Bellringer

Bellringer

• Get your folder• Sit down• Get out the LAB FORMAT/GRAPHING

PRACTICE sheet from Thursday

Bellringer

• What does it mean if something is organic?• Do you eat organic foods? Why or why not?

Agenda

• Objective: To introduce the organic macromolecules• Agenda:

– Bellringer/Discussion– Notes– Grade bonding WS– Go over Data for Field Trip assignment– Go over lab for tomorrow

• Homework: – QUIZ FRIDAY over everything before water

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Life's molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbonOrganic compounds contain at least one carbon atomCovalent bonding enables carbon to form complex structures

Skeletons may be unbranched or branched.

Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location

Skeletons may be arranged in rings

Molecule Types• Monomer: A small organic molecule• Polymer: A longer chain (organic molecule) of

connected monomers• Monomers are usually linked by dehydration

reactions (a water molecule is removed)• Polymers are broken down to monomers by the

reverse process, hydrolysis (a water molecule is added)

Short polymer Unlinked monomer

Dehydrationreaction

Longer polymer

Dehydration ReactionDehydration Reaction

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis ReactionHydrolysis Reaction

Biological Macromolecules

• Cells make an enormous number of polymers from monomers, and most of these can be put into 1 of the 4 Biological Macromolecules:

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids

Bellringer

• What is a “healthy” food you like?

• What is an “unhealthy” food you like?

• What makes these foods healthy/unhealthy?

Agenda

• Objective: To discuss nutrition• Agenda:

– Bellringer/Discussion– Notes– Grade Chart– Introduce diet packet

• Homework: – Lab starts tomorrow!– Packet due Monday– River assignment due tomorrow!

Food and Nutrition

• Everyone knows we need to eat, but why do we need to?

• Food gives us nutrients• Nutrients: Substances in food that supply the

energy/materials your body uses for growth, repair, and maintenance

• Examples:– Water, Proteins, Carbs, Fat, Vitamins and

Minerals

Food and Nutrition

• The energy we get from eating food is in the form of calories

• CALORIE: The molecule we break down to give our bodies energy– Fats: give us 9 Calories/gram– Proteins: give us 4 Calories/gram– Carbs: give us 4 Calories/gram

Fats/Calories

• If we get calories from fats/carbs, then why do a lot of people avoid these foods?

• Because most people eat more than they need!!!

• If we eat more calories than we need, they stay in our body as fat!!!

• This leads to lots of health risks, including obseity, diabetes, heart disease…

Water

• Every cell in the human body needs water!!!

• Most body processes in the body need water– Blood, lymph, and other bodily fluids are

mainly water

• We should drink around 1 liter (8 cups) a day

• If you don’t, dehydration can lead to many health problems

Bellringer

• Name me everything you consumed yesterday, in terms of food, water, and other liquids

Agenda

• Objective: To work on the water lab• Agenda:

– Bellringer/Discussion– Nutrition Packet Overview– Lab

• Homework: – River Assignment due tomorrow!– Nutrition Packet due Monday

Bellringer

• Name me everything you consumed yesterday, in terms of food, water, and other liquids

• What topics are likely going to be covered on the upcoming test?

Agenda

• Objective: To work on the water lab• Agenda:

– Bellringer/Discussion– Lab– Work on WS when you’re done

• Homework: – WS due Friday

Bellringer

• Name me the monomer and polymer of the 4 organic macromolecules

• Name me the main function/functions of each

Bellringer

• Name me a food that contains each of the macromolecules.

• Name me an example of each.• Draw me the following bonds both pre and post

bonding:– Na and Cl– CH4

Bellringer

• What are you most concerned about for tomorrow’s test?

• If you took the test right now, what would you get?

• Name and describe the 4 important characteristics of water.

Bellringer

• Is eating healthy and exercising worth it in your opinion?

• Why or why not?

Bellringer

• Get out your materials/ supplies and get started!!!

Study!!!

Bellringer

• What does it mean if something is organic?• Do you eat organic foods? Why or why not?

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Life's molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbonOrganic compounds contain at least one carbon atomCovalent bonding enables carbon to form complex structures

Skeletons may be unbranched or branched.

Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location

Skeletons may be arranged in rings

Molecule Types• Monomer: A small organic molecule• Polymer: A longer chain (organic molecule) of

connected monomers• Monomers are usually linked by dehydration

reactions (a water molecule is removed)• Polymers are broken down to monomers by the

reverse process, hydrolysis (a water molecule is added)

Short polymer Unlinked monomer

Dehydrationreaction

Longer polymer

Dehydration ReactionDehydration Reaction

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis ReactionHydrolysis Reaction

Biological Macromolecules

• Cells make an enormous number of polymers from monomers, and most of these can be put into 1 of the 4 Biological Macromolecules:

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

Monomer:• Monosaccharide (simple)Polymer:• Polysaccharide (complex)

