Beijing is the Capital of the People's Republic of China

Beijing

Pekingredirects here. For other uses, see Beijing(disambiguation) and Peking (disambiguation).

Beijing (Chinese: ; pinyin: Bijng) is the capitalof the People's Republic of China and one of the mostpopulous cities in the world. The population as of 2013was 21,150,000.*[8] The city proper is the 3rd largest inthe world. The metropolis, located in northern China,is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under thenational government, with 14 urban and suburban dis-tricts and two rural counties.*[9] Beijing Municipalityis surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception ofneighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.*[10]Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban popu-lation after Shanghai and is the nation's political, cultural,and educational center.*[11] It is home to the headquar-ters of most of China's largest state-owned companies,and is a major hub for the national highway, expressway,railway, and high-speed rail networks. The Beijing Capi-tal International Airport is the second busiest in the worldby passenger trac.*[12]The city's history dates back three millennia. As thelast of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, Bei-jing has been the political center of the country for muchof the past eight centuries.*[13] The city is renowned forits opulent palaces, temples, parks and gardens, tombs,walls and gates,*[14] and its art treasures and universitieshave made it a center of culture and art in China.*[14]Encyclopdia Britannica notes that few cities in theworld have served for so long as the political headquar-ters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China.*[15] Beijing has seven UNESCOWorld Heritage Sites the Forbidden City, Temple of Heaven, Summer Palace,Ming Tombs, Zhoukoudian, Great Wall, and the GrandCanal.*[16]

1 EtymologySee also: Names of Beijing

Over the past 3,000 years, the city of Beijing has hadnumerous other names. The name Beijing, which meansNorthern Capital(from the Chinese characters fornorth and for capital), was applied to the city in 1403during the Ming Dynasty to distinguish the city fromNanjing (the Southern Capital).*[17] The Englishspelling is based on the pinyin romanization of the two

characters as they are pronounced in Standard Mandarin.An older English spelling, Peking, is the Postal MapRomanization of the same two characters as they arepronounced in Chinese dialects spoken in the southernport towns rst visited by European traders and mission-aries.*[18] Those dialects preserve the Middle Chinesepronunciation of as kjaeng,*[19] prior to a phoneticshift in the northern dialects to the modern pronuncia-tion.*[20]The single Chinese character abbreviation for Beijing is, which appears on automobile license plates in thecity. The ocial Latin alphabet abbreviation for BeijingisBJ.*[21]

2 HistoryMain article: History of Beijing

The museum at Zhoukoudian

2.1 Early history

The earliest traces of human habitation in the Beijingmunicipality were found in the caves of Dragon BoneHill near the village of Zhoukoudian in Fangshan Dis-trict, where Peking Man lived. Homo erectus fossilsfrom the caves date to 230,000 to 250,000 years ago.Paleolithic Homo sapiens also lived there more recently,about 27,000 years ago.*[22] Archaeologists have foundneolithic settlements throughout the municipality, includ-ing in Wangfujing, located in downtown Beijing.

1

2 2 HISTORY

The rst walled city in Beijing was Ji, a city-state fromthe 11th to 7th century BC. Within modern Beijing,Ji was located south of the present Beijing West Rail-way Station.*[23] This settlement was later conqueredby the state of Yan and made its capital under the nameYanjing.*[24]

2.2 Early Imperial China

The Tianning Pagoda, built around 1120.

Longevity Hill in Beijing where Kublai Khan wrote his poem.

After the First Emperor unied China, Beijing becamea prefectural capital for the region.*[1] During the ThreeKingdoms period, it was held by Gongsun Zan and YuanShao before falling to Cao Cao's Wei Kingdom. The AD3rd-century Western Jin demoted the town, placing theprefectural seat in neighboring Zhuozhou. During theSixteen Kingdoms period when northern China was con-quered and divided by the Wu Hu, Beijing, as Jichengwas briey the capital of the Xianbei Former Yan King-dom.

After China was reunied during the Sui Dynasty, Bei-jing, known as Zhuojun, became the northern terminusof the Grand Canal. Under the Tang Dynasty, Beijing asFanyang, served as a military frontier command center.During the An-Shi Rebellion and again amidst the tur-moil of the late Tang, local military commanders foundedtheir own short-lived Yan Dynasties and called the cityYanjing, or theYan Capital.In 938, after the fall ofthe Tang, the Later Jin ceded the entire northern fron-tier to the Khitan Liao Dynasty, which renamed the city,Nanjing, or the Southern Capital, one of four sec-ondary capitals to complement itsSupreme Capital,Shangjing (modern Baarin Left Banner in Inner Mongo-lia). Some of the oldest surviving structures in Beijingdate to the Liao period, including the Tianning Pagoda.The Liao fell to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1122, whichgave the city to the Song Dynasty and then retook it in1125 during its conquest of northern China. In 1153,the Jurchen Jin made Beijing theirCentral Capital,called Zhongdu.*[1] The city was besieged by GenghisKhan's invading Mongolian army in 1213 and razed tothe ground two years later.*[25] Two generations later,Kublai Khan ordered the construction ofDadu (or Daiduto the Mongols, commonly known as Khanbaliq), a newcapital for his Yuan dynasty to be located adjacent to theJurchen Jin ruins. The construction took from 1264 to1293,*[1]*[25]*[26] but greatly enhanced the status ofa city on the northern fringe of China proper. The citywas centered on the Drum Tower slightly to the northof modern Beijing and stretched from the present-dayChang'an Avenue to the Line 10 subway. Remnants ofthe Yuan rammed earth wall still stand and are known asthe Tucheng.*[27]

2.3 Ming dynastyIn 1368, soon after declaring the new Hongwu era ofthe Ming dynasty, the rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang sentan army to Khanbaliq and burnt it to the ground.*[28]Since the Yuan continued to occupy Shangdu and Mon-golia, however, a new town was established to supply themilitary garrisons in the area.*[29] This was called Beip-ing*[30] and under the Hongwu Emperor's feudal poli-cies it was given to Zhu Di, one of his sons, who wascreated "Prince of Yan".The early death of Zhu Yuanzhang's heir led to asuccession struggle on his death, one that ended withthe victory of Zhu Di and the declaration of the newYongle era. Since his harsh treatment of the Ming cap-ital Yingtian (Nanjing) alienated many there, he estab-lished his ef as a new co-capital. The city of Beipingbecame Shuntian*[31] now Beijing in 1403.*[17] Theconstruction of the new imperial residence, the ForbiddenCity, took from 1406 to 1420;*[25] this period was alsoresponsible for several other of the modern city's ma-jor attractions, such as the Temple of Heaven*[32] andTian'anmen (although the square facing it was not cleared

2.5 Republic 3

One of the corner towers of the Forbidden City.

until 1651*[33]). On 28 October 1420, Beijing is o-cially designated the capital of the Ming Dynasty on thesame year that the ForbiddenCity is completed.*[34] Bei-jing became the empire's primary capital (Jingshi) andYingtian now called Nanjing lost much of its impor-tance. (A 1425 order by Zhu Di's son, the Hongxi Em-peror, to return the capital to Nanjing was never carriedout: he died, probably of a heart attack, the next month.He was buried, like almost every Ming emperor to followhim, in an elaborate necropolis to Beijing's north.)By the 15th century, Beijing had essentially taken its cur-rent shape. The Ming city wall continued to serve untilmodern times, when it was pulled down and the 2nd RingRoad was built in its place.*[35] It is generally believedthat Beijing was the largest city in the world for most ofthe 15th, 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries.*[36] The rstknown church was constructed by Catholics in 1652 at theformer site ofMatteo Ricci's chapel; the modern NantangCathedral was later built upon the same site.*[37]The capture of Beijing by Li Zicheng's peasant army in1644 ended the dynasty, but he and his Shun court aban-doned the city without a ght when the Manchu army ofPrince Dorgon arrived 40 days later.

