BEHAVIOURAL PERSPECTIVE By Dr. Vijay Kumar Abnormal? Abnormal describes behavioral, emotional or cognitive dysfunctions that are unexpected in their.

BEHAVIOURAL PERSPECTIVE

By

Dr. Vijay Kumar

Abnormal?

Abnormal describes behavioral, emotional or cognitive dysfunctions that are unexpected in

their cultural context and associated with personal distress or substantial impairment in

functioning

Perspective

Clinicians and researchers have developed theories :• To explain the causes of maladaptation and physical illness •To decide how they may be treated effectively

PERSPECTIVES

BEHAVIORAL

PSYCHODYNAMIC

COGNITIVEHUMANISTIC

INTRAPERSONAL

Behavioral Perspective INTRODUCTION

• Arose in the early 20th century.• Main focus was on learning.• Acc.to behaviourists ,behaviour is a product of

stimulus response relationships ,not of intrapsychic conflicts.

• Perspective is based on widely studied pillars-CLASSICAL and OPERANT CONDITIONING.

Behavioral Perspective

• Focus on learning

• Consider behavior as a product of stimulus response relationship (S-R)

• modifies behavior by concentrating on altering the relevant aspect of the environment

• study of behavioral perspective is divided into 3 parts Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Social Cognitive factors

Classical Conditioning

Short Biography20 years studying digestive system

30 years studying learning1904 Nobel Prize in Medicine

Noticed that dogs woulddrool in anticipation

of food.What were dogs

thinking or feeling?

Noticed that dogs woulddrool in anticipation

of food.What were dogs

thinking or feeling?

Ivan Pavlov(1849-1936)

Classical Conditioning

Will the dog learn to associatethe arrival of food with a neutral

stimulus (e.g., a bell)?

Ivan Pavlov(1849-1936)

Classical Conditioning

TermsUnconditioned ResponseUnconditioned StimulusConditioned ResponseConditioned Stimulus

UCR - drool in response to food (not learned)

UCS - food (triggers drool reflex)

CR - drool in response to sound of bell (learned)

CS - sound of bell (triggers drool reflex)

UCR - drool in response to food (not learned)

UCS - food (triggers drool reflex)

CR - drool in response to sound of bell (learned)

CS - sound of bell (triggers drool reflex)

Paradigm of CC

Principles of Conditioning•Acquisition - initial learning of the response (Is Before better than After?)

•Spontaneous Recovery - reappearance of the CR after some time period

•Generalization - tendency to respond to similar CS (e.g., a similar sounding bell)

•Discrimination - learned ability to distinguish between the CS and other stimuli

•Extinction - decrease in CR without CS

C.C is also basis for some therapies as SYSTEMATIC DESENSETIZATION : Therapeutic procedure to extinguish our conditioned responseE.g. A women who has been afraid of cars been injured in a serious auto crash(conditioning) Car crash & injury(UCS) Fear(UCR) Car(CS) Fear(CR)

Through a series of steps women’s fear could be removed as:New conditioning bond would be built up between a car and the relaxed state

Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning - associating your behavior

with its’ consequences(e.g., teaching a child to say “Please”)

Operant Conditioning - associating your behavior

with its’ consequences(e.g., teaching a child to say “Please”)

Using Operant Conditioning,individuals are more likely to repeat

rewarded behaviors and avoid unpleasant.

Operant Conditioning

B. F. Skinner(1904-1990)

Skinner wanted a way to study reinforced responding without breaking the experiment up into discrete trials, and, for convenience, he wanted to automate the instrumental learning situation. To do all this he invented the Skinner Box or as it is often called, the operant chamber.

Operant Conditioning

Skinner’s box

Behavioral Change Mechanism

Reinforcers - any event that increases the frequencyof the preceding event

Positive ReinforcerIntroduce (+) stimulus

(e.g., food)

Negative ReinforcersRemove (-) stimulus(e.g., electric shock)

Reinforcers ALWAYS strengthen behavior!Reinforcers ALWAYS strengthen behavior!

Reinforcement

More Reinforcement

Primary ReinforcersInnately satisfying,

Not learned(e.g., getting food)

Secondary ReinforcersAssociated with primary

reinforcers & learned(e.g., praise)

Immediate ReinforcementReinforce immediately preceding

behavior (e.g., nicotine)

Delayed ReinforcementReinforcement at some point

after behavior occurs(e.g., paychecks)

Behavior Change Mechanism

Opposite of ReinforcementAttempts to decrease

behavior by introducingan unpleasant punisher

Problems With Punishment• Behavior is not forgotten - merely suppressed

(may reappear in other situations)• P does not guide toward acceptable behavior

(doesn’t tell you what you should do)

Problems With Punishment• Behavior is not forgotten - merely suppressed

(may reappear in other situations)• P does not guide toward acceptable behavior

(doesn’t tell you what you should do)

PUNISHMENT

Social Cognitive Factors

• Modeling: Learning from the behavior and outcomes of others.– Occurs before direct practice

is allowed

Both (+) and (-)actions can be

learned by observingothers

Learning + Reinforcement+ INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

Bo-Bo Doll Experiment :By Albert Bandura

Observational Learning

VIEWS OF PSYCHOLOGISTS

ALBERT BANDURA-gave the concept of observation learning and gave the view that symbolic representation helps in learning the behaviour.

ROTTER ELLIS-his whole theory is based on expectancy.He focused on cognitive factors.

CLINICAL ASPECT

• 1) SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION- it is a therapeutic procedure whose goal is to extinguish a conditioned response.

• 2)MODELING- it is a behaviour therapy which can be used to change behaviour because people are able to learn by watching how other people do things.

CONCLUSIONMERITS1) The perspective is

scientific,reliable and valid.

2)It is objective in nature.

3)Data of analysis is emperical base.

DEMERITS1) Methodology is

not clear.2) Individual

behaviour is explained.