Lipids

Monomer:• Fatty AcidPolymer:• Triglyceride

Proteins

Monomer:• Amino AcidPolymer:• Polypeptide

Nucleic Acid

Monomer:• NucleotidePolymer:• Nucleic Acid

Bellringer

• Get out your study guide• Circle the areas on the study

guide that you are worried about on the test

Agenda

• Objective: To study for tomorrow’s test• Agenda:

– Bellringer/Discussion– Go over lab rubric– Study

• Homework: – Test tomorrow– Lab due Monday

Bellringer

• STUDY

Chapter 3Chapter 3

The Molecules of Life

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Life's molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon

• Organic compounds contain at least one carbon atom• Covalent bonding enables carbon to form complex

structures

Carbon skeletons vary in length

Skeletons may be unbranched or branched.

Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location

Skeletons may be arranged in rings

Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules

Four main classes of biological macromolecules:

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acids

Cells make the most of their large molecules by joining smaller organic monomers into chains called polymers

Monomers are usually linked by dehydration reactions (a water molecule is removed)

Short polymer Unlinked monomer

Dehydrationreaction

Longer polymer

– Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis (a water molecule is added)

Hydrolysis

CARBOHYDRATESMonosaccharides (single sugars) are carbohydrate monomers

• A monosaccharide has a formula that is a multiple of CH2O

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERSTwo monosaccharides can join to form a disaccharidePolysaccharides are long chains of sugar units

• Some polysaccharides are storage molecules–Starch in plants–Glycogen in animals

• Some polysaccharides serve as structural compounds–Cellulose in plants

Glucose Glucose

Maltose

LIPIDSFats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules

• Consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen– Linked by nonpolar covalent bonds– Hydrophobic (water-fearing)

FATS

• Fats, also called triglycerides, are lipids whose main function is energy storage– Polymers of 3 fatty

acids and one glycerol molecule

• Saturated fatty acids – Contain the maximum number of hydrogens– Have no double bonds between carbons

• Unsaturated fatty acids– Contain fewer than the maximum possible

hydrogens – Have double bonds between carbons

• Oils are liquid fats

OTHER TYPES OF LIPIDS• Phospholipids– Are a major component of cell membranes

• Waxes – Form waterproof coatings

• Steroids

- Are often hormones or the basis of hormones

PROTEINSProteins are essential to the structures and activities of life

• A protein is a polymer constructed from amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds

• The seven major classes of proteins are1. Structural: hair, cell cytoskeleton

2. Contractile: producers of movement in muscle and other cells

3. Storage: sources of amino acids, such as egg white

4. Defense: antibodies, membrane proteins

5. Transport: carriers of molecules such as hemoglobin, membrane proteins

6. Signaling: hormones, membrane proteins

7. Enzymes: regulators of the speed biochemical reactions

AMINO ACID STRUCTURE

Carboxyl (acid)group

Aminogroup

PROTEIN POLYMERS• Dipeptides are two amino acids long• Polypeptides are from several to more than a

thousand amino acids long

Peptidebond

• The folding of a polypeptide creates grooves that enable other molecules to bind to it

• In denaturation, chemical or physical changes can cause proteins to lose their shape and thus their specific function

A protein's specific shape determines its function

PROTEIN STRUCTURE• Primary structure: the unique sequence of amino acids forming the polypeptide

• Secondary structure: the coiling or folding of the chain, stabilized by hydrogen bonding

– May be alpha helix or pleated sheet

• Tertiary structure: the overall three-dimensional shape of the polypeptide

• Quaternary structure: the association of two or more polypeptide chains (subunits)

Levels of Protein Structure

Amino acids

Hydrogenbond

Alpha helix Pleated sheet

Polypeptide(single subunitof transthyretin)

Transthyretin, withfour identicalpolypeptide subunits

NUCLEIC ACIDSNucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides

• There are two types of nucleic acids-DNA and RNA

Nitrogenousbase (A)

Sugar

Phosphategroup

Organic Molecules• There are four groups of important

macromolecules (large organic molecules) in all living things:

– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic acids

Lipids• Do not dissolve in water• Three major groups:

–Phospholipids – Fats– Steroids

Phospholipids• Phospholipids have a phosphate head, which

is hydrophilic, and two fatty acid tails, which are hydrophobic

Phospholipids• Phospholipids have a phosphate head, which

is hydrophilic, and two fatty acid tails, which are hydrophobic

TailsHead

How will phospholipids react in water?hydrophilic

hydrophobic

phospholipid bilayer

Fluid mosaic model• Realplayer video clip

Pgs. 85 - 87

Life begins at the level of the cell

How many cells are in an adult human body?

A. A few, maybe 5 to 10B. Around 1,000C. Around 1 million (1,000,000)D. Trillions (1,000,000,000,000)

How many cells are in an adult human body?

A. A few, maybe 5 to 10B. Around 1,000C. Around 1 million (1,000,000)D. Trillions (1,000,000,000,000)

60,000,000,000,000 cells

Are my cells bigger than Maddie’s?

http://content.usatoday.com

All organisms are composed of cells.