2.4 Qing dynasty

Dorgon established the Qing Dynasty as a direct suc-cessor of the Ming (delegitimizing Li Zicheng and hisfollowers)*[38] and Beijing became China's sole capi-tal.*[39] The Qing emperors made some modicationsto the Imperial residence but, in large part, the Mingbuildings and the general layout remained unchanged.Facilities for Manchu worship were introduced, but theQing also continued the traditional state rituals. Signagewas bilingual or Chinese. This early Qing Beijing laterformed the setting for the Chinese novel Dream of theRed Chamber.During the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces

Detail from a 1682 Italian map displaying the region ofPekingand the capital city ofPeking or Shuntian(Xuntieu).

Chongwenmen, a gate to the inner walled city, c. 1906.

captured the city, looting and burning the Old SummerPalace in 1860. Under the Convention of Peking endingthat war, Western powers for the rst time secured theright to establish permanent diplomatic presences withinthe city. In 1900, the attempt by the "Boxers" to eradicatethis presence, as well as Chinese Christian converts, ledto Beijing's reoccupation by foreign powers.*[40] Duringthe ghting, several important structures were destroyed,including the Hanlin Academy and the (new) SummerPalace.

2.5 RepublicThe fomenters of the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 soughtto replace Qing rule with a republic and leaders like SunYat-sen originally intended to return the capital to Nan-jing. After the Qing general Yuan Shikai forced the abdi-cation of the last Qing emperor and ensured the success ofthe revolution, the revolutionaries accepted him as presi-dent of the new Republic of China. Yuan maintained hiscapital at Beijing and quickly consolidated power, declar-ing himself emperor in 1915. His death less than a yearlater*[41] left China under the control of the warlordscommanding the regional armies. Following the successof the Nationalists' Northern Expedition, the capital was

4 2 HISTORY

Map of Beijing, 1914.

formally removed to Nanjing in 1928. On 28 June thesame year, Beijing's name was returned to Beiping (writ-ten at the time asPeiping).*[11]*[42]

Peking lmed in 1937

During the Second Sino-Japanese War,*[11] Beiping fellto Japan on 29 July 1937*[43] and was made the seat ofthe Provisional Government of the Republic of China,a puppet state that ruled the ethnic-Chinese portionsof Japanese-occupied northern China.*[44] This govern-ment was later merged into the larger Wang Jingwei gov-ernment based in Nanjing.*[45]

Mao Zedong proclaiming the establishment of the People's Re-public of China in 1949

A scene from the opening ceremonies of the 2008 SummerOlympic Games.

2.6 People's Republic

In the nal phases of the Chinese Civil War, the People'sLiberation Army seized control of the city peacefullyon 31 January 1949 in the course of the Pingjin Cam-paign. On 1 October that year, Mao Zedong announcedthe creation of the People's Republic of China from atopTian'anmen. He restored the name of the city, as the newcapital, to Beijing,*[46] a decision that had been reachedby the Chinese People's Political Consultative Confer-ence just a few days earlier.In the 1950s, the city began to expand beyond theold walled city and its surrounding neighborhoods, withheavy industries in the west and residential neighbor-hoods in the north. Many areas of the Beijing city wallwere torn down in the 1960s to make way for the con-struction of the Beijing Subway and the 2nd Ring Road.During the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976, theRed Guard movement began in Beijing and the city's gov-ernment fell victim to one of the rst purges. By the fall of1966, all city schools were shut down and over a millionRed Guards from across the country gathered in Beijingfor eight rallies in Tian'anmen Square with Mao.*[47] InApril 1976, a large public gathering of Beijing residents

3.1 Climate 5

against the Gang of Four and the Cultural Revolution inTiananmen Square was forcefully suppressed. In October1976, the Gang was arrested in Zhongnanhai and the Cul-tural Revolution came to an end. In December 1978, theThird Plenum of the 11th Party Congress in Beijing un-der the leadership of Deng Xiaoping reversed the verdictsagainst victims of the Cultural Revolution and institutedthepolicy of reform and opening up.Since the early 1980s, the urban area of Beijing hasexpanded greatly with the completion of the 2nd RingRoad in 1981 and the subsequent addition of the 3rd,4th, 5th and 6th Ring Roads.*[48]*[49] According to one2005 newspaper report, the size of newly developed Bei-jing was one-and-a-half times larger than before.*[50]Wangfujing and Xidan have developed into ourishingshopping districts,*[51] while Zhongguancun has becomea major center of electronics in China.*[52] In recentyears, the expansion of Beijing has also brought to theforefront some problems of urbanization, such as heavytrac, poor air quality, the loss of historic neighbor-hoods, and a signicant inux of migrant workers fromless-developed rural areas of the country.*[53] Beijinghas also been the location of many signicant events in re-cent Chinese history, principally the Tiananmen Squareprotests of 1989*[54] and the 2008 Summer Olympics.This city was awarded to host the 2015 World Champi-onships in Athletics.*[55]

3 GeographyMain article: Geography of BeijingBeijing is situated at the northern tip of the roughly

Landsat 7 Satellite image of Beijing Municipality with the sur-rounding mountains in dark brown

triangular North China Plain, which opens to the southand east of the city. Mountains to the north, northwest

and west shield the city and northern China's agricul-tural heartland from the encroaching desert steppes. Thenorthwestern part of the municipality, especially YanqingCounty and Huairou District, are dominated by the JunduMountains, while the western part is framed by Xishanor the Western Hills. The Great Wall of China acrossthe northern part of Beijing Municipality was built on therugged topography to defend against nomadic incursionsfrom the steppes. Mount Dongling, in the Western Hillsand on the border with Hebei, is the municipality's high-est point, with an altitude of 2,303 metres (7,556 ft).

Remnants of the Great Wall of China in the mountains north ofthe city.

Major rivers owing through the municipality, includ-ing the Chaobai, Yongding, Juma, are all tributaries inthe Hai River system, and ow in a southeasterly direc-tion. The Miyun Reservoir, on the upper reaches of theChaobai River, is the largest reservoir within the munici-pality. Beijing is also the northern terminus of the GrandCanal to Hangzhou, which was built over 1,400 yearsago as a transportation route, and the SouthNorth WaterTransfer Project, constructed in the past decade to bringwater from the Yangtze River basin.The urban area of Beijing, on the plains in the south-central of the municipality with elevation of 4060 m,occupies a relatively small but expanding portion of themunicipality's area. The city spreads out in concentricring roads. The Second Ring Road traces the old citywalls and the Sixth Ring Road connects satellite townsin the surrounding suburbs. Tian'anmen and Tian'anmenSquare are at the center of Beijing, directly to the south ofthe Forbidden City, the former residence of the emperorsof China. To the west of Tian'anmen is Zhongnanhai, theresidence of China's current leaders. Chang'an Avenuewhich cuts between Tiananmen and the Square, forms thecity's main east-west axis.

