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BEFORE A BOARD OF INQUIRYPEKA PEKA TO NORTH ŌTAKI EXPRESSWAY
PROPOSAL
UNDER the Resource Management Act 1991
IN THE MATTER OF applications for resource consents and a notice
of requirement in relation to the Peka Peka to North Ōtaki
Expressway Proposal
BY New Zealand Transport Agency and KiwiRail
STATEMENT OF EVIDENCE OF JULIA ANNE WILLIAMS ON BEHALF OF THE
KĀPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL
Landscape and visual effects and urban design
DATE: 9 August 2013
Barristers & Solicitors
D J S Laing / M G ConwayTelephone: +64-4-499 4599Facsimile:
+64-4-472 6986E-mail: [email protected] SX11174PO
Box 2402Wellington
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INTRODUCTION
1. My full name is Julia Anne Williams.
2. I am a landscape architect in private practice, and a
director of Drakeford Williams
Limited, Landscape Architects. I am a Fellow of the New Zealand
Institute of
Landscape Architects (NZILA) and hold current professional
registration. I am also a
member of the NZILA Accreditation Panel. I have over 30 years of
experience as a
landscape architect in design, assessment and landscape
development projects.
3. I hold a Bachelor of Architecture degree (Auckland
University), a Postgraduate Diploma
in Landscape Architecture (Lincoln College) and an Advanced
Certificate in Tertiary
Teaching (Wellington Polytechnic). I am a current certificate
holder in the ‘Making Good
Decisions’ Programme for Resource Management Act
decision-makers.
4. In my professional capacity I have been involved in a number
of landscape
assessments, site planning, and landscape management and
strategy reports. I have
prepared and presented landscape expert witness evidence at
planning hearings, the
Environment Court and a Board of Inquiry on behalf of a number
of clients.
5. Projects of relevance I have been involved in include:
(a) Mackays to Peka Peka Expressway Proposal (2012), where I
presented
evidence to the Board for Kāpiti Coast District Council;
(b) Turitea Wind Farm Proposal (2009), where I prepared a
section 42A report for
the Board of Inquiry;
(c) Horowhenua District Council Plan Change 22: Outstanding
Natural
Landscapes and Features, where I was employed as a Hearing
Commissioner;
(d) Porirua City Council Plan Change 7 (Windfarms) appeal where
I presented
evidence to the Environment Court for Porirua City Council;
and
(e) Western Corridor Transportation Study where I worked in
collaboration with
another landscape architect, Linda Kerkmeester, undertaking a
landscape
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assessment and review of the Western Corridor and Transmission
Gully
routes.
6. My involvement to date in the proposed Peka Peka to North
Ōtaki Expressway project
(Expressway) has involved: assisting the Kāpiti Coast District
Council (Council) with
its submission and pre-conferencing with New Zealand Transport
Agency (NZTA)
experts Mr David McKenzie (Landscape and Visual) and Mr Bruce
Curtain (Urban
Design). I am familiar with the area that the Expressway covers
and visited the site of
the proposed Expressway on 20 May 2013 and again on 17 July
2013.
7. I am authorised by the Council to present this evidence on
its behalf.
8. I have read and am familiar with the Code of Conduct for
Expert Witnesses in the
Environment Court Practice Note 2011. I agree to comply with
that Code. Other than
where I state that I am relying on the advice of another person,
this evidence is within
my area of expertise. I have not omitted to consider material
facts known to me that
might alter or detract from the opinions that I express. In
addition, as a registered
landscape architect I respect and am bound by the Constitution,
Code of Ethics and
Code of Conduct of the NZILA.
SCOPE OF EVIDENCE
9. My evidence will address the following matters relating to
the potential landscape, visual
and urban design impacts of the Expressway:
(a) The Effects of the Expressway and the width of the transport
corridor;
(b) Effects on landscape and amenity values of waterways;
(c) Effects on landscape and amenity values of Pare-o-Matangi
Reserve;
(d) Design detail and quality assurance;
(e) Otaki Gateways and signage; and
(f) Design and connectivity of local road bridges.
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10. In preparing my evidence I have read the evidence of Mr
McKenzie and Mr Curtain and
their respective Technical Reports as provided in the Assessment
of Environmental
Effects (AEE). I have also reviewed the Technical Reports on
terrestrial ecology,
proposed conditions, planning, social effects and project design
and consultation where
they are relevant to landscape, visual and urban design issues
or the mitigation of
effects on these issues, and Ms Beals’ evidence including
updated proposed conditions.
I have also reviewed the Designation Conditions produced in the
Decision for the
MacKays to Peka Peka Expressway Project.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
11. The location of the selected Expressway route has avoided a
number of potential
adverse effects that would arise had a greenfields route been
selected, and avoids
effects on the wider landscape context. However the scale of the
proposed transport
corridor is very different from the scale of the existing State
Highway 1 (existing SH1)
road and railway, or a new Expressway alone.