• Human red blood cells (6 to 8 um)

• Bacterial cells(0.5 to 5 um)

Cell Theory1. All living organisms are made up of

one or more cells.

2. All cells arise from other pre-existing cells.

Pg. 79

What is the difference between a cell and a molecule?

A. Cells are functional living things, while molecules are not alive

B. Molecules are made up of cellsC. Cells are made up of moleculesD. Both A and C are correct statements

• The plasma membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell

Cytoplasm

fluid

Cells

All cells have:– Plasma

membrane

– DNA

– Cytoplasm

Two types:– Prokaryotic

– Eukaryotic

Cytoplasm

fluid

Cells

All cells have:– Plasma

membrane

– DNA

– Cytoplasm

Two types:– Prokaryotic

– Eukaryotic

Two types of cells• Prokaryotic cells

• Eukaryotic cells

- Have a nucleus where DNA is stored- Have membrane bound organelles

No nucleusNo organelles

• The cytoplasm is fluid inside the cell

• Organelles are structures that carry out specific jobs in eukaryotic cells

The living tree2 months 9 months

3 years 10 years20 years

How do organisms so small eat logs so big?

Things that eat fallen logs

Shelf fungi

Molds, fungi, and bacteria too small to see

How can a cell “eat?”

Carbohydrates• The major source of energy for cells• Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

• Energy is stored in the chemical bonds

GlucoseC6H12O6

Which of these molecules contains the most energy?

A. B. C. D.

Which of these molecules contains the most energy?

A. B. C. D.

More bonds = more energy

Glucose: a monosaccharide

Sucrose: a disaccharide

FructoseGlucose +

Cellulose: a polysaccharide

Glucose: a monosaccharide

Sucrose: a disaccharide

FructoseGlucose +

Cellulose: a polysaccharide

Carbohydrates• Simple• Single sugars

• Complex• Many simple sugars

bonded together

How much food does the average American consume each year?

A. 1,000 poundsB. 1,500 poundsC. 1,750 poundsD. 2,175 pounds

How much food does the average American consume each year?

A. 1,000 poundsB. 1,500 poundsC. 1,750 poundsD. 2,175 pounds

“You are what you eat”• Food is broken down and used by cells for

energy and to build other molecules

• Mitochondria are organelles that convert food to ATP, the type of energy a cell can use

The shape and function of a cell primarily depends on its ___________.

A. CarbohydratesB. Nucleic acidsC. ProteinsD. Lipids

• Ribosomes are small structures where proteins are assembled

• The nucleus is a membrane structure that encloses the DNA

Animal Cell

MITOCHONDRION

RIBOSOMES

NUCLEUS

PLASMA MEMBRANE

RIBOSOMES

NUCLEUS

CHLOROPLAST

MITOCHONDRION

PLASMA MEMBRANE

CELL WALL

Plant Cell

What characteristic of an atom gives it its chemical properties?

A. the number of protonsB. the number of neutronsC. the number of electronsD. the number of electrons in its outer

shell

2. How would Carbon react with Hydrogen to become the most stable?

C H

1. Draw the electrons around the nuclei of each of these atoms.

Carbon = 6 electrons Hydrogen = 1 electron

• A molecule – two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

• Carbon makes bonds with other atoms by sharing electrons

• This bond type is called a covalent bond

If life on Mars is fundamentally like life on Earth, its molecules will be based on which element?

A. carbonB. siliconC. nitrogenD. oxygen

Where did the mass come from?

TIME

• most of the mass of living organisms is made up of the element Carbon

A. Water B. SoilC. Air CO2

D. Sunlight

O--

-- -

-

O--

-- --

C- -

- ---

--- -

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Are molecules alive?

A. YesB. NoC. I’m not sure

Life begins at the level of the cell

Molecules are NOT alive

Inorganic = nonliving• Inorganic molecules make up nonliving matter

(water, carbon dioxide, salts)

Organic = living

• Organic molecules make up living matter and always contain Carbon and Hydrogen

We are not talking about this kind of “organic”

• “Organic” food is grown without the use of chemical pesticides

Organic Molecules• There are four groups of important

macromolecules (large organic molecules) in all living things:

– Carbohydrates– Proteins– Lipids– Nucleic acids

These are all based on the element Carbon

Organic molecules are mostly made up of Carbon because . . .

A. Carbon atoms can form bonds with up to 4 other atoms.B. Only Carbon atoms can form covalent bonds.C. Carbon does not have any electrons.D. The protons in Carbon contain lots of energy.

Carbon is the foundation for life on earth because it can make bonds with up to four other elements

Carbon = 6 electrons

C

-

-

-

-

--

Worksheet

• Review how Carbon shares electrons with Hydrogen to form Methane

• Draw how Oxygen would form bonds with Hydrogen

• Answer the questions on the back