3.1 ClimateBeijing has a rather dry, monsoon-inuenced humid con-tinental climate (Kppen climate classication Dwa),characterized by hot, humid summers due to the East

6 3 GEOGRAPHY

Asian monsoon, and generally cold, windy, dry win-ters that reect the inuence of the vast Siberian anticy-clone.*[56] Spring can bear witness to sandstorms blow-ing in from the Gobi Desert across the Mongolian steppe,accompanied by rapidly warming, but generally dry, con-ditions. Autumn, like spring, sees little rain, but is crispand short. The monthly daily average temperature in Jan-uary is 3.7 C (25.3 F), while in July it is 26.2 C (79.2F). Precipitation averages around 570 mm (22.4 in) an-nually, with close to three-fourths of that total fallingfrom June to August. With monthly percent possible sun-shine ranging from 47% in July to 65% in January andFebruary, the city receives 2,671 hours of bright sunshineannually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from 27.4C (17 F) on 22 February 1966 to 41.9 C (107 F) on24 July 1999 (unocial record of 42.6 C (109 F) wasset on 15 June 1942).*[57]*[58]

3.2 Air quality

Joint research between American and Chinese re-searchers in 2006 concluded that much of the city's pol-lution comes from surrounding cities and provinces. Onaverage 3560% of the ozone can be traced to sourcesoutside the city. Shandong Province and Tianjin Munici-pality have asignicant inuence on Beijing's air qual-ity,*[62] partly due to the prevailing south/southeasterlyow during the summer and the mountains to the northand northwest.

Heavy air pollution has resulted in widespread smog. These pho-tographs, taken in August 2005, show the variations in Beijing'sair quality.

In preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympics and tofulll promises to clean up the city's air, nearly 17 bil-lion USD was spent.*[63] Beijing implemented a num-ber of air improvement schemes for the duration ofthe Games, including halting work at all constructionsites, closing many factories in Beijing permanently, tem-porarily shutting industry in neighboring regions, clos-ing some gas stations,*[64] and cutting motor trac byhalf by limiting drivers to odd or even days (based ontheir license plate numbers),*[65] reducing bus and sub-way fares, opening new subway lines, and banning high-emission vehicles.*[66]*[67] The city further assembled3,800 natural gas-powered buses, one of the largest eetsin the world.*[63] Beijing became the rst city in Chinato require the Chinese equivalent to the Euro 4 emissionstandard.*[68]

Coal burning accounts for about 40% of the PM 2.5 inBeijing and is also the chief source of nitrogen and sul-fur dioxide.*[69] Since 2012, the city has been convert-ing coal-red power stations to burn natural gas*[70] andaims to cap annual coal consumption at 20 million tons.In 2011, the city burned 26.3 million tons of coal, 73%of which for heating and power generation and the re-mainder for industry.*[70] Much of the city's air pollu-tants are emitted by neighboring regions.*[69] Coal con-sumption in neighboring Tianjin is expected to increasefrom 48 to 63million tons from 2011 to 2015.*[71] HebeiProvince burned over 300 million tons of coal in 2011,more than all of Germany, of which only 30% were usedfor power generation and a considerable portion for steeland cementmaking.*[72] Power plants in the coal-miningregions of Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi, wherecoal consumption has tripled since 2000, and Shandongalso contribute to air pollution in Beijing.*[69] Shan-dong, Shanxi, Hebei and Inner Mongolia, respectivelyrank from rst to fourth, among Chinese provinces bycoal consumption.*[71] According to Beijing's mayor theintention is to cut coal burning in the city and the sur-rounding areas by 2.6 million tonnes in three years by2017.*[73]*[74]The government regularly uses cloud-seeding measuresto increase the likelihood of rain showers in the region toclear the air prior to large events*[75] as well as to combatdrought conditions in the area.Beijing air quality is often poor, especially in winter. Inmid-January 2013, Beijing's air quality was measured ontop of the city's American embassy at a PM2.5 density of755 micrograms per cubic meter, which went o the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency's air quality index. Itwas widely reported, originally through a Twitter account,that the categorywascrazy bad. This was later changedtobeyond index.*[76]

3.2.1 Readings

Due to Beijing's high-level of air pollution, there are var-ious readings by dierent sources on the subject. Dailypollution readings at 27 monitoring stations around thecity are reported on the website of the Beijing Environ-mental Protection Bureau (BJEPB).*[77] The AmericanEmbassy of Beijing also reports hourly ne particulate(PM2.5) and ozone levels on Twitter.*[78] Although theBJEPB and US Embassy measure dierent pollutants ac-cording to dierent criteria the media has noted that pol-lution levels and the impact to human health reported bythe BJEPB are often lower than that reported by the USEmbassy.*[78]

3.3 Dust storms

Dust from the erosion of deserts in northern and north-western China results in seasonal dust storms that plague

4.1 Administrative divisions 7

the city; the Beijing Weather Modication Oce some-times articially induces rainfall to ght such stormsand mitigate their eects.*[79] In the rst four monthsof 2006 alone, there were no fewer than eight suchstorms.*[80] In April 2002, one dust storm alone dumpednearly 50,000 tons of dust onto the city before moving onto Japan and Korea.*[81]

4 Politics and governmentMain article: Politics of Beijing

Municipal government is regulated by the localCommunist Party of China (CPC), led by the BeijingCPC Secretary (Chinese: ). The localCPC issues administrative orders, collects taxes, man-ages the economy, and directs a standing committeeof the Municipal People's Congress in making policydecisions and overseeing the local government.Government ocials include the mayor (Chinese: )and vice-mayor. Numerous bureaus focus on law, pub-lic security, and other aairs. Additionally, as the cap-ital of China, Beijing houses all of the important na-tional governmental and political institutions, includingthe National People's Congress.*[82]

4.1 Administrative divisionsMain articles: List of administrative divisions of Beijingand List of township-level divisions of Beijing

Beijing Municipality currently comprises 16 administra-tive county-level subdivisions including 14 urban and sub-urban districts and two rural counties. On 1 July 2010,Chongwen () and Xuanwu Districts ()were merged into Dongcheng and Xicheng Districts, re-spectively.Color key

Old city formerly enclosed by city walls,city centreand urban areas now inside the 2nd Ring Road

Inner suburbs between the 2nd and 5th Ring Road Outer suburbs linked by the 6th Ring Road Rural areas.

4.1.1 Towns

Main article: List of township-level divisions of Beijing

Beijing's 16 county-level divisions (14 districts and 2counties) are further subdivided into 273 lower third-level

Shichahai, in the Xicheng District, is traditionally considered oneof Beijing's most beautiful and charming scenic areas.

Changpu River Park near the Forbidden City

administrative units at the township level: 119 towns,24 townships, 5 ethnic townships and 125 subdistricts.Towns within Beijing Municipality but outside the urbanarea include (but are not limited to):

Changping Huairou Miyun Liangxiang Liulimiao Tongzhou Yizhuang Tiantongyuan Beiyuan Xiaotangshan

Several place names in Beijing end with mn (), mean-ing gate, as they were the locations of gates in theformer Beijing city wall. Other place names end in cn(), meaningvillage, as they were originally villagesoutside the city wall.

