Bent Dalum 8/7-06, Syros 1 Development and diffusion of ICT in a local context: The case of Denmark with focus on North Jutland Bent Dalum ([email protected]) 8th July 2006, Syros Greece DRUID/IKE and Center for TeleInFrastructure Department of Business Studies Aalborg University, Denmark
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Bent Dalum 8/7-06, Syros1 Development and diffusion of ICT in a local context: The case of Denmark with focus on North Jutland Bent Dalum ([email protected])[email protected].
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Bent Dalum 8/7-06, Syros 1
Development and diffusion of ICT in a local context:
• 1997-99 a CLUB• Firms and university researchers,• Hosted by a science park, NOVI• www.norcom.dk
• 2000- a BUSINESS ASSOCIATION• 20-25 firms (75% of total employment) + AAU • Hosted by NOVI • Financed by member firms
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NorCOM (3)‘Core’ technology focus
• Microwaves - Radiocommunications• 1) Mobile and cordless communications (equipment)
– 2G: GSM, 2+ (GPRS, EDGE)
– DECT
– Bluetooth
– 3G: UMTS, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA (China)
– 4G: ?
• 2) Components for mobile terminals
• 3) Mobile services
• 4) Maritime communications and navigation
– communication (VHF, UHF & satellite)
– navigation (satellite)
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Technological life cycles – Mobile Technology
NMT (1G)
GSM (2G)
UMTS (3G)
Performance
Time
Industry
- Center for Teleinfrastructure
CTIFCTIF opened January 29 2004.
Main purpose: (1) Research in ’Beyond 3G’ or 4G. (2) Research in the interaction or ’convergence’ between wireless and wired technologies: alternative models for the architecture of the future tele infrastructure.
EU 6th Framework: MAGNET; local grants, Danish Government + Danish and international firms (Samsung, Siemens, Nokia, etc.)
Local press gimmick: two messenger boys and the creators of the great vision------->
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TeleinfrastructureWhat is in the Cards?
• Convergence between wired (optical fibres) and wireless.
• All based on IP (v6)• Local real life experiments: Fibre to The Home &
wireless Internet access. Great vision but far from being implemented.
• What is ’4G’?
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Convergence is what 4G is about
4G Mobile Communication Systems
Cellular phone systems, such as 2G, 3G, and 3.5G
Wireless Internet access: WPANs, WLANs such as IEEE 802.11x, HIPERLAN/2, WiMax
Broadcasting Satellite Communication
Wired networks
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Future strategies for North Jutland (and Denmark)
• How to learn to cope with schizophrenia– At the one hand several industries are threatened by
globalisation, not least in North Jutland– On the other hand, several opportunities have emerged in
the high tech fields– These opportunities did not pop-up as mere results of
market forces, and they are not results of very specific policies neither.
– But some bold efforts in the region have paid off: establishment of a university (1974), CPK and CTIF, a science park (NOVI 1989), the thrust towards creating a university hospital-like insitutional framework,….
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Part III
The IT software and service sector:
The IT of ICT
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GROWTH AND EVOLUTION OF THE DANISH IT SECTOR:
GEOGRAPHICAL CONCENTRATION, SPECIALISATION AND DIVERSITY
Christian Ø. R. Pedersen and Bent DalumIKE / DRUID and Center for TeleInFrastructure (CTIF)Department of Business Studies, Aalborg University
Paper for the DRUID Summer Conference 2006www.druid.dk
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• The purpose of the paper is to analyse the growth and evolution of the Danish IT sector during the upswing of the 1990s
• Employment and the number of firms have more than doubled
• The evolution indicate a ‘non random’ clustering of the industry around the larger urban areas.
• The paper will focus on the dominant forces in shaping the growth and spatial evolution of the industry and analyse how industrial dynamics caused the industry to cluster in the two largest urban areas.
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Characteristics of the IT sector that affect the evolution of the industry
• Low entry barriers– Some, but not prohibitive, physical capital requirements.
• Labour intensive– The right skills are decisive, but ‘general skills’ can do a lot.
• The education level of the employees – In 1997 17% of the employees had a long term tertiary education
compared to 3.5% for the total private sector. 32% had a medium term tertiary education or higher, while the average was 9%.
– 24.3% of the entrepreneurs in 1998 had a medium term tertiary education or higher compared to 12.4% of the total.
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Employment Growth in the Danish IT sector1992-2002
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Propositions
• Hypothesis 1: Regions with high employment specialisation will remain specialised and regions with low specialisation will stay at a low level.
• Hypothesis 2: Regions with a large town and a large and diverse labour market will benefit from Jacobs externalities leading to positive effects on regional IT employment growth.
• Hypothesis 3: Universities providing medium-term or long-term tertiary education in the technical or computer sciences will have positive effects on IT employment growth in a region.
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Regional Employment Specialisation – IT 1992
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Regional Employment Specialisation – IT 2003
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Conclusions• The leading regions in 1992 have kept their position, the ranking of
the followers has changed moderately, while the remaining regions kept lagging behind. However, Aalborg became specialised.
• Self-augmenting processes sustain specialised regions at a high activity level
• The persistent employment and firm specialisation in the Copenhagen and Aarhus regions shows a specialisation effect and a diversity effect– the demise of Vejle points towards lack of a specialisation effect.– the lack of growth in Odense points towards lack of a
specialisation effect– the supply of highly educated graduates in Aalborg compensates
for lack of specialisation• Factors behind the growth and evolution of the IT sector? Highly
educated employees and initial size of the IT sector.