Bell Ringer Please explain what role you think a national bank plays in stabilizing an economy. If you don’t know, make an educated guess.
Feb 25, 2016
Bell Ringer
Please explain what role you think a national bank plays in stabilizing an economy. If you don’t know, make an educated guess.
Varieties of American NationalismCHAPTER 8
Building a National Market
The War of 1812 led us into economic and territorial expansion again That same boom led us to a bust in 1819 We needed stability
Banking and shipping were in chaos and the inadequacies of our transportation and financial systems were exposed Because no national bank existed after 1811 many
local banks issued their own notes (currency) which lead to very unstable money
Our response was to create the Second Bank of the United States
Building a National Market
The Second Bank of the United States Was similar to Hamilton’s First Bank of the United
States Could not prevent state banks from issuing
currency It could however threaten to compete with the local
bank which typically convinced the smaller bank to stay in check
Manufacturing was just waiting for someone to start producing again… Hard to get manufactured stuff during the war
which people didn’t like
Building a National Market
The textile industry began to grow Everything had been
hand woven Francis Cabot Lowell
put a factory together where textiles could be produced under one roof
His mill set the pace for American cities to develop
Building a National Market
England—in an attempt to recover losses from the war—dropped tons of manufactured goods into our market Most were priced below their value This had a horrible impact on our economy
Little did many realize how this issue was become the basis for the Civil War America wanted to protect it’s “infant industries” It created protective tariffs which charged a tax
on all imports of goods coming into the country that would compete with these industries
Transportation
Should the federal government pay for internal improvements like roads? The American Plan suggested that “yes” it should
A system of canals and highways paved the way for manufactures to get raw materials and for finished goods to easily get from one part of the country to another Cumberland Road was our first National Road Using steam ships were they way to navigate hard to
reach areas by water They created better versions of these after the War
of 1812 because they realized how defenseless they were when the British began blockading
Transportation
James Madison vetoed the internal improvements bill He believed that building roads/canals was great
but he said Congress lacked the authority to fund improvements without a constitutional amendment
The states/local governments as well as private enterprise built the basis for the transportation system we have today
Westward Expansion
By 1820 Americans have moved beyond the Mississippi River in large numbers
Reasons for expansion: Pressures of the East—growing population
strained city resources and made living conditions rough
Attractiveness of the West—Natives were pushed out of the way
Factor System was established as agents who supplied Natives with necessities
Fertile lands and easy river navigation made moving West more feasible
Plantation System in the Southwest
Cotton had become the principle crop in the South
Farmers regularly sought new soil—MS, and AL were perfect areas called the “Black Belt” for their fertile lands These expansions led to four new states: MS, AL,
IN, and IL Most who moved to the wilderness to clear new
lands were wealthy but it didn’t guarantee success Very few people were able to move out and
maintain those areas as plantations
Trade and Trapping in the Far West
Most Americans knew little of the far West Trapping and trade did grow significantly for
those who moved out there When Mexico became independent in 1821 they
immediately opened up trade with the U.S. Many traveled the Santa Fe Trail to participate in
trade in the region
Trade and Trapping in the Far West
Fur trappers/traders predominantly settled in the Great Lakes region and then further into UT and NM Mountain men (those who were isolated as trappers)
had no companionship They relied on the people of the East to ship goods to
them They would often have rendezvous points to
exchange furs for food/goods Many lived peacefully with local tribes, some even
intermarried Stephen Long documented his trip westward,
calling the Great Plains the “Great American Desert”
Bell Ringer
What would America have to look like today for you to call it “the Era of Good Feelings?”