8 4 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT

4.1.2 Neighbourhoods

The Niujie Mosque is an important historical attraction

Main article: Neighborhoods in Beijing

Neighbourhoods may extend across multiple districts.Major neighbourhoods in urban Beijing include:

Qianmen Tian'anmen Di'anmen Chongwenmen Xuanwumen Fuchengmen Xizhimen Deshengmen Andingmen Sanlitun Dongzhimen Chaoyangmen Yongdingmen Zuo'anmen You'anmen

Guangqumen Guang'anmen Huashi Xibianmen Hepingmen Fuxingmen Jianguomen Gongzhufen Fangzhuang Guomao Hepingli Ping'anli Beixinqiao Jiaodaokou Kuanjie Wangjing Wangfujing Dengshikou Wudaokou Xidan Dongdan Zhongguancun Panjiayuan Beijing CBD Yayuncun Shifoying

4.2 Judiciary and procuracyThe judicial system in Beijing consists of the SupremePeople's Court, the highest court in the country, theBeijing Municipal High People's Court, the high peo-ple's court of the municipality, three intermediate peo-ple's courts, one intermediate railway transport court, 14basic people's court (one for each of the municipality'sdistricts and counties), and one basic railway transportcourt. The Beijing No. 1 Intermediate People's Courtin Shijingshan oversees the basic courts of Haidian, Shi-jingshan, Mentougou, Changping and Yanqing.*[84] TheBeijing No. 2 Intermediate People's Court in Fengtai

5.1 Sector composition 9

oversees the basic courts of Dongcheng, Xicheng, Feng-tai, Fangshan and Daxing.*[84] The Beijing No. 3 In-termediate People's Court in Laiguangying, is the newestof the three intermediate people's courts and openedon 21 August 2013.*[84] It oversees the district courtsof Chaoyang, Tongzhou, Shunyi, Huairou, Pinggu andMiyun.*[84]*[85] Each court in Beijing has a corre-sponding people's procuratorate.

4.3 Diplomatic missions

Main article: List of diplomatic missions in China

About 163 countries have embassies in Beijing, whichare concentrated in Jiangguomenwai, Sanlitun andLiangmaqiao in Chaoyang District.

5 EconomyMain article: Economy of BeijingBeijing's economy ranks among the most developed and

Wangfujing Street is one of the busiest shopping streets in Beijingwith nearly 100,000 visitors daily (August 2008). The sale ofconsumer goods both retail and wholesale accounted for about of Beijing's economic output in 2013.*[86]

prosperous in China. In 2013, the municipality's nominalgross domestic product (GDP) was CN1.95 trillion(US$314 billion), about 3.43% of the country's total out-put, and ranked 13th among province-level administrativeunits.*[87] Per capita GDP, at CN93,213 (US$15,051)in nominal terms and Int$21,948 at purchasing powerparity, was 2.2 times the national average and rankedsecond among province-level administrative units.*[88]The economy tripled in size from 2004 to 2012,*[89] andgrew at an annual rate of 7.7% in 2013.*[86]Due to the concentration of state owned enterprises inthe national capital, Beijing in 2013 had more FortuneGlobal 500 Company headquarters than any other cityin the world.*[89] Beijing ranks 9th in the world in the

International Financial Centres Development Index pub-lished by the Xinhua News Agency, Chicago MercantileExchange and Dow Jones & Company,*[90] and 29th inthe world in the Global Financial Centres Index publishedby Z/Yen and the Qatar Financial Centre Authority.*[91]The city also ranked No. 4 in the number of billionaireresidents after Moscow, New York and Hong Kong.*[89]In 2012, PricewaterhouseCoopers rated Beijing's overalleconomic inuence as No. 1 in China.*[92]

5.1 Sector composition

The city has a post-industrial economy that is dominatedby the tertiary sector (services), which generated 76.9%of output, followed by the secondary sector (manufactur-ing, construction) at 22.2% and the primary sector (agri-culture, mining) at 0.8%.

A worker speaks with visiting U.S. Secretary of State John Kerryat a joint-venture diesel engine factory in Beijing.

The services sector is broadly diversied with nancialservices, wholesale and retail, information technology,commercial real estate, scientic research, and residen-tial real estate each contributing at least 6% to the city'seconomy in 2013.*[86]The single largest sub-sector remains industry, whoseshare of overall output has shrunk to 18.1% in 2013.*[86]The mix of industrial output has changed signicantlysince 2010 when the city announced that 140 highly-polluting, energy and water resource intensive enterpriseswould be relocated from the city in ve years.*[93] Therelocation of Capital Steel to neighboring Hebei provincehad begun in 2005.*[94]*[95] In 2013, output of automo-biles, aerospace products, semiconductors, pharmaceuti-cals, and food processing all increased.*[86]In the farmland around Beijing, vegetables and fruitshave displaced grain as the primary crops under culti-vation.*[86] In 2013, the tonnage of vegetable, ediblefungus and fruit harvested was over three times that ofgrain.*[86] In 2013, overall acreage under cultivationshrank along with most categories of produce as moreland was reforested for environmental reasons.*[86]

10 6 DEMOGRAPHICS

5.2 Economic zones

Zhongguancun is a technology hub in Haidian District

Beijing Financial Street, the nancial center of Beijing

Beijing Central Business District (CBD)

Main article: List of economic and technological devel-opment zones in Beijing

In 2006, the city government identied six high-end eco-nomic output zones around Beijing as the primary en-gines for local economic growth. In 2012, the six zonesproduced 43.3% of the city's GDP, up from 36.5% in2007.*[96]*[97] The six zones are:

1. Zhongguancun, China's silicone village in HaidianDistrict northwest of the city, is home to both estab-lished and start-up tech companies. As of the sec-ond quarter of 2014, of the 9,895 companies regis-

tered in one of the six zones, 6,150 were based inZhongguancun.*[98]

2. Beijing Financial Street, in Xicheng District onthe west side of the city between Fuxingmen andFuchengmen, is lined with headquarters of largestate banks and insurance companies. The coun-try's leading nancial regulatory agencies includingthe central bank, bank regulator, securities regula-tor, and foreign exchange authority are all located inthe neighborhood.

3. Beijing Central Business District (CBD), is actuallylocated to the east of the city centre, near the em-bassies along the eastern Third Ring Road betweenJianguomenwai and Chaoyangmenwai. The CBD ishome to most of the city's skyscraper oce build-ings. Most of the city's foreign companies and pro-fessional service rms are based in the CBD.

4. Beijing Economic and Technological DevelopmentArea, better known as Yizhuang, is an industrialpark the straddles the southern Fifth Ring Road inDaxing District. It has attracted pharmaceutical,information technology, and materials engineeringcompanies.*[99]

5. Beijing Airport Economic Zone was created in 1993and surrounds the Beijing Capital International Air-port in Shunyi District northwest of the city. In addi-tional to logistics, airline services, and trading rms,this zone is also home to Beijing's automobile as-sembly plants.

6. Beijing Olympic Center Zone surrounds theOlympic Green due north of the city centre and isdeveloping into an entertainment, sports, tourismand business convention center.

