Bell Ringer #1 What does abolition mean? Use your packet!

Not in Textbook (Use Packet) Antebellum Era, Civil War, and Reconstruction

African Americans in the North African Americans lived in all regions of the country Most northern states had emancipated their slaves but some remained into the 1830s Free blacks who lived in the North did not have the same rights as whites De facto segregation- segregation based on tradition, not law

African Americans in the South Most African Americans living in the South were slaves Free blacks living in the South lived mostly in the cities and worked as artisans Free blacks were not granted civil or political rights in the South De jure segregation- segregation through law

The Abolitionist Movement The abolitionist movement was started to end slavery African Americans, whites, northerners, and southerners Different protests Published newspapers Wrote books Underground Railroad Secret routes fugitive slaves took to gain freedom in the north and Canada Led rebellions

The Abolitionist Movement Most northerners were not abolitionists Some abolitionists did not believe that freed slaves should have equal rights Abolition was not effective until the mid-1800s The Underground Railroad was not very successful in the deep south

The Abolitionist Movement William Lloyd Garrison wrote The Liberator John Brown was seen as a religious fanatic by northerners and a terrorist by southerners Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin was successful at gaining support for abolition

Struggle for Power Democracy expanded in the US as new states entered the Union Expansion led to the greatest challenge to democracy and the Southern elite became increasingly determined to maintain slavery

Struggle for Power As new western states applied for admission to the Union, the divisions between regions grew Struggle to maintain the balance of power between slave and free states in the federal government Equal representation of the states in the Senate Representation based on population in the House of Representatives

Bell Ringer#2 What were the three provisions of the Missouri Compromise? Use your packet!

Maintaining Balance In 1820, the Missouri Compromise was passed to regulate the states entering the Union in the Louisiana Territory Maine entered as a free state Missouri entered as a slave state The 3630 line was established to divide the remaining territory North of the line was free South of the line was slave

Maintaining Balance The annexation of Texas was delayed for almost a decade because of the divisiveness of admitting another large slave state Northerners saw President Polks willingness to give up the 5440 in Oregon, while provoking a war with Mexico over southwest territories as favoring slavery

Maintaining Balance The Compromise of 1850 was passed to regulate the states entering the Union in the territories gained from the Mexican War California entered as a free state All other states would be determined by popular sovereignty Popular Sovereignty- a system in which the residents vote to decide an issue Sale of slaves was prohibited in DC A fugitive slave law was to be enforced by the federal government Fugitive slave law- designed to ensure that escaped slaves would be returned into bondage

Maintaining Balance The Kansas-Nebraska Act overturned the Missouri Compromises 3630 rule Established popular sovereignty in the region Pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters rushed to Kansas to populate and fix votes The confrontation turned Bleeding Kansas into a battleground The violence that occurred led to the forming of the Republican Party

Slavery and the Supreme Court In 1856, Dred Scott, a slave who had previously been taken north of the 3630 line, sued for his freedom based on the conditions of the Missouri Compromise The Supreme Court ruled against Dred Scott declaring the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional The Supreme Court determined that because slaves were property and the Constitution protected the right of slave owners to their property regardless of where they took their slaves Congress could not make a law restricting the expansion of slavery

Slavery and the Supreme Court The Dred Scott decision split the Democratic Party Northern Democrats feared that the Supreme Court, dominated by southern Democrats, might rule state laws against slavery unconstitutional This meant popular sovereignty would not be effective in restricting the spread of slavery This split allowed the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln, to win the election of 1860

Bell Ringer#3 Who was the first, and only, president of the Confederate States of America? Use your packet!

Republican Party The Republican Partys platform of free soil did not mean complete abolition of slavery Free soil means stopping the spread of slavery into territories Non slave-owning whites did not want to compete with slave labor in the territories With the election of Abraham Lincoln, many southerners began to fear slavery would be abolished throughout the country

Republican Party Lincolns election in 1860 led southern states to meet in a convention and pass articles of secession Secessionists believed that Lincoln and the federal government would not allow slavery to expand into the territories This would upset the balance of power in the Senate, allowing for Congress to vote to abolish slavery To protect slavery, South Carolina secessionists led other southern states in seceding from the Union The Confederate States of America was formed and soon occupied federal forts that were located in the South