The “Era of Good Feelings”
American experienced a rising sense of nationalism after the war of 1812
Perhaps most notably in national politics Monroe would be the last of the Virginia Dynasty He was Secretary of State under Madison—which had
become the stepping stone to the presidency Monroe served during a time in which no
international threats existed He was able to focus on uniting the country which he
did on a “goodwill tour” in which he traveled the country meeting people
He would run in 1820 unopposed due to the dissemblance of the Federalist Party
The “Era of Good Feelings”
Monroe chose a very diverse cabinet with Southerners, Northerners, Westerners, and Easterners John Quincy Adams became his Secretary of State
while John C. Calhoun was the Secretary of War J. Q. Adams was a firm believer in expansionism
Florida was his first target as he negotiated with Luis de Onís for its annexation
Andrew Jackson, using orders from Calhoun as an excuse, invaded Florida
Calhoun had requested that Jackson “adopt necessary measures” to stop Seminole raids in the US
The “Era of Good Feelings”
Jackson seized St. Marks and Pensacola forts and hanged two British subjects for supplying and inciting Natives This became known as the Seminole War
Adams urged the government to take responsibility for Jackson’s actions The US had right to defend itself from border threats Adams implied that it will be easy for the US to simply
take Florida Realizing that it would lose FL either way, Spain ceded
all of it to the US in the Adams-Onís Treaty America gave up all claims on Texas in return—we’d
come back for that later…
The “Era of Good Feelings”
For all the success Monroe had in politics, he could not find that same luck in economics
The economy went into a panic in 1819 The Panic of 1819 was created by a change in loans
and bank failures The banks had loaned lots of money out to people, but
the Second Bank of the United States started making loans harder to get as well as foreclosing on defaulted loans
This, coupled with the land speculation of the previous decade, and banks closing lead to an economic disaster
The depression lasted 6 years—long enough to get people to question the 2nd B.U.S.
Sectionalism and Nationalism
For a brief moment it appeared that the “Era of Good Feelings” was to be interrupted by civil unrest between the North and South Missouri applied for statehood The Tallmadge Amendment was designed to go
with their statehood request saying that no new slaves could be brought into the state and that gradual emancipation would be expected
Admission of MO as a slave state would disturb the 11:11 ratio of slave:free states
Sectionalism and Nationalism
Henry Clay (The Great Pacifier) introduced the Missouri Compromise
Since Maine (a free territory) wanted to be admitted as well, he suggested tying the bills together and admitting MO as slave and ME as free
This kept the balance The MO Compromise also
called for all new lands that were above the 36°30´ parallel would be free, meanwhile lands below would be slave
Sectionalism and Nationalism
Chief Justice John Marshall was committed to strengthening the federal government He strengthened the judicial branch over the other
two, the federal government over the states, as well as the interests of business/propertied
Fletcher v. Peck: Court ruled that a land grant could not be repealed even if corruption was involved
Dartmouth College v. Woodward: Court ruled that the state could not convert Dartmouth into a public school since it was a land grant contract granted by the King of England in 1769
Cohens v. Virginia: federal court has the right to review state court’s decisions
Sectionalism and Nationalism
While Marbury v. Madison is the most famous Supreme Court case there are two others that also deserve honorable mention McCulloch v. Maryland: Upheld the
constitutionality of the Bank of the United States—therefore upholding “implied powers”
Gibbons v. Ogden: Court ruled that the federal government’s right to regulate interstate trade was “complete in itself”
Sectionalism and Nationalism
Marshall also ruled in the controversial Worcester v. Georgia Native Americans (Cherokees at least) learned
how to assimilate and yet the state was trying to force them off their lands
Marshall ruled that the Natives had property rights, and were sovereign
We will discuss this later…
Sectionalism and Nationalism
In 1815 America claimed neutrality while Spain fought to keep its colonies under control America wasn’t THAT neutral…we sold ships to
the revolutionaries We were also the first country to recognize Chile,
Peru, Columbia, and Mexico The Monroe Doctrine (written by J.Q. Adams)
declared that “the American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” We didn’t have much to enforce this—thankfully
no one really tested it during the Monroe President
The “Corrupt Bargain”
While the election of 1820 saw no contest against Monroe, the election of 1824 brought 4 candidates (2 of which were in a dead heat)
J. Q. Adams, being Secretary of State, felt he was a shoe-in Jackson, with little political experience managed
to take the popular vote No one won the electoral college with a majority
This caused the election to go into the House of Representatives
The “Corrupt Bargain”
Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House—therefore he carried a lot of influence over them The appearance that was given (and acceptance
of the story is widespread) that Clay would endorse Adams in exchange for a chance at Secretary of State
Adams won, Clay become Sec. of State Jackson and his followers cried foul calling this
the “corrupt bargain”
Adams as President
Not much on the foreign front occurred during Adams’ presidency
He did however manage to ruin our economy with the Tariff of 1828 Southerners nicknamed this the “Tariff of
Abominations” Adams would not get a second shot at making a
lasting impression After one term the people were eagerly awaiting
the next president—this time Andrew Jackson would not have to fear a tie