Shijingshan, on the western outskirts of the city, is atraditional heavy industrial base for steel-making.*[100]Chemical plants are concentrated in the far eastern sub-urbs.Less legitimate enterprises also exist. Urban Beijing isknown for being a center of pirated goods; anything fromthe latest designer clothing to DVDs can be found in mar-kets all over the city, often marketed to expatriates andinternational visitors.*[101]

6 DemographicsMain article: Demographics of Beijing

In 2013, Beijing had a total population of 21.148 millionwithin the municipality, of which 18.251 million residedin urban districts or suburban townships and 2.897 mil-lion lived in rural villages.*[86] Within China, the cityranked second in urban population after Shanghai and

11

the third in municipal population after Shanghai andChongqing. Beijing also ranks among the most populouscities in the world, a distinction the city has held for muchof the past 800 years, especially during the 15th to early19th centuries when it was the largest city in the world.About 13 million of the city's residents in 2013 had lo-cal hukou permits, which entitles them to permanent resi-dence in Beijing.*[86] The remaining 8 million residentshad hukou permits elsewhere and were not eligible to re-ceive some social benets provided by the Beijing mu-nicipal government.*[86]The population increased in 2013 by 455,000 or about7% from the previous year and continued a decade-long trend of rapid growth.*[86] The total population in2004 was 14.213 million.*[102] The population gains aredriven largely by migration. The population's rate of nat-ural increase in 2013was amere 0.441%, based on a birthrate of 8.93 and a mortality rate of 4.52.*[86] The genderbalance was 51.6% males and 48.4% females.*[86]Working age people account for nearly 80% of the pop-ulation. Compared to 2004, residents age 014 as a pro-portion of the population dropped from 9.96% to 9.5%in 2013 and residents over the age of 65 declined from11.12% to 9.2%.*[86]*[102]According to the 2010 census, nearly 96% of Beijing'spopulation are ethnic HanChinese.*[103] Of the 800,000ethnic minorities living in the capital, Manchu (336,000),Hui (249,000), Korean (77,000), Mongol (37,000) andTujia (24,000) constitute the ve largest groups.*[104]In addition, there were 8,045 Hong Kong residents, 500Macau residents, and 7,772 Taiwan residents along with91,128 registered foreigners living in Beijing.*[103] Astudy by the Beijing Academy of Sciences estimates thatin 2010 there were on average 200,000 foreigners livingin Beijing on any given day, including students, businesstravelers and tourists, who are not counted as registeredresidents.*[105]From 2000 to 2010, the percentage of city residentswith at least some college education nearly doubledfrom 16.8% to 31.5%.*[103] About 22.2% have somehigh school education and 31% had reached middleschool.*[103]

7 CulturePeople native to urban Beijing speak the Beijing dialect,which belongs to the Mandarin subdivision of spokenChinese. This speech is the basis for putonghua, thestandard spoken language used in mainland China andTaiwan, and one of the four ocial languages of Singa-pore. Rural areas of Beijing Municipality have their owndialects akin to those of Hebei province, which surroundsBeijing Municipality.Beijing or Peking opera (, Jngj) is a traditional

The National Center for the Performing Arts

The Old Beijing Observatory

A scene from a Peking opera

form of Chinese theater well known throughout the na-tion. Commonly lauded as one of the highest achieve-ments of Chinese culture, Beijing opera is performedthrough a combination of song, spoken dialogue, andcodied action sequences involving gestures, movement,

12 7 CULTURE

A Chinese cloisonn dish from the Qing dynasty

ghting and acrobatics. Much of Beijing opera is car-ried out in an archaic stage dialect quite dierent fromModern Standard Chinese and from the modern Beijingdialect.*[106]Beijing cuisine is the local style of cooking. Peking RoastDuck is perhaps the best known dish. Fuling Jiabing, atraditional Beijing snack food, is a pancake (bing) resem-bling a at disk with a lling made from fu ling, a fun-gus used in traditional Chinese medicine. Teahouses arecommon in Beijing.The cloisonn (or Jingtailan, literallyBlue of Jingtai")metalworking technique and tradition is a Beijing art spe-cialty, and is one of the most revered traditional crafts inChina. Cloisonn making requires elaborate and compli-cated processes which include base-hammering, copper-strip inlay, soldering, enamel-lling, enamel-ring, sur-face polishing and gilding.*[107] Beijing's lacquerware isalso well known for its sophisticated and intrinsic patternsand images carved into its surface, and the various dec-oration techniques of lacquer includecarved lacquerandengraved gold.Younger residents of Beijing have becomemore attractedto the nightlife, which has ourished in recent decades,breaking prior cultural traditions that had practically re-stricted it to the upper class.*[108]

7.1 Places of interest

See also: Major National Historical and Cultural Sites(Beijing) and List of landmarks in BeijingAt the historical heart of Beijing lies the ForbiddenCity, the enormous palace compound that was the homeof the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties;*[110]the Forbidden City hosts the Palace Museum, whichcontains imperial collections of Chinese art. Surround-ing the Forbidden City are several former imperial gar-dens, parks and scenic areas, notably Beihai, Shichahai,Zhongnanhai, Jingshan and Zhongshan. These places,

Classical gardens in Beijing

particularly Beihai Park, are described as masterpieces ofChinese gardening art,*[111] and are popular tourist des-tinations with tremendous historical importance;*[112]in the modern era, Zhongnanhai has also been the po-litical heart of various Chinese governments and regimesand is now the headquarters of the Communist Party ofChina and the State Council. From Tiananmen Square,right across from the Forbidden City, there are severalnotable sites, such as the Tiananmen, Qianmen, the GreatHall of the People, the National Museum of China, theMonument to the People's Heroes, and theMausoleum ofMao Zedong. The Summer Palace and the Old SummerPalace both lie at the western part of the city; the for-mer, a UNESCO World Heritage Site,*[113] contains acomprehensive collection of imperial gardens and palacesthat served as the summer retreats for the Qing imperialfamily.

Beijing's Temple of Heaven as photographed in the early 20thcentury

Among the best known religious sites in the city is theTemple of Heaven (Tiantan), located in southeastern Bei-jing, also a UNESCO World Heritage Site,*[114] whereemperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties made visits forannual ceremonies of prayers to Heaven for good harvest.In the north of the city is the Temple of Earth (Ditan),while the Temple of the Sun (Ritan) and the Temple oftheMoon (Yuetan) lie in the eastern andwestern urban ar-eas respectively. Other well-known temple sites includethe Dongyue Temple, Tanzhe Temple, Miaoying Temple,

7.2 Architecture 13

White Cloud Temple, Yonghe Temple, Fayuan Temple,Wanshou Temple and Big Bell Temple. The city also hasits own Confucius Temple, and a Guozijian or ImperialAcademy. The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception,built in 1605, is the oldest Catholic church in Beijing.The Niujie Mosque is the oldest mosque in Beijing, witha history stretching back over a thousand years.