12. It is my opinion that the cumulative landscape, visual and
amenity effects of the
proposal extend across the wider transport corridor of the
Expressway and SH1 and
into the adjoining landscape. Restricting planting and noise
reduction structures to the
areas within the designation limits the effectiveness of the
proposed Urban Landscape
Design Framework (ULDF) principles and the subsequent mitigation
of effects.
13. There are sites outside the Expressway designation where
there are opportunities for
further meaningful planting to screen views and reinstate local
vegetation and land use
patterns. In addition, for a number of rural properties to the
east of the Expressway, well
designed mounding and planting within the property may mitigate
a range of amenity
effects with the additional benefit of creating localised
outdoor acoustic screening.
14. The application for this proposal has been made on the basis
that greater detail about
the Expressway will be provided at some later time. For this
reason, the detail on
proposed mitigation in the AEE is indicative only and the
effectiveness of the mitigation
is heavily reliant on adherence to principles outlined in the
ULDF.
15. Unlike the MacKays to Peka Peka Expressway proposal, where a
relatively high level of
implementation detail was provided, the draft Landscape Plan
(LP) and Designation
Conditions are generic. They make no reference to the
requirements of the specific
route landscapes and community of interest and there is
currently no opportunity for the
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Council to certify the LP, the document that provides assurance
that the proposed
landscape works are fit for purpose and will continue to
mitigate landscape and visual
effects on an on-going basis.
16. The Kāpiti Expressway may be constructed in multiple parts
but when completed will be
experienced as one road, extending from MacKays Crossing through
to Peka Peka
through a sequence of towns and landscapes. In my opinion there
should be a
consistent approach to mitigation for the entire length of the
Expressway in terms of
consultation, quality assurance and specification, particularly
for areas that the Council
considers to require particular attention at a site specific
management level.
THE EFFECTS OF THE EXPRESSWAY AND THE WIDTH OF THE TRANSPORT
CORRIDOR
17. The Landscape and Visual Assessment states:1
“The main measure already incorporated into the project design
in order to avoid,
remedy or mitigate potential adverse effects is that the
Expressway ‘sits’ within or
immediately beside the existing dual road and rail corridor
through the local
landscape. This eliminates many potential adverse landscape
effects that would
arise if a ‘greenfields’ route had been chosen.”
18. Mr McKenzie explores this statement more fully in his
evidence:2
“…the Expressway route follows the existing transportation
corridor from north of
Ōtaki through to the Peka Peka area in the south, which means
that the
landscape and visual effects of the Project will be concentrated
predominantly on
the east side of the existing corridor, but will not affect
parts of the broader Ōtaki
and Hautere Plains landscape that are not already affected by
the proximity of
SH1 or the NIMT railway.”
19. I agree that the location of the selected Expressway route
has avoided a number of
potential adverse effects that would arise had a greenfields
route been selected, and
avoids effects on the wider landscape context. However siting
the Expressway
alongside an existing road and rail corridor will create a
different range of effects on the
local landscape. I discuss these effects under the headings
below.
1
Landscape and Visual Assessment 1.4, page 32
Mr David McKenzie Statement of Evidence part paragraph 116
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Visual effects
20. The final NZTA Road layout plans include the 4–lane
Expressway, the North Island
Main Trunk line (NIMT) plus an allowance for a second set of
tracks in order to
safeguard the future double tracking of the NIMT, and the 2-lane
existing SH1. In a
number of locations along the route, additional new local roads
are proposed to provide
access to properties to the east and west of the Expressway and
the final corridor is
over 140 metres wide. In short, the proposal creates a transport
landscape that has a
much larger scale than the existing road and rail corridor.
21. This is particularly evident in the more open and rural
landscape from the south Ōtaki
interchange through to Mary Crest where the Expressway is at
grade or slightly
elevated above the existing SH1. For five kilometres, the full
width of transport corridor
will be visible from the Expressway, from the local arterial
route (the existing SH1), from
the NIMT for travellers on the train and potentially from a
number of properties either
side of the corridor.
22. The designation extends west of the Expressway up to the
NIMT rail corridor, stopping
short of the railway to allow for a future second rail line. The
designation extends east of
the Expressway including an allowance for water run-off swale,
and in some areas
along the route, a new local road. The topography and the
narrowness of the
designation limit opportunities to screen the Expressway in
views from the east and in
particular, from the west.
Landscape effects
23. Changed land use patterns are expected when a new piece of
transport infrastructure is
inserted into an existing largely rural landscape. The ULDF
acknowledges that the
Expressway will require the removal of localised vegetation
clusters. It puts forward
design objectives to both minimise the removal of native
vegetation where possible and
to mitigate any vegetation removal by planting and building on
remaining remnant
vegetation clusters where practicable.
