Behaviorism

Behaviorism

I Made Riscky Zepthian (0912021036)

I Putu Pranatha Putra (0912021050)

I Kadek Suarsana (0912021152)

Komang Satya Permadi (0912021061)

History of Behaviorism

Ivan Pavlov• Developed the classical conditioning theory. In this

theory, a certain stimulus leads to a particular response

Edward Thorndike (1874 - 1949)• Emphasized the role of experience in the

strengthening and weakening of stimulus response connections


John Watson (1878-1958)• "The more frequent a stimulus

and response to occur in association with each other, the stronger that habit will become.“


Edwin Guthrie (1886 - 1959)• "A stimulus that is followed by a

particular response will, upon its recurrence, tend to be followed by the same response again. This stimulus response connection gains in its full strength on one trial."


Clark Hull (1884 - 1952)•Modified the stimulus

response theory to Stimulus Organism Response (S-O-R).


B. F. Skinner (1904 – 1990)• "A response followed by a reinforcing

stimulus is strengthened and therefore more likely to occur again. “

• "A response that is not followed by a reinforcing stimulus is weakened and therefore less likely to occur again. "

Behaviorist

Behaviorism is the theory which implies that people can be taught through the

use of reward and/or punishment.

Emphasizes changes

As a result from stimulus-response

In behavior

Made by the learner

Behaviorist

Desired behaviorsReward

Inappropriate onesPunishment

Behaviorist

The Characteristic

1) Teacher controls both of the children’s behavior and the learning process.

2) The teacher has clear lesson plan and step-by-step syllabus.

3) English pattern are repeated through drills and choral repetition until they become automatic.4) It is considered essential for the children to

succeed as much as possible.5) Success is reinforced by praise and reward.

Advantages

• Shapes behavior quickly

• The learner adapts to the environment

• Behavior can be measured

Disadvantages

• Internalized reasoning may not be an outcome

• The learner adapts to a poor environment

• Behavior measured may not be a true picture of understanding

STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS

STRENGTHS• Focuses only on behavior that can be

observed and manipulated.

• This approach has proved very useful in experiments under laboratory conditions where behavior can be observed and manipulated.

WEAKNESS• it is likely the behavior will return after a period

of time.

• The behaviorist approach has been criticized for suggesting that most human behavior is mechanical, and that human behavior is simply the product of stimulus-response behaviors.

STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS

low level processing skills

The Relation In Teaching

concept of learning

Behaviorist Theory

The Learner Understand Material

Often isolated from real-world contexts or

situations

active respondents

learning process

opportunity to actually behave or demonstrate learning

students should be assessed by observing behavior

General EducationalImplications of Behaviorism

Emphasis on behavior

Students

the repetition of stimulus response habits

Audio-Lingual Method

Style of Teaching Teaching Foreign Languages

Behaviorist Theory


Drill and Practice

Repetition: the student repeats an utteranceInflection: one word in a sentence appears in another form when repeatedReplacement: one word is replaced by anotherRestatement: The student re-phrases an utterance

ExampleInflection: Teacher: I ate the sandwich. Student: I ate the sandwiches.Replacement: Teacher: He bought the car for half-price. Student: He bought it for half-price.Restatement: Teacher: Tell me not to smoke so often. Student: Don't smoke so often!


Audio-Lingual Method

Teacher Lead New Response


Breaking Habits

Classical Conditioning

classical conditioning

modelPavlov's

Step one: a Neutral

Stimulus (NS) is given

Step two: the NS is combined

with an Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

which results in an Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Step three: a conditioned

stimulus is created (CS)

which results in a conditioned

response (CR)

Classical Conditioning Model

Classical Conditioning Model

Explain fears and phobias of

the people

Classical Conditioning

Educational ImplicationsOf Classical Conditioning

Students

academic tasks and contexts

enthusiasm, excitement,

or enjoyment

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning forms an association between

a behavior and a consequence


Bad

“C”“B”

Consequence


Positive • Event started

Negative • Event Ended


• Behavior increase, occur frequently, stronger

Reinforcer

• Starting or ending something good or bad repeatedly

Consequences• This consequences

increase the behavior

Reinforcers

Types of Reinforcement

• Positive reinforcement

• Negative reinforcement

• Punishment

Circumstance of Reinforcement

• The reinforcer is not reinforcing

• Reinforcement is not consistent

• The individual looses too much or gains too little by changing a behavior

• Too much is expected too soon.

• Timing: follows the desired behavior.• Magnitude and appeal: The larger and more appealing the enforcer• Consistency: Reinforcement needs to be consistent• Stimulus control: Students or organisms can learn when an

appropriate response can be given after a stimulus• Stimulus generalization: Organisms can learn how to give a

response to similar stimulus, • Stimulus control in the classroom: In the classroom different

responses are desirable at different times. • Cueing: teachers can provide nonverbal cues• Setting events: These occur when the teacher controls the

environment to help control behavior.

Factors That InfluenceThe Effectiveness of Reinforcement

Punishment

Punishment Takes Two Forms• decreases the strength• where a removal of a stimulus

• Not eliminated• Leads to an increase in the punished behavior • The student might not recognize the

punishment being linked to a specific behavior.• Result in undesirable emotional responses • May lead to aggression.• Does not illustrate the correct behavior.• May even cause physical or psychological harm.

Disadvantages of Punishment

• Must be punishing• Must be strong enough• Should be threatened once• Should be described in clear, concrete

terms• Should be consistent

GuidelinesFor Using Punishment Effectively

Where Operant ConditioningTechniques Are Most Appropriate

•Poorly motivated

•Have high anxiety

•History of failure

For many years, these concepts from behavioral theory formed the basis of most of the learning theory applied in child rearing and in classrooms. Parents and teachers still find that, in many instances, individuals do learn when provided with the appropriate blend of stimuli, rewards, negative reinforcement, and punishments. Especially with small children and simpler tasks, behavioral principles are often effective.

Eventually, however, educators began to feel that although stimulus-response does explain many human behaviors and has a legitimate place in instruction, behaviorism alone was not sufficient to explain all the phenomena observed in learning situations. The teacher’s are able to use this approach but they have to consider about the weaknesses and try to solve the weaknesses.

Conclusion

Discussions

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