Split of a Nation Secession challenged democracy President Lincoln pledged to preserve the Union and democracy Confederates fired on federal troops stationed at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, SC

Influences during War Economic Resources Union- greater industrial capacity, miles of railroad tracks, manpower, and navy Confederacy- King Cotton and Britain provided manufactured goods and ships Strategy based on Geography Union- Anaconda Plan Controlling the Mississippi River Taking the capital at Richmond Blockading southern ports Confederacy- seek support from Britain and defend their region until the North tired of the war

Influences during War Military Leadership South had an advantage in both military leadership and geography Robert E. Lee effectively moved the men and material via railroads between battle fronts in the East and the West Southerners were also more familiar with their home terrain

Influences during War Political Leadership President Jefferson Davis was not able to get the Confederate states to effectively work together President Lincoln was able to articulate the purpose of the war as the preservation of the Union and retain sufficient public support to continue the fight despite military defeats Emphasized a government of the people, by the people and for the people

Bell Ringer#4 Describe Shermans March to the Sea. Use your packet!

The Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln feared freeing slaves would undermine the unity of the North by irritating the border states Border states- slave states that did not secede from the Union Emancipation was originally promoted as a military measure against the Confederacy but it took on a greater role Diplomatic- Britain could no longer support the South due to opposition of slavery Political- the South had the chance to make peace and keep their slaves prior to the enactment of the Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation The Proclamation did not immediately free all slaves Slaves in regions under Union control and border states were not included Confederate states were likely to ignore President Lincoln Slaves fled to Union lines African Americans were allowed to enlist in the US Army African Americans served in segregated units under the command of white officers The 54 th Massachusetts regiment attacked Fort Wagner in Charleston Harbor, SC Slaves were freed as their homeland was captured by Union forces

Influential Battles Fort Sumter Apr. 12, 1861 in S.C. Confederate troops attacked the Union fort Bull Run/Manassas July 21, 1861 in V.A. Confederates defeated the Union Antietam Aug. 29-30, 1862 in M.D. Union defeated the Confederates 26,000 casualties Vicksburg May 18- July 4, 1863 in M.S. Union defeated the Confederacy gaining control of the Mississippi River Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 in P.A. Union defeated the Confederacy over 3 days with 100,000 casualties Atlanta July 22, 1864 in G.A. General Sherman burned the city to the ground

Influential Generals Ulysses S. Grant commanded the Union forces and began the strategy of total war Total war- a war in which every available weapon is used and the nations full financial resources are devoted William T. Shermans March to the Sea destroyed the South Burning cities, farms and crops, destroying railroad tracks, killing livestock, and salting fields Robert E. Lee commanded the Confederate forces and had a superior military knowledge As the war progressed, the South lost their support from Britain, faced dwindling supplies, and devastating losses

Impacts of War General Lee surrendered to General Grant on April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia The Civil War preserved the Union while at the same time liberating an enslaved minority Even with the Unions defeat of the Confederacy and the federal courts ruling secession null and void, the idea of states rights was never defeated

Bell Ringer#5 How did the Emancipation Proclamation weaken the Confederacy?

Beginning of Reconstruction Southern states suffered devastating damage to factories, farms and transportation systems, and heavy loss of men The federal government believed it was the responsibility of individuals and state governments to rebuild southern infrastructure The goal of Reconstruction was to re-establish full participation of southern states in the Union

Beginning of Reconstruction The federal government took an active role in protecting the rights of the freedman against the dominate white southern society Southern actions radicalized Reconstruction policy Determined to retain their way of life, despite the military defeat States passed Black Codes to limit the rights of freedmen Citizens and vigilante groups engaged in violence

Radical Reconstruction Congressional Reconstruction plan Split the former Confederacy into five military districts Enforced the Reconstruction Amendments By amending the Constitution (13 th, 14 th, and 15 th ), Congress expanded democracy to protect the rights of the freedmen

Reconstruction Amendments 13 th Amendment- freed slaves throughout the US Black Codes were passed to limit the rights of the newly freed slaves 14 th Amendment- recognized the citizenship of African Americans Overturned Dred Scott Provided equal protection and due process 15 th Amendment- right of all male citizens to vote Not be denied based on race, creed or previous condition of servitude

Reconstruction Governments Carpetbaggers- white Republicans from the North Scalawags- southern-born whites who supported Reconstruction State governments created social service programs and public schools to improve conditions for all people

Bell Ringer#6 What were the three Reconstruction Amendments? What did each do for African Americans?