24. The changes to the local landscape character from the
removal of vegetation are
significant. These localised small stands of trees reflect
historic patterns of settlement
and land use. Remnant specimen totara in particular are
under-rated in terms of their
bio-physical, landscape character and associative values. The
evidence of Ms Shona
Myers, terrestrial ecologist, notes that the Expressway will
result in the loss of remnants
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of native forest including over 100 mature native trees (mainly
totara trees) and
fragments of lowland indigenous forest on alluvial plains, which
is a nationally under-
represented type.
25. The AEE tends to be dismissive of the values of these
individual trees, noting that “the
long term preservation of these stands of native trees and their
resultant natural
character is dependent on the stands being self-sustaining and
that is highly unlikely
relative to current farming practices.”3. No replacement or
trade-off mechanisms have
been offered in the Designation Conditions for these trees.
26. The Expressway also cuts the pattern of the landscape at an
individual property level,
slicing through shelterbelts, taking the edge off small stands
of bush and removing
individual totara trees. The impact of the Expressway on the
ground is not necessarily
evident in the landscape plans but can be seen when the
Expressway is viewed more
closely, as illustrated in the following sequence of
figures.
i) Existing landuse and vegetation patterns along SH1, east of
Te Waka Road. Note the
individual trees (mainly totara) scattered across the site in
the top left corner of the aerial.
ii) Overlay of Expressway route on existing landscape.
3
Landscape and Visual AEE, 6.3.1 Vegetation page 57
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iii) New edge planting (bright green) is of individual trees
rather than a cohesive area of bush. Note the remnant paddock (red
shading) alongside Expressway.
Figure 1: Changes to existing landuse and vegetation patterns
along SH1, east of Te Waka Road
27. The vegetation shown on the landscape plans, and illustrated
in these figures,
effectively replants the exposed edge of bush remnants and
stands of trees, rather than
‘planting and building on remaining remnant vegetation
clusters’. It is my opinion that
this narrow border of planting is not adequate in terms of
mitigating the effects of the
Expressway on the landscape character of the adjoining land, and
that more meaningful
planting that extends outside the designation to link with bush
remnants and individual
trees is required to reinstate vegetation patterns and restore
landscape values.
28. The Expressway also changes existing land patterns by
creating a number of
landlocked sites. Mr Tony Coulman’s response to the Council’s
submission on this
issue focusses on NZTA’s processes for reinstating vehicle
access from private
properties onto the existing SH1. However from a landscape
perspective, the issue is
less about vehicle access than the impact of the Expressway's
location on existing land
use where pockets of land are either captured within the
designation or landlocked
between the designation and an existing fixed land use such as
an area of bush or the
NIMT line. New access may be established but potentially the
sites would no longer be
fit for purpose in terms of their existing use or suited to an
economic rural activity. This
is illustrated by the following figures (and Figure 1iii)
above):
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Figure 2: Site south of Old Hautere Road
Land (red shading) located outside the designation, now a
remnant paddock.
Figure 3: Te Horo bridge
Landlocked site (red shading), located within the
designation.
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Figure 4: Ōtaki River
Site (red shading) located within the designation bounded by the
Expressway, stopbank
and Winstone site.
Figure 5: South of Waitohu Stream
Land (red shading) located partly within the designation,
bounded by the NIMT rail line,
Waitohu Stream and the Expressway. There is no obvious access
into the site.
29. It is my opinion that the landlocked sites, particularly
those within the designation,
provide an opportunity for mitigation of landscape and visual
effects, with potential for
an extension of wetland and riparian plantings, and
reinstatement of native forest cover.
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Amenity effects west of Expressway
30. Views, particularly from locations west of the Expressway,
have the potential to extend
over the full width of the corridor. Along Te Horo straight
residents and people travelling
on the local arterial route are physically separated from the
Expressway with views to
the 4-lane carriageway partially screened by the rail
embankment. However the
Expressway traffic, guardrails, the movement of the traffic, and
car lights at night will still
be visible. Drivers will be aware that although they are on a
local road, they are driving
within a much larger transportation environment. Local
residents, even those who have
vegetation within their property that screens views to the east,
will be made aware of
the Expressway and wider transport corridor as they exit their
property.
Amenity effects east of Expressway
31. A number of rural properties east of the designation,
particularly (but not exclusively)
those south of Ōtaki River, are adversely affected by the
proximity of the Expressway.
Submitters4
note the loss of amenity values in terms of noise, removal of
shelter belts
and consequent changes to the microclimate around the property
such as increasing
salt and wind damage, loss of established plantings of orchard
trees and amenity trees
and the impact of car lights at night. As submitted by Alliance
for a Sustainable Kāpiti
“property owners alongside the proposed route have paid a
premium for a high quality
environment”.5
32. At this level of design, there has been no assessment of
effects on the amenity of
residents either on a property by property basis or as clusters
of properties such as
those between School and Gear Roads, apart from an assessment of
noise effects for
individual dwellings.
33. In the matter of noise, Dr Chiles states in his evidence at
paragraph 60 that there are
increases in road-traffic noise predicted for a small number of
houses on Old Hautere
Road, School Road and Gear Road that are relatively close to the
new Expressway. He
notes that one house requires direct mitigation but noise levels
at other dwellings
“remain within reasonable limits that should not interfere with
normal domestic activity.”