Inside the Forbidden City

Beijing contains several well-preserved pagodas and stonepagodas, such as the towering Pagoda of Tianning Tem-ple, which was built during the Liao Dynasty from 1100to 1120, and the Pagoda of Cishou Temple, which wasbuilt in 1576 during the Ming Dynasty. Historicallynoteworthy stone bridges include the 12th-century LugouBridge, the 17th-century Baliqiao bridge, and the 18th-century Jade Belt Bridge. The Beijing Ancient Obser-vatory displays pre-telescopic spheres dating back to theMing and Qing dynasties. The Fragrant Hills (Xiang-shan) is a popular scenic public park that consists of nat-ural landscaped areas as well as traditional and culturalrelics. The Beijing Botanical Garden exhibits over 6,000species of plants, including a variety of trees, bushes andowers, and an extensive peony garden. The Taoranting,Longtan, Chaoyang, Haidian, Milu Yuan and Zizhu Yuanparks are some of the notable recreational parks in thecity. The Beijing Zoo is a center of zoological researchthat also contains rare animals from various continents,including the Chinese giant panda.There are 144 museums and galleries (as of June 2008)in the city.*[115]*[116]*[117] In addition to the PalaceMuseum in the Forbidden City and the National Museumof China, other major museums include the National ArtMuseum of China, the Capital Museum, the Beijing ArtMuseum, the Military Museum of the Chinese People'sRevolution, the GeologicalMuseum of China, the BeijingMuseum of Natural History and the Paleozoological Mu-seum of China.*[117]Located at the outskirts of urban Beijing, but within itsmunicipality are the Thirteen Tombs of the Ming Dy-nasty, the lavish and elaborate burial sites of thirteenMing emperors, which have been designated as part ofthe UNESCO World Heritage Site Imperial Tombs ofthe Ming and Qing Dynasties.*[118] The archaeologi-cal Peking Man site at Zhoukoudian is another WorldHeritage Site within the municipality,*[119] containing a

wealth of discoveries, among them one of the rst speci-mens of Homo erectus and an assemblage of bones of thegigantic hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris. There are sev-eral sections of the UNESCO World Heritage Site GreatWall of China,*[120] most notably Badaling, Jinshanling,Simatai and Mutianyu.

7.2 Architecture

See also: List of tallest buildings in BeijingThree styles of architecture are predominant in urban

City skyline looking east from the Financial Street

Beijing. First, there is the traditional architecture of im-perial China, perhaps best exemplied by the massiveTian'anmen (Gate of Heavenly Peace), which remainsthe People's Republic of China's trademark edice, theForbidden City, the Imperial Ancestral Temple and theTemple of Heaven. Next, there is what is sometimes re-ferred to as theSino-Sovstyle, with structures tendingto be boxy and sometimes poorly constructed, which werebuilt between the 1950s and the 1970s.*[121] Finally,there are much more modern architectural forms, mostnoticeably in the area of the Beijing CBD and Beijing Fi-nancial Street.In the early 21st century, Beijing has witnessed tremen-dous growth of new building constructions, exhibitingvarious modern styles from international designers. Amixture of both 1950s design and neofuturistic style ofarchitecture can be seen at the 798Art Zone, whichmixesthe old with the new.Beijing is famous for its siheyuans, a type of residencewhere a common courtyard is shared by the surround-ing buildings. Among the more grand examples are thePrince Gong Mansion and Residence of Soong Ching-ling. These courtyards are usually connected by alleyscalled hutongs. The hutongs are generally straight andrun east to west so that doorways face north and south forgood Feng Shui. They vary in width; some are so narrowonly a few pedestrians can pass through at a time. Onceubiquitous in Beijing, siheyuans and hutongs are rapidlydisappearing,*[122] as entire city blocks of hutongs arereplaced by high-rise buildings.*[123] Residents of the

14 9 SPORTS

hutongs are entitled to live in the new buildings in apart-ments of at least the same size as their former residences.Many complain, however, that the traditional sense ofcommunity and street life of the hutongs cannot be re-placed,*[124] and these properties are often governmentowned.*[125]

8 Media

8.1 Television and radio

The China Central Television Headquarters building

Beijing Television broadcasts on channels 1 through 10.Three radio stations feature programmes in English: HitFM on FM 88.7, Easy FM by China Radio Internationalon FM 91.5, and the newly launched Radio 774 on AM774. Beijing Radio Stations is the family of radio stationsserving the city.

8.2 Press

The well-known Beijing Evening News (Beijing Wanbao,), covering news about Beijing in Chinese, isdistributed every afternoon. Other newspapers includeBeijing Daily, The Beijing News (Xin Jing Bao,),the Beijing Star Daily, the Beijing Morning News, and theBeijing Youth Daily (Beijing Qingnian Bao), as well asEnglish-language weeklies Beijing Weekend and BeijingToday. The People's Daily, Global Times and the ChinaDaily (English) are published in Beijing as well.Publications primarily aimed at international visitors andthe expatriate community include the English-languageperiodicals Time Out Beijing, City Weekend, Beijing ThisMonth, Beijing Talk, That's Beijing.

9 Sports

Fireworks above Olympic venues during the opening ceremonyof the 2008 Summer Games

Tai chi (Taijiquan) practitioners at the Fragrant Hills Park

9.1 EventsBeijing has hosted numerous international and nationalsporting events, the most notable was the 2008 Sum-mer Olympic and Paralympic Games. Other multi-sportinternational events held in Beijing include the 2001Universiade and the 1990 Asian Games. Single-sportinternational competitions include the Beijing Marathon(annually since 1981), China Open of Tennis (199397, annually since 2004), ISU Grand Prix of FigureSkating Cup of China (2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009and 2010), WPBSA China Open for Snooker (annuallysince 2005), International Cycling Union Tour of Beijing(since 2011), 1961 World Table Tennis Championships,1987 IBF Badminton World Championships, the 2004AFC Asian Cup (football), and 2009 Barclays Asia Tro-phy (football). Beijing will host the 2015 IAAF WorldChampionships in Athletics.The city hosted the second Chinese National Gamesin 1914 and the rst four National Games of the Peo-ple's Republic of China in 1959, 1965, 1975, 1979, re-spectively, and co-hosted the 1993 National Games withSichuan and Qingdao. Beijing also hosted the inaugural

10.1 Rail and high-speed rail 15

National Peasants' Games in 1988 and the sixth NationalMinority Games in 1999.In November 2013, Beijing and Zhangjiakou made ajoint bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympics.*[126]

9.2 VenuesMajor sporting venues in the city include theNational Sta-dium, also known as the Birds' Nest,*[127]*[128]National Aquatics Center, also known as the WaterCube, National Indoor Stadium, all in the OlympicGreen to the north of city center; the MasterCard Cen-ter at Wukesong west of the city center; the Workers'Stadium and Workers' Arena in Sanlitun just east of citycenter and the Capital Arena in Baishiqiao, northeast ofthe city center. In addition, many universities in the cityhave their own sport facilities.

9.3 ClubsProfessional sports teams based in Beijing include:

Chinese Super League Beijing Guoan

Chinese Football Association Jia League Beijing Baxy Beijing Institute of Technology FC

Chinese Basketball Association Beijing Ducks

Women's Chinese Basketball Association Beijing Shougang

China Baseball League Beijing Tigers

The Beijing Olympians of the American Basketball Asso-ciation, formerly a Chinese Basketball Association team,kept their name and maintained a roster of primarilyChinese players after moving to Maywood, California in2005.

10 TransportationMain article: Transport in BeijingBeijing is an important transport hub in North China

with ve ring roads, nine expressways, eleven NationalHighways, nine conventional railways, and two high-speed railways converging on the city.