Changes for Freedmen The Reconstruction Amendments allowed African Americans to create some social freedom Many left the plantations to look for sold family members, but most were unsuccessful and soon returned African Americans formed their own churches The Freedmens Bureau established schools for the former slaves who had been denied the right to an education under slavery Black colleges were established

Challenges for Freedmen Freedmen made significant social and political progress during Reconstruction, but they made little economic progress The Freedmens Bureau- Helped negotiate labor contracts between former slaves and landowners Provided a system of courts to protect the rights of former slaves Negotiated sharecropping agreements Sharecropping left former slaves in a position of economic dependence and destitution

The End of Reconstruction When the federal government abandoned their role of protector, democracy was compromised and the rights of African Americans were limited by southern state governments Anti-African American factions (Ku Klux Klan) were organized to intimidate black voters in the South African Americans were able to vote only with the protection of federal troops There were never enough troops to protect African Americans from intimidation, violence, and lynchings The Solid South would remain under the control of white Democrats until the Civil Rights Era

The End of Reconstruction The nations interest shifted to the corruption in the Grant administration, economic depression in the North, western settlement, and economic growth Reports of violence against African Americans made Northerners believe nothing would ever change in the South Resistance of southerners in granting equal citizenship to African Americans lessened the public and Congress resolve to protecting freedmen The disputed election of 1876 led to the Compromise of 1877 Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was elected Federal troops, and their protection, were removed from the South Officially ended Reconstruction The effect of Reconstruction was temporary and African Americans were left to fend for themselves

Post Reconstruction Southern whites used race to drive a political wedge between poor black farmers and poor white farmers Southern states passed laws requiring African American and whites to use separate facilities Segregation was upheld by the Supreme Court in the separate but equal ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Negated the equal protection provision of the 14 th Amendment African Americans were relegated to second class citizenship in a society that was separate but not equal Jim Crow Laws replaced black codes and restricted African Americans in the South

Post Reconstruction Poll taxes and literacy tests all but eliminated the effectiveness of the 15 th Amendment The grandfather clause assured that whites who could not read or pay the tax were able to vote Sharecroppers and tenant farmers faced increasingly difficult economic conditions when cotton prices fell African Americans were discriminated against in hiring when textile mills opened in the late 1880s Many African Americans fell farther into poverty and some migrated to the cities of the North

Bell Ringer#7 What were the provisions of the Compromise of 1877??

African American Leaders African Americans responded to the restrictions placed upon them by the Jim Crow laws and their loss of the vote through poll taxes and literacy tests African American leaders emerged who were united in their determination to attain full citizenship but were divided as to the best strategy to pursue The strategies each advocated depended on personal background and the audience that each addressed

Booker T. Washington Born a slave Received an education during Reconstruction Founded the Tuskegee Institute Provided vocational training for African Americans Blue Collar: welders, blacksmiths, skilled laborers Equality comes from contributing to the economy Did not speak openly against Jim Crow and Segregation Encouraged companies to hire African Americans, not immigrants

W.E.B. DuBois Born free (north) Educated (PhD from Harvard) African Americans should gain educations that suit their talents White Collar: doctors, lawyers, professionals Opposed Washingtons strategy National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Full social and political equality Popular in the black community, but not white

Ida B. Wells-Barnet Born a slave Educated in a freedom school during Reconstruction Became a teacher and newspaper writer Forcibly removed from a railroad car and forced to sit in a colored- only car Outspoken and critical of Jim Crow Anti-lynching crusade Considered a militant Raised awareness of the conditions for African Americans in the nation

Bell Ringer#8 Turn in homework packets. Turn in bell ringers. Turn in Study Guide (if complete). Make sure your name is on all of your extra credit (if complete). Prepare for your Unit 4: Civil War test.

Bell Ringer #1 What does abolition mean? Use your packet!

Documents

slavery slide

abolition slide

free states

law slide

reconstruction slide

deep south slide

free south

new states