34. The designation boundary to the east of the Expressway
appears to be quite narrow. I
understand that there may be a number of reasons for this, not
the least being
4
Review of listed submissions in EPA Summary of Submissions 7.9
Landscape, visual and amenity impacts. 5
Submission 102898, paragraph 7.
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minimising the impacts of property acquisition on affected
landowners. However the
limited land available for planting, bunds or noise structures
makes it difficult to find
design solutions that mitigate visual, noise and amenity effects
for affected residents
without compromising road users’ views to the surrounding rural
landscape and the
distant Tararua Ranges. For example, a 3m high wall at the edge
of the Expressway
may mitigate noise for residents to the east but will have
limited success mitigating the
wind damage created by the removal of shelterbelts and will
create monotonous views
for drivers.
35. However outside the designation, well designed mounding and
planting within the
property of an affected resident may mitigate a range of amenity
effects with the
potential to create some localised outdoor acoustic screening,
reduce noise levels
inside the house and provide shelter and visual screening for
outdoor living areas.
36. It is my opinion that the effects on the amenity of a number
of rural properties,
particularly with regard to outdoor living and garden areas
within the curtilage cannot be
mitigated within the proposed designation but there are
opportunities to mitigate effects
outside the designation that would provide additional benefits
in terms of acoustic
screening. This may be completed on an individual property basis
or in consideration of
a cluster of properties in order to achieve a more integrated
design that mitigates a
range of effects such as the restoration of landscape character
across the wider
landscape context.
Cumulative effects
37. In the matter of the widening of the transport corridor, the
AEE states:6
“The visual aspect of the Expressway passing through the
northern section of the
‘Te Horo Straight’ that will be most obvious will be the
doubling in width of the
overall transport corridor. Placing the further four lanes of
the Expressway will
directly affect the existing landcover and landuse on the east
side of the NIMT
railway and it is the visual aspects of these changes that will
be most noticeable,
along with seeing two new ‘strips’ of sealed carriageway. This
will have a major
visual effect and also a cumulative effect. This combined effect
will be
moderated, to a degree, in that the new visual ‘lines’ of
roading can readily be
integrated in a flat landscape that already contains two obvious
sets of transport
‘lines’."
6
Landscape and Visual AEE page 49
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38. While I agree that the new visual ‘lines’ of roading can be
integrated into a flat
landscape, I do not agree that this mitigates the visibility of
the Expressway. The 4-lane
Expressway structure includes the fill slopes that support the
carriageway, guard rails
and traffic sign supports. These elements will be visible as
will the vehicles travelling on
the Expressway and vehicle lights at night.
39. In addition, as I have discussed, the scale of the proposed
transport corridor is very
different from the scale of the existing SH1 road and NIMT
railway, or a new
Expressway alone. Running these roads in parallel and including
associated run-off
swales, new local roads and the allowance for double tracking
more than doubles the
width of the transport corridor.
40. A stated design objective for this proposal is to ensure
that the project footprint is kept
to the minimum practicable. The narrow designation allows
minimal opportunities to
reinstate land cover and local character. The proposed plantings
on small sections
alongside the Expressway and in some areas alongside the local
arterial route are
linear and on average about 20m wide, enough for three rows of
mature trees but
insufficient to mitigate the visual effects of the proposal or
the loss of landscape
character in the form of established trees and bush along the
edge of the existing SH1
that will be removed as part of the Expressway project. As a
consequence, if mitigation
is restricted to areas within the designation as appears to be
intended, there are limited
opportunities to screen or mitigate the scale of the Expressway
or to create a landscape
that is sympathetic to local landform, landuse and
landcover.
41. It is my opinion that the cumulative landscape, visual and
amenity effects of the
proposal extend across the wider transport corridor of the
Expressway and the existing
SH1 and into the adjoining landscape. Limiting planting and
noise reduction structures
to the areas within the designation limits the effectiveness of
the proposed ULDF
principles in their ability to mitigate effects.
42. The ULDF notes that "many of the urban design benefits of
the project will be realised
as improved environments for urban areas as part of the SH1
revocation project". The
change in use from a State Highway to a local arterial road may
provide an opportunity
for reducing the width of the road corridor and allow for
bunding or planting of sufficient
scale to mitigate some of the landscape and visual effects I
have described. However
one cannot rely on the broad principles outlined in the ULDF to
be implemented under a
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separate revocation process at some future point in time to
successfully mitigate the
effects of the proposal that are outlined in this
Application.
