Bellringer-Day 06 Create a station model using the following information: A. The wind is blowing at 5 knots in the southwestern direction. B. The temperature is 75 degrees Fahrenheit C. The dew point is 50 degrees Fahrenheit D. It is a clear day outside In which atmospheric layer do thunderstorms occur? A. Thermosphere B. Mesosphere C. Stratosphere D. Troposphere
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Bellringer-Day 06
Create a station model using the following information:A. The wind is blowing at 5 knots in the southwestern
direction.B. The temperature is 75 degrees Fahrenheit C. The dew point is 50 degrees FahrenheitD. It is a clear day outside
In which atmospheric layer do thunderstorms occur?A. ThermosphereB. MesosphereC. StratosphereD. Troposphere
Hurricane Simulation
• Using your chromebook, complete the “Hurricane Simulation Lab,” on Google classroom!
• Careful when answering the questions-if you get it wrong, it will make you start over!
Hurricane Prompt
• Put the following information into a paragraph of at least 7 sentences:1. What conditions do you think should be present
for a hurricane to form? How do you know?
2. Have you ever experienced a hurricane? If so, what was it like? If not, write about any time that you have heard about a hurricane on the news.
3. How do you think a hurricane differs from a thunderstorm or tornado?
Hurricanes
• Whirling cyclones that produce winds of at least 74mph
– U.S. - hurricanes
Development
• Late summer – warm waters to provide heat and moisture
Tropical Climates Constant high temperature-no winters!
May be rainforest, monsoon, wet/dry savanna
All months above 64 degrees Fahrenheit!
Temperate Climate Moist, Mid-Latitude
Summer temperatures are hot
In some areas, winters are mild (warmer temperatures), while others are classified with winters below 27 degrees Fahrenheit (colder temperatures)
Polar Climate Very cold year round-no summers!
Warmest month still below 50 degrees Fahrenheit!
Dry Climates Very dry; little precipitation all year
Yearly precipitation is not as great as the loss of water by evaporation.
Highland ClimateStrongly affected by the altitude
Highland climates are cooler and wetter than nearby areas at lower elevations
Exit Ticket-Did the information “stick?”1. What climate group would you say North Carolina
falls under?
2. What factors would you predict to have an impact on climate?
Bellringer-Day 09
1. What are the main types of climate under the Koppen Classification System?
2. How can temperature and rainfall indicate climate?
STUDYING CLIMATE CHANGE
Studying climate change
How do scientists know all these things about what climate was like in the past, before we were here?
A number of methods have been developed…
Studying climate change: Ice coresIce caps and glaciers accumulated over thousands or millions of years.
They contain bubbles of gas preserved from the time when each layer formed.
Scientists drill cores and analyze the gas bubbles in each layer to see what the atmosphere was like at that time.
Figure 12.5
Studying climate change: Pollen analysis
Scientists also drill cores into the sediments of ancient lake beds.
By identifying types of pollen grains in each layer, they can tell what types of plants were growing there at the time.
From The Science behind the Stories
Studying climate change: Modeling
To predict what will happen to climate in the future, scientists use climate models:
Scientists generally find that….
Both natural factors and human-caused factors are influencing climate!
NATURAL PROCESSES THAT CHANGE CLIMATE
Understanding Climate Changes
The Greenhouse Effect◦ Is a natural warming of both Earth’s lower atmosphere and Earth’s Surface.
◦ Major Gases: Water vapor, Carbon dioxide, Methane
◦ Makes life as we know it possible on Earth
◦ The Greenhouse Effect is natural; we will talk about Global Warming a bit later!
Natural Processes that Change Climate
Volcanic Eruptions The presence of volcanic
ash, dust, and aerosols in the air increase the amount of solar radiation that is reflected back into space. ◦ This causes Earth’s lower atmosphere to cool.
Ocean Circulations
Changes in ocean circulation also can cause fluctuation
◦ EX: El Niño
Natural Processes that Change Climate
Solar Activity
Sunspots correspond with warm periods in Europe and North America
Earth Motions Plate movements
can cause changes in climate
Changes in the shape of Earth’s orbit and the tilt of Earth’s axis affect global climates.
Natural Processes that Change Climate
CO2 Fluctuations
◦ Changes in plant growth rates
◦ CO2 levels fall during the growing season and rise in the winter
El Niño and La Niña
In normal conditions, winds push warm waters (red) to the western Pacific Ocean.
This allows cold water to well up from the deep in the eastern Pacific.
From The Science behind the Stories
El Niño and La Niña
In an El Niño event, winds weaken, warm water sloshes to the east, and prevents the cold upwelling. La Niña is the opposite:Cold water spreads west
Occurs every 3-7 years They events influence rainfall
and temperature globally, especially on each side of the Pacific (droughts, floods, disrupt fisheries, etc.)
El Nino Current Event
Find a current article on El Nino (last 3 months). Follow the steps below on your blank sheet of paper:1. Name:
2. Title of Article:
3. Source: (APA format)
4. Summary of Event (5-7 sentences)
5. Your Opinion (5-7 sentences)
Bellringer: Day 10
1. Give an example of a natural influence on climate.
2. What human influenced factors do you expect to have an effect on climate?
HUMAN EFFECT ON CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate and climate change
Global climate change = changes in climate on a worldwide scale
Climate changes naturally, and always has, but the recent rapid warming of the planet and its change in atmospheric composition are widely thought due to human activities.
Radiation, atmosphere, and temperature
Earth’s temperature depends on how much of the sun’s radiation enters the atmosphere and how much escapes back into space.
