BELLWORK COPY CH 11 ESSENTIAL TERMS- due WEDNESDAY Sahara Savanna Cataract Desertification Bantu Nubia Meroe Surplus Commodity Ghana Sundiata Mali Mansa Musa Songhai Axum Adulis Ethiopia King Lalibela Swahili Great Zimababwe Nuclear Family Patrilineal Matrilineal Lineage Consensus Griot
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BELLWORK Sahara Savanna Axum - Lake County · Sahara Savanna Cataract Desertification Bantu ... Kingdoms and Trading States of Africa 730 B.C.-1591 A.D. ... Societies in Medieval
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BELLWORKCOPY CH 11 ESSENTIAL TERMS-dueWEDNESDAY
SaharaSavannaCataractDesertificationBantuNubiaMeroeSurplusCommodityGhanaSundiataMaliMansa Musa
• To be able to understand the growth of the sub-Saharan African kingdoms
• To be able to identify physical and human characteristics that define various regions
• To be able to identify key characteristics of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai
• To be able to compare the developments of East, West, and South Africa
• To be able to explain the decline of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai
Early Civilizations of AfricaThe Influence of Geography
• Geographic Patterns• Africa is the second largest continent
• Contributes a wide range of climates, vegetation, and terrains
• Variety of environment leads to diversity of cultures
• Bands of climates stretch across the continent
• Tropical rain forest along the Equator
• Savannas (Grassy Plains) run North and South of the Tropical Rain Forests’
• Great African deserts (Sahara)
• Geographic features act as barriers or highways to ease movement of people, goods and ideas.
• High Plateau interior and rivers with CATARACTS (waterfalls) hindered easy movement
• Great Rift Valley (Interior Passage), Mediterranean and Red Seas (Overseas trade routines)
Early Civilizations of Africa• Resources Spur Trade
• Mineral wealth of the African continent spurred trade
• Salt, Gold, Diamonds, Iron and Copper were natural resources that were very valuable
• Brought great wealth and power to trading cities
• Camel became “the ship of the desert” and revolutionized trade• Could carry heavy loads and plod
20-30 miles per day, often without water
• Camel caravans brought great profits to merchants on BOTH sides of the Sahara
Early Civilizations of AfricaPeople and Ideas Migrate
Scientist believe African had the earliest ancestors of modern people
Despite barriers, they migrated all over Africa and beyond
• The Sahara Dries Out• Once a fertile land with well watered resources• 2500 BC climate change initiated a drying out of the Sahara
region• DESERTIFICATION devoured pasture and crop lands• Prompted migration when people were forced to seek new
area to sustain lives
• The Bantu Migrations• Migrations over 1000 years led to great diversity• West African farmers migrated South and East• Multiple languages developed from the main language of
BANTU• As they migrated, Bantu speakers spread their skills in
farming, domesticating animals and iron working• Influence of Bantu still can be found today
Early Civilizations of Africa
Nubia Flourishes Along the Nile
In what is now modern day Sudan, this civilization flourished along the Nile, on a wide band of fertile land
• Nubia Rivals Egypt• Nubians adapted Egyptian traditions and
followed trends in architecture, style of dress and religion (polytheistic)
• Gained independence from Egypt in 730BC
• 670BC Defeated by Assyrians (Iron weapons were superior)
• Nubian people retreated South
• Meroe Masters Trade and Iron
• Nubian rulers moved capital from Nepata to Meroe in 500BC
• Meroe commands the Nile trade routes
• Develops wide trade network becoming the center of trade in the region