BELLWORK 1.What is Parliament? 2.What is a Representative Democracy? 3.What is an absolute monarchy? 4.What type of government does Voltaire believe in?

BELLWORK

1. What is Parliament?

2. What is a Representative Democracy?

3. What is an absolute monarchy?

4. What type of government does Voltaire believe in?

5. THINKER: Why would countries and citizens support an absolute monarchy?

Spain – Philip IISpain – Philip II

• 1556-15981556-1598• Son of Holy Roman Son of Holy Roman

Emperor Charles V Emperor Charles V and Isabella of and Isabella of Portugal (he married Portugal (he married Mary I of England – Mary I of England – her mother was the her mother was the aunt of Charles V = aunt of Charles V = yes, they were distant yes, they were distant relatives!)relatives!)

• He made all decisionsHe made all decisions

Philip II Philip II

• Wanted to increase the Hapsburg family’s power Wanted to increase the Hapsburg family’s power throughout Europethroughout Europe– He involved Spain in many costly European He involved Spain in many costly European

warswars

• SuccessesSuccesses– Protestant Reformation failedProtestant Reformation failed– Kept Spain CatholicKept Spain Catholic– 1571 defeated the Ottoman Turks1571 defeated the Ottoman Turks

Philip IIPhilip II

FailuresFailuresLost Netherlands Lost Netherlands Defeat of the Spanish Armada – was Defeat of the Spanish Armada – was

not able to take over Englandnot able to take over England

England – Elizabeth IEngland – Elizabeth I

• Golden Age of Golden Age of EnglandEngland

• Time of great culture Time of great culture – artists, poets, – artists, poets, theater = theater = ShakespeareShakespeare

• Refused to marryRefused to marry• Assisted by a council Assisted by a council

of nobles – with her of nobles – with her approvalapproval

Elizabeth IElizabeth I• Government laws and policies regulated lives Government laws and policies regulated lives

of the common peopleof the common people

• England was in debt when she took overEngland was in debt when she took over

• She sold royal lands, monopolies, offices, She sold royal lands, monopolies, offices, licenses to pay off debtslicenses to pay off debts

• Foreign policy – balance of powerForeign policy – balance of power

• Balance of power – a system where each Balance of power – a system where each nation helps to keep peace and order by nation helps to keep peace and order by maintaining power that is equal to, or in maintaining power that is equal to, or in balance with rival nationsbalance with rival nations

Elizabeth IElizabeth I

• Afraid of France – more powerful than Afraid of France – more powerful than EnglandEngland

• Relied on other countries for resourcesRelied on other countries for resources

• English Channel for defenseEnglish Channel for defense

• Strong navyStrong navy

Elizabeth IElizabeth I

• SuccessesSuccesses

- Kept Spain out of the Netherlands- Kept Spain out of the Netherlands

- Scotland became Protestant and ally of- Scotland became Protestant and ally of

EnglandEngland

- Ireland became an ally- Ireland became an ally

FailuresFailures

- England still in debt- England still in debt

France – Louis XIVFrance – Louis XIV

• Most powerful Bourbon monarchMost powerful Bourbon monarch• Took throne at the age of 5 in 1643Took throne at the age of 5 in 1643 - ruled by his two regents – his mother - ruled by his two regents – his mother Anne of Austria and Cardinal MazarinAnne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin - Mazarin died in 1661- Mazarin died in 1661 - Louis took over at the age of 23- Louis took over at the age of 23• Reigned for 72 years – longest reign in Reigned for 72 years – longest reign in

European history – died in 1715European history – died in 1715

Louis XIVLouis XIV

• He was the source of all authorityHe was the source of all authority• ““I am the state!”I am the state!”• Strong monarchy due to fear of disorderStrong monarchy due to fear of disorder• Chose top advisors from the middle classChose top advisors from the middle class

- they would not challenge the king- they would not challenge the king• Could not change all traditions or he would lose Could not change all traditions or he would lose

the crownthe crown• Appointed 2 key advisors – one as economic and Appointed 2 key advisors – one as economic and

financial minister and the other as minister of warfinancial minister and the other as minister of war