43. For this project, there is additional space for mitigation
to the west of the designation
along Te Horo straight where there is a variable albeit
relatively narrow strip of land
between the rail corridor and the edge of the existing SH1, as
illustrated below in Figure
6. This space provides opportunities for planting that will
filter views to the Expressway
and mitigate the scale of the wider transport corridor. An
example of the suitability of
mitigation of this type can be seen opposite the Red House Café
at Te Horo where, as
described by Mr McKenzie, “a dense stand of tree and shrub
vegetation obscures the
view to the NIMT railway; this will also screen the
Expressway.”7
44. The downgrading of the existing SH1 to a local arterial road
may also create
opportunities to reduce the width of the carriageway, with
potential for further planting of
larger trees that will break up the expanse of the transport
corridor and partially screen
views from the road and properties west of the Expressway.
Figure 6: Cross section 8 of Road, Drawing 5/2664/1/6504
Red shading denotes potential area for additional planting
outside the Expressway
designation.
45. Accordingly I recommend that:
(a) additional landscape mitigation is provided outside the
Expressway
designation boundary in the area of Crown land to the west of
the rail corridor
from the south Ōtaki interchange through to Mary Crest. This may
be either
within an extension to the proposed designation boundary, within
the existing
SH 1 designation or as part of the revocation process where
there is potential
to reduce the width of the carriageway;
7
Evidence Mr McKenzie, part paragraph 125.
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(b) adverse effects on amenity for property owners adjoining the
eastern
designation boundary from the south Ōtaki interchange through to
Mary Crest
are identified and a wider range of mitigation options including
mitigation
outside the currently proposed designation boundary are
consulted on with the
affected owners, both individually and in local groups;
(c) the LP sets out a process to clarify how landlocked sites
within the designation
will be used and maintained;
(d) the LP sets out a process to identify remnant or orphan
sites outside the
designation that require more detailed design and consultation
with the
associated landowners;
(e) the LP requires the Project Landscape Architect to liaise
with the Project
Ecologist on appropriate mitigation, enhancement or restoration
of affected
areas of native vegetation or individual specimen native trees
outside the
designation; and
(f) a condition is made that gives the Council assurance that
further mitigation will
be considered in the planning for the future revocation of the
existing SH1 to a
local arterial road.
EFFECTS ON LANDSCAPE AND AMENITY VALUES OF WATERWAYS
46. As described in the AEE, the Expressway traverses the Ōtaki
Coastal Plain that lies
between the Tararua Ranges to the east and the coast to the
west. It crosses a range of
small, medium and large waterways including the Ōtaki River and
its associated
floodplain.
47. While none of the watercourses in the Landscape and Visual
Assessment are described
as having high natural character, they are significant to the
local community. The
Greater Ōtaki Community Freshwater Vision details how the
community values these
waterways and wishes to see them protected and maintained for
future generations.8
The Ōtaki River and the Waitohu Stream are identified as the
most significant water
bodies but it is clear that all waterways have meaning for the
community whether they
are natural streams, managed to provide flood protection or
highly modified drains.
8
KCDC Greater Ōtaki Community Freshwater Vision November 2006
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48. Given the importance the community and Council place on
streams and rivers,
landscape plans need to demonstrate that landscape values will
be enhanced by
creating a high quality natural environment where the route
crosses waterways. This
requires an integrated solution that looks at restoration
planting in conjunction with
mitigation for underbridge areas and facilitating connections to
the existing and future
cycleway/walkway/bridleway (CWB) network.
49. I have been involved in the certification process for the
MacKays to Peka Peka
Expressway Management Plans. Early engagement with the Council
has resulted in
reduced risks for NZTA in terms of timeframes and certainty of
certification.
50. I therefore recommend that:
(a) NZTA consults with the Council prior to design commencing on
the Ōtaki River
corridor and Waitohu Stream corridor, with continuing engagement
throughout
the design and documentation process; and
(b) specific reference is made in the LP to earthworks and
planting
implementation methodology and monitoring where the Expressway
crosses
rivers, streams and wetlands.
EFFECTS ON THE LANDSCAPE AND AMENITY VALUES OF PARE-O-MATANGI
RESERVE
51. It is generally agreed by both the Applicant and submitters
that Pare-O-Matangi
Reserve has strong community, cultural and ecological values.
The Expressway Project
in this area includes the Expressway itself, a relocated NIMT
line and the abutments for
the Rahui Road Bridge. These would remove over half the land
area of the reserve
including established vegetation, remove the main entry and
require additional
culverting of the Mangapouri Stream. Mr McKenzie acknowledges
that these landscape
and visual effects are “relatively significant”.9
52. The landscape plans propose ‘like-for-like’ mitigation in
the form of incorporating an
adjacent block of land into the reserve. Mr McKenzie notes at
paragraph 80 of his
evidence that “While this would do little to compensate for the
loss of the 'horse
paddock' open space or the established house sections that front
onto Rahui Road, it
would create a connected passive reserve space that focuses on
Mangapouri Stream.”
9
Mr McKenzie evidence para 76.