Beijing Railway Station, one of several rail stations in the city

Trac jam in the Beijing CBD

Terminal 3 of the Beijing Capital International Airport

10.1 Rail and high-speed rail

Beijing serves as a large rail hub in China's railwaynetwork. Ten conventional rail lines radiate from thecity to: Shanghai (Jinghu Line), Guangzhou (Jing-guang Line), Kowloon (Jingjiu Line), Harbin (JinghaLine), Baotou (Jingbao Line), Qinhuangdao (JingqinLine), Chengde (Jingcheng Line), Tongliao, Inner Mon-golia (Jingtong Line), Yuanping, Shanxi (Jingyuan Line)and Shacheng, Hebei (Fengsha Line). In addition, theDatongQinhuangdao Railway passes through themunic-ipality to the north of the city.Beijing also has three high-speed rail lines: the Beijing-

16 10 TRANSPORTATION

A Line 1 train on the Beijing Subway, which is among the longest,busiest and most aordable rapid transit systems in the world.

An articulated Beijing bus.

Bicyclists during rush hour at the Chang'an Avenue

Tianjin Intercity Railway, which opened in 2008; theBeijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway, which opened in2011; and the BeijingGuangzhou High-Speed Railway,which opened in 2012.The city's main railway stations are the Beijing RailwayStation, which opened in 1959; the Beijing West RailwayStation, which opened in 1996; and the Beijing SouthRailway Station, which was rebuilt into the city's high-speed railway station in 2008. As of 1 July 2010, Bei-jing Railway Station had 173 trains arriving daily, Bei-jing West had 232 trains and Beijing South had 163. TheBeijing North Railway Station, rst built in 1909 and ex-

panded in 2009, had 22 trains.Smaller stations in the city including Beijing East RailwayStation and Qinghuayuan Railway Station handle mainlycommuter passenger trac. The Fengtai Railway Sta-tion has been closed for renovation. In outlying suburbsand counties of Beijing, there are over 40 railway sta-tions.*[129]From Beijing, direct passenger train service is availableto most large cities in China. International train service isavailable to Mongolia, Russia, Vietnam and North Korea.Passenger trains in China are numbered according to theirdirection in relation to Beijing.

10.2 Roads and expressways

Further information: Expressways of Beijing and ChinaNational Highways of Beijing

Beijing is connected by road links to all parts of Chinaas part of the National Trunk Road Network. Nineexpressways of China serve Beijing, as do eleven ChinaNational Highways. Beijing's urban transport is depen-dent upon the ve "ring roads" that concentrically sur-round the city, with the Forbidden City area marked asthe geographical center for the ring roads. The ring roadsappear more rectangular than ring-shaped. There is noocial1st Ring Road. The 2nd Ring Road is locatedin the inner city. Ring roads tend to resemble expresswaysprogressively as they extend outwards, with the 5th and6th Ring Roads being full-standard national expressways,linked to other roads only by interchanges. Expresswaysto other regions of China are generally accessible fromthe 3rd Ring Road outward.Within the urban core, city streets generally follow thecheckerboard pattern of the ancient capital. Many of Bei-jing's boulevards and streets withinnerandouterare still named in relation to gates in the city wall, thoughmost gates no longer stand. Trac jams are a major con-cern. Even outside of rush hour, several roads still remainclogged with trac.Beijing's urban design layout further exacerbates trans-portation problems.*[130] The authorities have intro-duced several bus lanes, which only public buses canuse during rush hour. In the beginning of 2010, Bei-jing had 4 million registered automobiles.*[131] By theend of 2010, the government forecast 5 million. In2010, new car registrations in Beijing averaged 15,500per week.*[132]Towards the end of 2010, the city government announceda series of drastic measures to tackle trac jams, includ-ing limiting the number of new license plates issued topassenger cars to 20,000 a month and barring cars withnon-Beijing plates from entering areas within the FifthRing Road during rush hour.*[133]

10.5 Taxi 17

10.3 Air

Beijing's primary airport is the Beijing Capital Interna-tional Airport (IATA: PEK) about 20 kilometres (12 mi)northeast of the city center. The airport is the secondbusiest airport in the world after Hartseld-Jackson At-lanta International Airport.*[12] After renovations forthe 2008 Olympics, the airport now boasts three termi-nals, with Terminal 3 being one of the largest in the world.Most domestic and nearly all international ights arrive atand depart from Capital Airport. It is the main hub forAir China and a hub for China Southern and Hainan Air-lines. The airport links Beijing with almost every otherChinese city with regular air passenger service.The Airport Expressway links the airport to central Bei-jing; it is a roughly 40-minute drive from the city cen-ter during good trac conditions. Prior to the 2008Olympics, the 2nd Airport Expressway was built to theairport, as well as a light rail system, which now connectsto the Beijing Subway.Other airports in the city include Liangxiang, Nanyuan,Xijiao, Shahe and Badaling. These airports are primar-ily for military use and are less well known to the pub-lic. Nanyuan serves as the hub for only one passen-ger airline. A second international airport, to be calledBeijing Daxing International Airport,*[134] is currentlybeing built in Daxing District, and is expected to be openby 2017.*[135]As of 1 January 2013, tourists from 45 countries are per-mitted a 72-hour visa-free stay in Beijing. The 45 coun-tries include Singapore, Japan, the United States, Canada,all EU and EEA countries (except Norway and Liechten-stein), Switzerland, Brazil, Argentina and Australia. Theprogramme benets transit and business travellers*[136]with the 72 hours calculated starting from the momentvisitors receive their transit stay permits rather than thetime of their plane's arrival. Foreign visitors are not per-mitted to leave Beijing for other Chinese cities during the72 hours.*[137]

10.4 Public transit

The Beijing Subway, which began operating in 1969, nowhas 17 lines, 227 stations, and 456 km (283 mi) of trackand is the third longest subway system in the world andrst in annual ridership with 3.21 billion rides delivered in2013. In 2013, with a at fare of 2.00 per ride with un-limited transfers on all lines except the Airport Express,the subway was also the most aordable rapid transit inChina. The subway is undergoing rapid expansion and isexpected to reach 30 lines, 450 stations, 1,050 kilometres(650 mi) in length by 2020. When fully implemented,95% residents inside the Fourth Ring Road will be ablewalk to a station in 15 minutes.*[138] The Beijing Sub-urban Railway provides commuter rail service to outlyingsuburbs of the municipality.

There are nearly 1,000 public bus and trolleybus lines inthe city, including four bus rapid transit lines. Standardbus fares are as low as 0.40 when purchased with theYikatong metrocard.

10.5 Taxi

Metered taxi in Beijing start at 13 for the rst 3 kilome-tres (1.9 mi), 2.3 Renminbi per additional 1 kilometre(0.62 mi) and 1 per ride fuel surcharge, not countingidling fees which are 2.3 (4.6 during rush hours of 7-9 am and 5-7 pm) per 5 minutes of standing or runningat speeds lower than 12 kilometres per hour (7.5 mph). Most taxis are Hyundai Elantras, Hyundai Sonatas,Peugeots, Citrons and Volkswagen Jettas. After 15 kilo-metres (9.3 mi), the base fare increases by 50% (but isonly applied to the portion over that distance). Dier-ent companies have special colors combinations paintedon their vehicles. Usually registered taxis have yellow-ish brown as basic hue, with another color of Prussianblue, hunter green, white, umber, tyrian purple, rufous,or sea green. Between 11 pm and 5 am, there is also a20% fee increase. Rides over 15 km (9 mi) and between23:00 and 06:00 incur both charges, for a total increaseof 80%. Tolls during trip should be covered by customersand the costs of trips beyond Beijing city limits should benegotiated with the driver. The cost of unregistered taxisis also subject to negotiation with the driver.