Louis XIVLouis XIV

• Foreign policy – countries were scared of Foreign policy – countries were scared of Louis desire for expansionLouis desire for expansion

• This led to many countries creating This led to many countries creating alliances with Francealliances with France

• SuccessesSuccesses

- brilliant cultural period- brilliant cultural period

- army was one of the strongest in Europe- army was one of the strongest in Europe

Louis XIVLouis XIV• FailuresFailures

- building projects and wars left France in- building projects and wars left France in

severe debtsevere debt

- weakening of nobility – lost ability to - weakening of nobility – lost ability to

govern, but not desire for powergovern, but not desire for power

- The War of the Spanish Succession- The War of the Spanish Succession

- increased poverty- increased poverty

- created opposition to his rule- created opposition to his rule

- lost Nova Scotia and Newfoundland to - lost Nova Scotia and Newfoundland to

EnglandEngland

Louis XIVLouis XIV

• FailuresFailures

- conflict between nobles and middle and - conflict between nobles and middle and lower classes would / will bring France to lower classes would / will bring France to the brink of a revolution the brink of a revolution

Russia – Peter the GreatRussia – Peter the Great

• 16891689

• After taking the throne he traveled After taking the throne he traveled throughout England studying their throughout England studying their shipyards, factories, mills, and labsshipyards, factories, mills, and labs

• Learned carpentry, surgery, and dentistryLearned carpentry, surgery, and dentistry

• When he returned – he had everyone When he returned – he had everyone adopt the ways of the western Europeadopt the ways of the western Europe

• Sent Russians to study abroadSent Russians to study abroad

Peter the GreatPeter the Great

• New capital city, St. Petersburg - Window New capital city, St. Petersburg - Window to the Westto the West

• Made great changes to Russian Made great changes to Russian governmentgovernment

• Created a central bureaucracy (France)Created a central bureaucracy (France)

- local governments now under its control- local governments now under its control

- Eastern Orthodox Church under its - Eastern Orthodox Church under its

controlcontrol

Peter the GreatPeter the Great

• Created new class of noblesCreated new class of nobles

- in exchange for their services to the- in exchange for their services to the

gov’t, they were given estatesgov’t, they were given estates

- duty to the czar started at age 15 - death- duty to the czar started at age 15 - death

- used privileges and force to make - used privileges and force to make

nobility accept gov’t servicenobility accept gov’t service

- had total control of serfs (opposite from- had total control of serfs (opposite from

Europe – they had been gaining freedom)Europe – they had been gaining freedom)

Peter the GreatPeter the Great

• Created tax laws to increase gov’t incomeCreated tax laws to increase gov’t income

• Nobles did not pay taxesNobles did not pay taxes

• Brought agriculture and craft production Brought agriculture and craft production under gov’t controlunder gov’t control

• Incentives to increase mining and metal Incentives to increase mining and metal workingworking

Peter the GreatPeter the Great

• Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

- wanted to make Russia a European- wanted to make Russia a European

powerpower

- expanded boarders- expanded boarders

- took control of Siberia- took control of Siberia

- claimed the Bering Strait- claimed the Bering Strait

- had settlements in Alaska and California- had settlements in Alaska and California

- fought Poland, Sweden, and the Ottoman - fought Poland, Sweden, and the Ottoman

Empire for portsEmpire for ports

Peter the GreatPeter the Great

• SuccessesSuccesses

- opened Russia to Europe- opened Russia to Europe

- strengthened Russia’s role in foreign - strengthened Russia’s role in foreign

affairsaffairs

- brought into mainstream European civilization- brought into mainstream European civilization

- modernized the military- modernized the military

- land acquisition- land acquisition

- defeated Sweden in 1721 gained control - defeated Sweden in 1721 gained control

of the eastern end of Baltic regionof the eastern end of Baltic region

Peter the GreatPeter the Great

• Failures Failures

- created a dangerous divide between- created a dangerous divide between

nobles and peasantsnobles and peasants

- divide between those who embraced- divide between those who embraced

European ways and those who did notEuropean ways and those who did not

- within Russian he only had limited - within Russian he only had limited

successsuccess

- reforms were incomplete- reforms were incomplete