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53. I concur that the addition of the L-shaped block of
motel-owned land would provide
mitigation in the form of pleasant recreational space, a new
reserve entry and a place to
relocate a number of established trees that were planted by the
community. It is my
opinion that the value of the proposal to add the L-shaped block
of motel-owned land
lies in the location of the land adjacent to the Reserve and its
ability to make a
meaningful contribution to the reserve landscape and the aims of
its ‘caretakers’, the
Keep Ōtaki Beautiful group.
54. Mr Curtain in his evidence at paragraph 134 states “I note
in particular that Keep Ōtaki
Beautiful, the group largely responsible for the original
development of the reserve, has
acknowledged the positive approach of the NZTA and accepted the
proposed offset
mitigation as appropriate mitigation.”
55. At the time this evidence was written, no formal agreement
had been reached on the
purchase of the site. It is my opinion that without the addition
of this specific piece of
land, the form and functionality of the reserve is compromised
and the adverse
landscape and visual effects are likely to be significant.
56. I recommend that:
(a) the addition of the L-shaped block of land to Pare-O-Matangi
Reserve is
formalised in the consent conditions;
(b) a condition is added that provides for the relocation of
specimen trees (which
have been identified by the Keep Ōtaki Beautiful group and noted
on a site
plan). Furthermore, as transplantation cannot be guaranteed to
have a 100%
success rate, the condition should require that additional
specimen trees are
provided for Keep Ōtaki Beautiful to plant, at the rate of one
additional large
grade plant to match each tree to be relocated; and
(c) a condition is added that ensures the additional culverting
of the Mangapouri
Stream is undertaken only after consultation with the Council,
Keep Ōtaki
Beautiful and the community in order that the effects of
culverting are
appropriately mitigated.
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DESIGN DETAIL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
57. Unlike the MacKays to Peka Peka Expressway proposal where a
relatively high level of
design and implementation detail was provided, the application
for this proposal has
been made under a planning process where greater detail of the
Expressway will be
provided at some later time. For this reason the detail on
proposed mitigation in the
AEE is indicative and is reliant on principles outlined in the
ULDF. In addition the
associated Designation Conditions are generic with limited
reference to the specific
route landscape and community of interest.
58. Mr McKenzie has supplied more detail in his evidence with
the provision of a draft LP
which includes the proposed landscape works implementation
methodology, monitoring
and a maintenance schedule and a framework for the evaluation of
landscape and
visual effects arising from construction activities. The LP
proposes a two year
maintenance period for terrestrial planting and a four year
period for wetland planting.
The Designation Conditions have also been amended, extending the
role of the LP to
cover both landscape and urban design issues.
Soft landscape works
59. The LP will form part of a suite of environmental controls
for the construction of the
Expressway, addressing all aspects of the landscape and urban
design management
and monitoring initiatives during the construction process and
extending to the time of
final completion when the works are handed over to NZTA. Its
function is to provide
assurance that the proposed landscape and urban design works
implementation
methodology and maintenance measures are feasible and will be
carried out to specific
standards.
60. More specifically, given the emphasis in this Application on
planting for the mitigation of
visual and landscape effects, the LP should demonstrate through
the principles,
methods and procedures set out in the document that the proposed
planting works will
be fit for purpose and will establish healthy and sustainable
plant communities. It is my
opinion that the draft LP does not provide the level of detail
required to give the Council
this assurance.
61. In his evidence,10 Mr Peter Coop gives his opinion that the
standard of mitigation for the
Expressway should reflect: the receiving environment between
Peka Peka and north
10
Mr Peter Coop Statement of Evidence paragraph 131.
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Ōtaki, which will necessarily differ in many respects from other
sections of the
Wellington Northern Corridor Roads of National Significance
(RoNS); the nature and
scale of the Expressway's adverse effects; and what measures
would be adequate to
mitigate these effects.
62. I agree that the character of the landscape from Peka Peka
to north Ōtaki is unique in
terms of its landform, land use and land cover. I also agree
that the nature and scale of
the Expressway’s adverse landscape, visual and urban design
effects will require
specific design details and management tools to mitigate these
effects.
63. Unlike the MacKays to Peka Peka Expressway which is located
in a dune landscape,
the major part of this section of the Wellington Northern
Corridor runs over lowland
terraces where “The combination of good drainage, drying winds
and summer drought,
plus frost – or the clay rich silts that are heavy in winter and
dry in summer, reduces the
range of plants that will do well without shelter.”11
64. It is my understanding that detailed design methodology and
implementation are not
part of this the Expressway application. However given that the
Expressway comes with
its own unique set of environmental conditions and limitations,
the most relevant
measure of success for mitigation planting will be the
establishment of a thriving and
sustainable plant community.
65. For these reasons I recommend that the provisions of the LP
and proposed designation
conditions should be extended to ensure the success of the
planting works and in turn
provide the Council with an assurance that the proposed planting
works will be fit for
purpose and will continue to mitigate landscape and visual
effects on an on-going basis.
