Bell Ringer What is Chemistry? How does affect your life?
Jan 12, 2016
Bell Ringer
What is Chemistry?
How does affect
your life?
Matter
Matter is anything that:Has mass &Takes up space
What is Matter?
Different materials different properties
different materials have different compositions (i.e. different stuff)
Clothing labels no cleaning process works for
all materials.
Matter
Matter is divided into 2 categories:
Matter
Matter that always has exactly the same composition.
Every sample has the same properties
Examples: Table salt and table sugar
Pure Substances
Two categories of pure substances:
• Elements
• Compounds.
Matter
Matter
Cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
Fixed compositionContains only one type of atom.
The atoms of each element are unique.
Elements (First Category of Pure Substances)
Examples of Elements you may have heard of:
Aluminum - Most soft drink cans made from it.
Carbon - main element in pencil marks.
Oxygen and Nitrogen - main gases in the air.
Bromine and Mercury - two elements that are liquids at room temperature
(Most elements are solids at room temperature.)
Elements
Symbols for Elements
Chemical symbols have one or two lettersFirst letter is always CAPITALIZED
If there is a second letter, it is lower case
•C represents carbon.
•Al represents aluminum.
•Au represents gold.
(The Latin name for gold is aurum)
Elements
Symbols for Elements are universal
Even when the names are different in different languages
N is the symbol for the element we (American English speakers) call nitrogen:
French word is azote
German word is stickstoff
Spanish word is nitrógeno in Mexico.
Elements
Pictures of pure elements you might encounter
(most elements are not found in pure form)
Elements
Aluminum Carbon Gold Iodine
A compound contains two or more elements joined in a fixed proportion.
Compounds (Second Category of Pure Substances)
Compound is:•Made from two or more simpler substances•Can be chemically broken down into those simpler substances.
Properties of a compound are different from those of the substances from which it is made.
Example: Water – composed of H and O.
• Oxygen and hydrogen are gases at room temperature
•Water is a liquid at room temp.
• Hydrogen can fuel a fire
• Oxygen can keep a fire burning
•Water does not burn
Compounds
Another Example:
Sodium Chloride, composed of Na and
Cl. (common table salt)
•Sodium and Chlorine are highly reactive, toxic (poisonous) materials.
•Sodium Chloride is necessary for life
Compounds
Matter
If you make salsa, a recipe can guide you. You can use exactly the amounts in the recipe, or you can adjust the ingredients to your own taste. Salsa is a mixture. Each batch may be slightly different.
Mixtures
Composition of a mixture is not fixed.The properties of a mixture are less constant than the properties of a substance.
The properties of a mixture can vary
May vary in different parts of the mixture.
May vary when made at different times.
Some properties of the individual substances may be retained.
Mixtures
Heterogeneous
Mixture substances are noticeably different from one another.
Homogeneous
Substances are so evenly distributed that it is difficult to distinguish one substance from another.
Two Types of Mixtures
Two Types of Mixtures
The sand is a heterogeneous mixture of different kinds of grains. The spoon is stainless steel, a homogeneous mixture of iron, chromium, and nickel.
Mixtures - Heterogeneous Example
Mixtures are classified based on size of largest particles
a solution (homogeneous)
a suspension (heterogeneous)
a colloid (it depends!)
Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
• The size of the particles in a mixture has an effect on the properties of the mixture.
Mixtures
SolutionDissolves
(tiniest particles are thoroughly mixed together)
Homogeneous mixtureSolute – the substance that is dissolved.
Solvent – the substance that does the dissolving.
Example: Lemonade
The sugar and lemon juice are solutes
The water is the solvent
Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
Solubility = substances’ ability to dissolve.
Soluble means it will dissolve.
Example, Salt is soluble in water.
Insoluble means it will NOT dissolve.
Example, Oil is insoluble in water.
Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
Suspension
Heterogeneous mixture
Separates into layers over time.
Example: muddy river water
Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
Colloids Particles’ size between the small particles in a solution and the larger particles in a suspension.
Particles are mixed together, but not dissolved.
Won’t separate into layers (same as a solution)
Cannot separate parts with filterOften appears Cloudy.
Examples: Fog, Smoke,
Foam, Latex paint
Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
Alloys
Metal Solutions
Solids that are dissolved in solids.
Examples:Gold Jewelry: solid solution of gold & copper
Brass: copper and zinc solid solution
Sterling Silver – contains small amounts of copper in solution with silver
Stainless Steel: alloy of chromium and iron
These liquids represent three categories of mixtures:
• Windshield wiper fluid is a solution.
• Muddy water collected from a swamp is a suspension.
• Milk is a colloid.
Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
Mixtures