10.6 Bicycles

Beijing has long been well known for the number of bi-cycles on its streets. Although the rise of motor trachas created a great deal of congestion and bicycle usehas declined, bicycles are still an important form of localtransportation. Large numbers of cyclists can be seen onmost roads in the city, and most of the main roads havededicated bicycle lanes. Beijing is relatively at, whichmakes cycling convenient. The rise of electric bicyclesand electric scooters, which have similar speeds and usethe same cycle lanes, may have brought about a revival inbicycle-speed two-wheeled transport. It is possible to cy-cle to most parts of the city. Because of the growing traf-c congestion, the authorities have indicated more thanonce that they wish to encourage cycling, but it is not clearwhether there is sucient will to translate that into actionon a signicant scale.*[139]

11 Defense and aerospaceThe command headquarters of China's military forces arebased in Beijing. The Central Military Commission, thepolitical organ in charge of the military, is housed in-side the Ministry of National Defense, located next to theMilitary Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution in

18 14 NOTES AND REFERENCES

Chinese President Xi Jinping and a military honor guard wel-comes South Korean president Park Geun-hye in 2013.

western Beijing. The Second Artillery Corps, which con-trols the country's strategic missile and nuclear weapons,has its command in Qinghe, Haidian District. The head-quarters of the Beijing Military Region, one of seven na-tionally, is based further west in Gaojing. The BeijingMilitary Region oversees the Beijing Garrisons as wellas the 27th, 38th and 65th Armies, which are based inHebei.Military institutions in Beijing also include academies andthinktanks such as the PLA National Defence Universityand Academy of Military Science, military hospitals suchas the 301, 307 and the Academy of Military MedicalSciences, and army-aliated cultural entities such as theAugust 1st Film Studios and the PLA Song and DanceTroupe.The China National Space Administration, which over-sees country's space program, and several space-relatedstate owned companies such as CASTC and CASIC areall based in Beijing. The Beijing Aerospace Commandand Control Center, in Hadian District tracks the coun-try's manned and unmanned ight and other space explo-ration initiatives.

12 Nature and wildlifeBeijing Municipality has 20 nature reserves that havea total area of 1,339.7 km2 (517.3 sq mi).*[140]The mountains to the west and north of the city arehome to a number of protected wildlife species in-cluding leopard, leopard cat, wolf, red fox, wild boar,masked palm civet, raccoon dog, hog badger, Siberianweasel, Amur hedgehog, roe deer, and mandarin ratsnake.*[141]*[142]*[143] The Beijing Aquatic WildlifeRescue and Conservation Center protects the Chinese gi-ant salamander, Amur stickleback and mandarin duckon the Huaijiu and Huaisha Rivers in Huairou Dis-trict.*[144] The Beijing Milu Park south of the city ishome to one of the largest herds of Pre David's deer,now extinct in the wild. The Beijing barbastelle, a speciesof vesper bat discovered in caves of Fangshan District

in 2001 and identied as a distinct species in 2007, isendemic to Beijing. The mountains of Fangshan arealso habitat for the more common Beijing mouse-earedbat, large myotis, greater horseshoe bat and Rickett's big-footed bat.*[145]The city owers are the Chinese rose andchrysanthemum.*[146] The city trees are the Chinesearborvitae, an evergreen in the cypress family and thePagoda Tree, also called the Chinese scholar tree, adeciduous tree of the Fabaceae family.*[146] The oldestscholar tree in the city was planted in what is now BeihaiPark during the Tang Dynasty, 1,300 years ago.*[147]

13 See also 2045 Pekingthe name of an asteroid Large Cities Climate Leadership Group List of hospitals in Beijing List of mayors of Beijing List of twin towns and sister cities in China Tourist attractions of Beijing

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[39] Elliott 2001, p. 98

[40] Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007, pp. 119120

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[42] MacKerras & Yorke 1991, p. 8

[43] Incident on 7 July 1937. Xinhua News Agency. 27June 2005. Retrieved 20 June 2008.

[44] Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007, p. 166

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[47] " "" 7 April 2011 (Chinese)

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[50] Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007, p. 252

[51] Li, Dray-Novey & Kong 2007, p. 149

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20 14 NOTES AND REFERENCES

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[62] David G. Streetsa, Joshua S. Fub, Carey J. Jangc, Jim-ing Haod, Kebin Hed, Xiaoyan Tange, Yuanhang Zhange,Zifa Wangf, Zuopan Lib, Qiang Zhanga, Litao Wangd,Binyu Wangc, Carolyne Yua, Air quality during the 2008Beijing Olympic Games accessed 23 April 2012

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[69] James West, Mother Jones. 18 January 2013.

[70] Beijing to switch from coal to gas to go green. ChinaDaily. 8 March 2012.

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[72]Detecting the Heavy Metal Concentration of PM2.5 inBeijing, Greenpeace.org. 8 June 2013.

[73] Beijing has worst smog in a year. The Guardian.[74] Sankka savusumu on haudannut Pekingin alleen video

[75] Demick, Barbara (2 October 2009).Communist Chinacelebrates 60th anniversary with instruments of war andwords of peace. Los Angeles Times.

[76] Wong, Edward (12 January 2013).Beijing Air PollutionO the Charts. The New York Times.

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[139] Watts, Jonathan (24 January 2010).Campaign to boostcycling in Beijing. The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 10March 2011.

[140] 201124 August2012

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2013[147] (Chinese) 18 February 2004

15 Further reading Cotterell, Arthur. (2007). The Imperial Capitals ofChina: An Inside View of the Celestial Empire. Lon-don: Pimlico. pp. 304 pages. ISBN 978-1-84595-009-5.

Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: TheEight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late ImperialChina. Palo Alto, California, United States: Stan-ford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4684-2. Re-trieved 22 July 2009.

Li, Lillian; Dray-Novey, Alison; Kong, Haili(2007). Beijing: From Imperial Capital to OlympicCity. New York City, United States: PalgraveMacmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6473-4.

Cammelli, Stefano Storia di Pechino e di come di-venne capitale della Cina, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2004.ISBN 978-88-15-09910-5

Chen, Gaohua: The Capital of the Yuan Dynasty.[Dadu or Khanbaliq]. Silkroad Press, 2015. ISBN978-981-4332-44-6 (Print); ISBN 978-981-4339-55-1 (eBook)

Harper, Damian, Beijing: City Guide, 7th Edition,Oakland, California: Lonely Planet Publications,2007.

Harper, Damian, Beijing: City Guide, 6th Edition,Oakland, California : Lonely Planet Publications,2005. ISBN 1-74059-782-6.

MacKerras, Colin; Yorke, Amanda (1991). TheCambridge Handbook of Contemporary China.Cambridge, England, United Kingdom: CambridgeUniversity Press. ISBN 0-521-38755-8. Retrieved22 July 2009.

16 External links Pictures of Beijing city Beijing Government website (Chinese) Economic prole for Beijing at HKTDC Visit Beijing Facebook Page Photograph of The approach to Peking - outside thewalls taken in 1890 by Sir Henry Norman

23

17 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses17.1 Text

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