66. Accordingly the LP should:
(a) include a three-year maintenance period for all terrestrial
planting including a
definition of what constitutes a successful rate of plant
survival at the time of
Final Completion after which the works are handed over to NZTA
to maintain;
(b) include details on the types and levels of animal and weed
pest control; and
11
Kapiti Coast District Council. Growing Native Plants in Kapiti
1999.
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(c) be in accordance with best practice for landscape or
ecological mitigation and
consistent with the Council’s 2013 document Planting Principles
for Roads of
National Significance (attached as Appendix A).
67. In order to give the Council confidence that the works are
fit for purpose, conditions
should be added, according to which the Council is able to
certify the LP and any
subsequent more detailed site specific plans.
Earthworks
68. In its submission the Council noted that the restoration of
the dune landforms at Mary
Crest and the Waitohu Plateau was an issue of importance. Mr
McKenzie’s draft LP
provides a guide to earthworks and more specifically, a guide to
how the restoration of
dune landforms will be developed during the detailed design
phase of theExpressway.
The issue of dunes was extensively covered in the MacKays to
Peka Peka Expressway
Board of Inquiry process. It is my opinion that for these
specific landforms the final
Designation Conditions for that project are appropriate for this
section of the Wellington
Northern Corridor RoNS.
69. I recommend that:
(a) NZTA consult with the Council prior to design commencing on
the dune
landforms at Mary Crest and Waitohu Plateau; and
(b) the relevant Conditions are made consistent with the
corresponding conditions
relating to dune landforms for the MacKays to Peka Peka
Expressway.
ŌTAKI GATEWAYS AND SIGNAGE
70. The Council is concerned that the viability and vibrancy of
the Ōtaki town centre will be
affected, at least in the short to immediate term, by the
removal of State Highway
through traffic. To reduce that impact, the NZTA is proposing
“splitting” the Ōtaki
interchange to the north and south of the town, to allow traffic
to readily come off the
Expressway and travel through the town to rejoin the Expressway.
Landscape plans
outline a Northern Gateway Zone and a Southern Gateway Zone at
these interchange
areas, with the ULDF noting that from an urban design
perspective it is important to
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create a legible, accessible entry and exit to and from Ōtaki,
the Kāpiti Coast District
and the Wellington Region.12
71. There are no plans (indicative or detailed) for the
identified gateway areas north and
south of Ōtaki, although the ULDF sets out design principles for
these areas as
follows:13
“Both the quality and legibility of the wider gateway experience
is clearly outlined
and referenced to the Greater Ōtaki Vision document to ensure
the local
character is incorporated in a range of gateway elements such as
landscaping,
signage, street lighting, and public art.”
72. NZTA is clearly committed to signage at the Ōtaki
interchange. In his evidence Mr
James sets out the objectives of the Expressway,14 one of which
is “To efficiently serve
Ōtaki and its future development by providing appropriate
vehicle access and signage
to and from the Expressway.”
73. Mr Tony Coulman, when discussing Project Design and
Consultation, states:15
“I agree with KCDC's submission that effective and appropriate
signage signalling
Ōtaki as a destination and service centre is important, and this
is reflected in the
Project objectives… Further consultation between the NZTA, KCDC,
the OCB
and Nga Hapū-o-Ōtaki is recommended to inform the final signage
and gateway
designs, and this is reflected through the updated proposed
designation
conditions.”
74. I agree that it is important to ensure that effective and
appropriate signage is provided
at the Gateway zones north and south of Ōtaki. The Council
considers it crucial that
such signage is not based on standard road directional signage
but is designed
specifically as a gateway feature that appropriately reflects
the character and identity of
Ōtaki. It may also be that signage is not limited to off-ramp
signage but that there is
additional high quality signage to effectively promote the
town.
75. The proposed condition (Transport – Operational DC 80)
referencing signage may
provide guiding principles for future design phases for gateway
signage. However it is
12
ULDF page 14.13
Mr Bruce Curtain Statement of Evidence page 15, paragraph
12714
Mr Rod James Statement of Evidence page 15, paragraph 5815
Mr Tony Coulman Statement of Evidence paragraph 218
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my opinion that the issue of effective and appropriate signage
is best addressed as an
urban design issue within the Landscape and Urban Design
conditions.
76. I recommend that:
(a) there is a specific reference in the Landscape and Urban
Design Conditions
for a requirement for NZTA to consult with the Council prior to
detailed design
commencing on the design and mitigation measures for the Gateway
Zones;
(b) the Northern Ōtaki Gateway Zone and the Southern Ōtaki
Gateway Zone are
identified as areas requiring particular attention at a site
specific management
level; and
(c) Gateway signage is provided that clearly promotes the Ōtaki
town as a
destination and that is developed in consultation with
identified community
representatives.
DESIGN AND CONNECTIVITY OF LOCAL ROAD BRIDGES
77. In 2009 NZTA consulted on the Kāpiti Expressway including
sending brochures to over
26,500 postal addresses in the district, open days and meetings
with stakeholders. A
large number of submissions were received. According to the
ULDF, severance and
community connectivity were two of the main concerns expressed
in the submissions
process. The Council is concerned to ensure that connectivity is
maintained through
local east-west road connections as well as the interchange at
the Southern Ōtaki
Gateway.
