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Theories of Counseling:Behavioral Approaches
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Focuses on dysfunctional, irrational, unrealistic and distorted thoughts.
Feelings and behavior are also addressed. Unconditional acceptance is important. Ellis also believed in authenticity. Clients are encouraged to think rationally.
Behavioral ApproachesWilliam Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory
The Basics
Since it is often used in institutions, the counselor’s communication of trust, warmth, respect and caring is especially important.
Reality therapy helps clients look at the consequences of their own actions.
This therapy is often used in settings other than the counseling office (e.g. playground or detention center) and is practiced by those other than counselors (e.g. teacher and prison guard).
Behavioral ApproachesWilliam Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory
Cognitive Aspects of Reality Therapy
There are negative additions (e.g. drugs, stealing) and positive addictions (e.g. walking, meditation).
We choose our addictions and therefore our fate.
Reality therapy helps clients to: Explore their wants and how that relates to their needs; look at what they are doing to meet those needs; evaluate behaviors in relationship to those needs and helps the client plan to change behavior to more effectively meet needs.
Behavioral ApproachesWilliam Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory
Cognitive Aspects of Reality Therapy
There are negative additions (e.g. drugs, stealing) and positive addictions (e.g. walking, meditation).
We choose our addictions and therefore our fate.
Reality therapy helps clients to: Explore their wants and how that relates to their needs; look at what they are doing to meet those needs; evaluate behaviors in relationship to those needs and helps the client plan to change behavior to more effectively meet needs.
Behavioral ApproachesApplied Behavioral Analysis: Central Constructs
Client-counselor relationship is imperative and counselors exhibit high levels of empathy, self-congruence and interpersonal contact. The relationship is collaborative and relationship variables differ according to client and culture.
Operationalization of Behavior: Focuses on the concreteness and specifics of behavior. Vagueness is transformed into objective, observable actions.
Functional Analysis: The ABC’s of behavior. An individual's behavior is directly related to events and stimuli in the environment.
Ivey, A. E., D’Andrea, M., Ivey, M. B. and Morgan, L. S. (2002). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: A multicultural perspective, 5th ed. Boston, MA.: Allyn & Bacon.
James, R. K. & Gilliland, B. E. (2003). Theories and strategies in counseling and psychotherapy, 5th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Kottler, J. A. (2002). Theories in counseling and therapy: An experiential approach. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.