firewood cost saved
20,276stoves in the field
120,000displaced persons helped
In the fall of 2005, hundreds of thousands of women living in Darfur’s displacement camps walked up to 7 hours per day, 3 to 5 days per week, to collect firewood for cook-ing. During these treks, women were often subjected to sexual assault and abuse. The Berkeley-Darfur Stove, developed by the Uni-versity of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory collaborating with Oxfam America and Plan Canada, was created to address this problem
$20 cost
$300 annual fuel savings
$1500 savings over life of stove
Worldwide, about 3 bil-lion people use biomass fuels including wood, charcoal, animal dung, or crop residues to cook their food and heat their homes1. The health im-plications of this practice disproportionately affect women and children, re-sulting in 2 million pre-mature deaths annually2.
Black carbon
soot like that
produced from
biomass burn-
ing is respon-
sible for 18%
of the planet’s
w a r m i n g 1 1
Sudanese woman cooking on an inefficient three-stone fire1
Darfuri women returning to camp after a day of gathering wood for cooking2
View of the Haiti - Dominican Republic border from the air4
Traditional Haitian stove5
Ethiopian woman preparing wot in Yaya Gulale village
Charcoal is the major fuel source in Haiti4
Manufacturing the Berkeley-Darfur stove in Mumbai2
Testing the Berkeley-Darfur stove in the lab at LBNL2
Haitian woman observes a lighting cone prototype field test6
A Darfuri woman using the Berkeley-Darfur Stove3
Sudanese woman stirring mulah in Darfur camp using Berkeley-Darfur stove3
Atima, a Sudanese woman, cooking with a Berkeley-Darfur stove in El Fasher2
Women must travel tremendous distances and carry heavy loads to cook for their families1
Our team has re-designed the Berkeley-Dar fur stove to meet Ethiopia’s specific cultural and food- preparation needs.
We are currently developing a unique stove-use monitoring system, and our team aims to deploy the first shipment of Berkeley-Ethiopia Stoves this year. With the help of our on-the-groud partner we will soon begin to col-lect user feedback and stove-use data.
Women in the camps spend up to 7 hours per day collecting fuel wood
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