Knapp 1 Rachael Knapp Music History III Spring 2011 The String Quartets of Benjamin Britten The English composer Benjamin Edward Britten (1913-1976) was the most among the prolific chamber music composers of his time 1 , and in his vast chamber music output, there are three numbered string quartets. These pieces demonstrate the composer’s skill and creativity, some of the general traits of all his work, especially chamber music, and are good examples of how his style and technique changed as he matured and changed as a composer. There are similarities and differences to be seen between these three quartets, which were written in 1941, 1945 and 1975 respectively. Chamber music was really important to Britten as both a composer and performer. According to Donald Mitchell, a close friend of Britten and student and advocate of his music, all of Britten’s music can be approached from a chamber music 1 Mitchell, Donald, “The Chamber Music: An Introduction,” in The Britten Companion, ed. Christopher Palmer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 370.
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Knapp 1
Rachael Knapp
Music History III
Spring 2011
The String Quartets of Benjamin Britten
The English composer Benjamin Edward Britten (1913-1976) was the most among the
prolific chamber music composers of his time1, and in his vast chamber music output, there are
three numbered string quartets. These pieces demonstrate the composer’s skill and creativity,
some of the general traits of all his work, especially chamber music, and are good examples of
how his style and technique changed as he matured and changed as a composer. There are
similarities and differences to be seen between these three quartets, which were written in 1941,
1945 and 1975 respectively.
Chamber music was really important to Britten as both a composer and performer.
According to Donald Mitchell, a close friend of Britten and student and advocate of his music,
all of Britten’s music can be approached from a chamber music perspective. He says, “I am
tempted to suggest that there is no distinction to be made—that all Britten’s music is, or aspires
to the condition of, chamber music.”2 He favored smaller ensembles and regardless of the
medium, he used chamber-music like traits. Similar to how Mahler included chamber musical
qualities in symphonies.3 His music often has “very precisely calculated sound with transparency
as the main objective, and spare, often sparse textures.”
He was also greatly influenced by fellow composer and chamber musician Frank Bridge
(1879-1941), whom he met through his first viola teacher, and at whose home Britten spent a
1 Mitchell, Donald, “The Chamber Music: An Introduction,” in The Britten Companion, ed. Christopher Palmer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 370.2 Ibid. 3 Ibid., 369.
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great deal of time.4 By the time he was a young teenager, Britten had written over a hundred
pieces, and Bridge was very impressed with his work. Britten was allowed then to travel to
London for composition lessons with him. One of his ideals that had a big influence on Britten is
to “find yourself and be true to what you found.” This can be seen in the non-musical aspects of
Britten’s life as well as his music.5 Britten’s String Quartet in F, written in 1928 was one of the
first major pieces written under Bridge. In addition to composition lessons, they would also play
chamber music together for fun, something which they continued to do for the rest of Bridge’s
life.6 Britten was primarily a pianist, but he also played viola, and so had firsthand chamber
music experience as a string player.7
Britten had an extensive knowledge of the standard repertory. He regularly studied,
listened to performances on the radio, or attended live performances of chamber music, as well
as performing chamber music as a pianist. While he was in college especially, he would take
every opportunity to hear whatever he could. He was quite a dedicated listener and would notice
details about the music he was hearing. And as he was maturing as a composer, before his main
quartets came out, he was becoming very familiar with the chamber music of the standard
repertory.8
Most of his chamber music was written for his friends, and they were usually “carefully
designed to display each player’s individual virtuosity to its best advantage.”9 The majority of his
chamber music is for one or two instruments, but it is interesting to note that he never did write a
4 Philip Brett, et al, "Britten, Benjamin," in Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/46435, accessed 11 May 2011.5 Ibid.6 Ibid.7 Mitchell, “The Chamber Music,” 371.8 Ibid., 370.9 Matthews, David, “The String Quartets and some other Chamber Works,” in The Britten Companion, ed. Christopher Palmer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 384.
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major work for solo piano.10 According to David Matthews, fellow composer and long-time
friend of Benjamin Britten, “at least half [of Britten’s chamber music works] are relatively
lightweight; a few are masterpieces,” and “the three numbered string quartets are…the finest of
all his chamber works, and the most fruitful to discuss from a technical point of view.” 11
Before he got to writing his three numbered string quartets, Britten had already had a lot
of experience writing for that medium. Among his earlier works are a Phantasy Quartet for oboe
quartet (1932), Phantasy Quintet for strings (1934), and a String Quartet in D major, which he
wrote in 1931 and which was published in 1975 after some slight revisions. That was the only
early string quartet that was published while he was alive.12 In his early days of chamber music
composition, Britten was hesitant to write an actual string quartet. He was very critical of his
own work, and the string quartet was so significant a genre that it would have surely been judged
very critically by others as well. 13
He wrote String Quartet no. 1 in D, op. 25, in California in the summer of 1941. By that
point he had developed excellent compositional technique, and this work was, in part, a way for
the young composer to show off his skill. This quartet does do that; it is impressive in a number
of ways. One interesting thing is the way the sonata form is handled in the first movement.
According to Matthews, “The majority of Britten’s sonata movements are found in his
early works, and the First Quartet is the culmination of this early, intensive concern with the
sonata.”14 The interesting layout of the tempo changes has the effect of disguising the form. The
movement opens with a slow section that seems like an introduction with the first violin, second
violin, and viola parts on the high F#, E, and D, respectively (see Example 1a). Then at measure
This ending can leave us questioning; the seventh chord doesn’t resolve at all, but just
fades away. It seems a fitting ending for a composer who contributed so much to Chamber
music, and to the genre of the string quartet. David Matthews sums up well the place that this
quartet, Britten’s last piece of chamber music, holds:
Composers have often reserved some of their finest thoughts for chamber music
and especially for the string quartet. Britten’s Quartet No. 3 proves no exception
to that general rule and also unforgettably consummates the rich contribution to
the genre made by a composer who was entirely a chamber musician in whichever
field he worked.28
Bibliography
28 Matthews, “The String Quartets,” 384.
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Brett, Philip, et al. "Britten, Benjamin." In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/46435 (accessed March 9, 2011).
Mark, Christopher. Early Benjamin Britten: a Study of Stylistic and Technical Evolution. New York: Garland, 1995.
Mitchell, Donald. “The Chamber Music: An Introduction.” In The Britten Companion, edited by Christopher Palmer, 369-374. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Palmer, Christopher. The Britten Companion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Matthews, David. “The String Quartets and some other Chamber Works.” In The Britten Companion, edited by Christopher Palmer, 383-392. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Payne, Anthony. “Britten and the String Quartet.” Tempo 163 (1987): 2-4, 6.