Incoming solar radiation is:◦absorbed at the surface, or◦reflected by the atmosphere, or◦reflected by the surface into space.
Infrared radiation emanating from Earth’s heated surface is:
◦emitted into space, or◦absorbed by gases and kept in the atmosphere.
Figure 12.1
Radiation, atmosphere, and temperature
Atmospheric gases that absorb the emanating radiation are greenhouse gases.
By absorbing and re-emitting this radiation, they warm Earth’s atmosphere and surface, like a greenhouse.
This popularly called the greenhouse effect.
Rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in recent decades have resulted in global warming, an increase in Earth’s average
surface temperature.
Human Impact on Climate Changes
Global Warming◦ As a result of increases in CO2
as well as other greenhouse gases, global temperatures have increased.
◦ Affects multiple natural events like the weather & melting the polar ice caps.
CO2
We focus primarily on CO2 when discussing global warming and climate change due to a few factors:1. CO2 has caused the most warming
2. CO2 stays in the atmosphere longest (sometimes hundreds of years)
CO2 is natural, but too much can cause problems...
So how is CO2 being added to the atmosphere?
Carbon dioxide increase
Burning of fossil fuels: We remove carbon-rich fuels from the ground where they have been stored for millions of years, and combust them in an instant, sending CO2 into the atmosphere.
Deforestation: Cutting down trees, removing vegetation from the land, decreases the sink for carbon. Some of the C in plants becomes CO2 sent into the atmosphere.
Increase of other greenhouse gases
Halocarbon gases (which include CFCs) are powerful greenhouse gases.
◦Their effects are slowing (due to the Montreal Protocol that we will talk about later)
Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas. Its future changes, if any, remain uncertain.
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Sea Level Rise
Globally warming temperatures are causing sea levels to rise worldwide, endangering many island nations.
Sea level rise
Sea level rise could also damage the coastlines and ecosystems of the U.S.
A 51-centimeters (20-inches) sea level rise would inundate wetlands and dry lands on all U.S. coasts.
Figure 12.21
Predicted U.S. impacts: Sea level rises
All areas of the U.S. coast would suffer erosion.
Figure 12.11b,c
Ocean Acidification
◦CO2 gets absorbed by the ocean, lowering pH & making carbonic acid.
Chlorofluorocarbons, or CFC’s, contribute to ozone depletion
In 1985, the “ozone hole” was detected over Antarctica.
Ozone levels had declined 40–60% over the previous decade.
Figure 11.17a
Stratospheric ozone depletionScientists worried about the effects of extra cancer-causing UV on people, organisms, ecosystems.
The ozone hole
(blue) reached its
greatest extent in
September 2000
(satellite imagery).
Figure 11.17b
There is still debate over climate change.
Virtually all climate researchers agree that global climate is changing and human fossil fuels play a role
There is uncertainty over other possible factors that may be involved, and how they might interact with human causes.
Debate is over what to do: would cost of reducing emission outweigh cost of environmental effects? Should industrialized nations contribute more? How should costs be allocated? Etc…
Exit Ticket-Did the information “ stick?”
1. What are the main greenhouse gases?
2. Explain 2 consequences of global climate change that we went over today.
3. Briefly, provide the pro and con side of the global warming debate.
Bellringer: Day 11
1. What is the primary function of the glass of a greenhouse? How does this relate to our own greenhouse effect on Earth?
2. Why is CO2 the most talked about greenhouse gas?
3. If the greenhouse effect is natural, why are we concerned about the warming of the Earth due to an increase in greenhouse gases?
Bellringer: Day 12
1. What is the difference between the greenhouse effect and global warming?
2. Hypothesize ways to reduce climate change and air pollution.
Outdoor air pollutionAir pollution = material added to the atmosphere that can affect climate and harm organisms, including humans
Air pollution can come from human-made chemicals and causes, but the majority is from natural sources.
Natural sources of air pollution
Figure 11.11
dust storms
fires
volcanoes
Artificial sources of air pollution
Human-caused air pollution includes:
Point sources = specific spots where large amounts of pollution are discharged(factory smokestacks)
Non-point sources = diffuse, often made up of many small sources(charcoal fires from thousands of homes)
Artificial sources of air pollution
Human-caused air pollution also include:Primary pollutants = emitted into troposphere in a directly harmful form
(soot, carbon monoxide)Secondary pollutants = produced via reaction of substances added to the atmosphere with chemicals already present in the atmosphere
(acid rain)
Acid precipitation
Acid rain, acid fog, acid snow
Reaction of pollutants like SO2 and NO with water, oxygen, and oxidants to form acids that fall to surface in precipitation:
◦sulfuric acid (H2SO4)◦nitric acid (HNO3)
Acid precipitation
Acid precipitation is created by reactions in the atmosphere, and can fall many miles from where pollution originated.
Figure 11.18
Acid precipitation
Acid precipitation has killed these conifer trees in the mountains of North Carolina.
From The Science behind the Stories
What can we do to help prevent human impacts on climate change?
Emissions reductions: Biking and walking
Reducing automobile usage would also lower emissions.
More and more people are choosing to live closer in and bike or walk to work.
If Americans used public transportation at the rate Europeans do, the U.S. would no longer need Saudi Arabian oil.
Figure 12.19
Exit Ticket-Did the information “stick?”
1. What are the causes of acid rain? Why is it harmful to areas outside of the pollutant source?
2. What is the difference between point and non-point source pollution? Primary and secondary?
3. Are you finished with your think-tac-toe assignment?