78. The Expressway design reinstates three local connections
including:
(a) Te Horo bridge (Bridge No. 8). The local road bridge
connecting the eastern
and western sides of Te Horo community crosses over the existing
SH1, the
NIMT railway, and the proposed Expressway. It will be a large
structure in a
flat and open landscape and its final design will need to be
sympathetic to this
context and designed to facilitate local connectivity,
especially as this will be
the only access for children going to and from Te Horo School on
School
Road.
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(b) Rahui Road bridge (Bridge No. 4). The proposed local road
bridge over the
Expressway at Rahui Road will require the removal of a number of
houses.
Located within an urban landscape, the design of this bridge
will not only need
to be sympathetic to its context but also responsive to the
restoration and/or
enhancement of connectivity in terms of the CWB network.
(c) The Ramp (covering Bridges No. 2 and 3). This replaces an
existing bridge
with a longer structure. It will have low visual impacts from
adjoining residential
areas but the embankments form one edge of Pare-O-Matangi
Reserve and
requires CWB connections through the reserve to Ōtaki Railway
Station.
79. Each of these bridges is located in a unique landscape
context, is used by a different
community of interest and requires integration into the existing
CWB network in order to
restore local connectivity and community amenity in the form of
linkages to recreational
areas. For example, the Te Horo bridge will be used by horse
traffic which has specific
requirements for path widths and waiting areas. In addition, the
Rahui Road bridge
should provide for the restoration of walkway links to Ōtaki
Railway Station to the south
and Pare-O-Matangi Reserve to the north. In short the bridge
structures and associated
infrastructure should “respond to local landscape context and
reflect local themes.”16
80. In the matter of bridge structures, the ULDF sets out the
principles to be implemented in
future design phases. As I have outlined above, the fine-grain
detail is critical to the
successful resolution of the bridge design. This was recognised
in the MacKays to Peka
Peka Expressway Board of Inquiry Decision where Condition DC.59A
e) required that
Site-specific Urban Design Plans (SSUDPs) be prepared for
‘specified locations where
the Expressway interacts with local vehicular and non-vehicular
pedestrian/cyclist
movement’.
81. I recommend that:
(a) there is specific reference in the Landscape and Urban
Design Conditions for
a requirement for NZTA to consult with the Council prior to
detailed design
commencing on the design and mitigation measures for the three
local bridges
(the Ramp, the Rahui Road Bridge and the Te Horo Bridge);
16
Mr Bruce Curtain Statement of Evidence paragraph 40
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(b) the design of the local bridges is to a standard consistent
with those provided
for other RoNS projects in the Kāpiti Coast District, with due
regard to the
specific context of the bridges; and
(c) the bridges including structures, finish and CWB connections
are identified as
areas requiring particular attention at a site specific
management level.
CONCLUSION
82. The location of the selected Expressway route has avoided a
number of potential
adverse effects that would arise had a greenfields route been
selected, and avoids
effects on the wider landscape context. However the scale of the
proposed transport
corridor is very different from the scale of the existing SH1
road and NIMT railway, or a
new Expressway alone.
83. It is my opinion that the cumulative landscape, visual and
amenity effects of the
proposal extend across the wider transport corridor of the
Expressway and existing SH1
and into the adjoining landscape.
84. The topography and narrowness of the designation limit the
effectiveness of the
proposed ULDF principles and the ability to avoid, remedy or
mitigate landscape and
visual effects through the use of vegetation and noise reduction
structures.
85. Landlocked sites, particularly those within the designation,
provide an opportunity for
mitigation of landscape and visual effects, with potential for
an extension of wetland and
riparian plantings, and reinstatement of native forest
cover.
86. There are sites outside the Expressway designation where
there are opportunities for
further meaningful planting to screen views, reinstate local
vegetation and land use
patterns. In addition, for a number of rural properties to the
east of the Expressway, well
designed mounding and planting within the property may mitigate
a range of amenity
effects with the potential to create some localised outdoor
acoustic screening as well as
provide shelter and visual screening for outdoor living
areas.
87. The LP is the document that is intended to provide assurance
that the proposed
landscape works are fit for purpose and will continue to
mitigate landscape and visual
effects on an on-going basis. It is my opinion that that the
provisions of the LP should
be extended to ensure the success of the planting, earthworks
and noise reduction
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structures, and that the Council should have a role in the
consultation and certification
process.
88. I consider that further design detail is required to provide
more certainty and assurance
that the proposed design measures deliver an appropriate level
of mitigation,
particularly for areas requiring particular attention at a site
specific management level
including the Northern and Southern Ōtaki Gateway Zones, the
three local bridges at
The Ramp, Rahui Road and Te Horo, the Ōtaki River and Waitohu
Stream corridors
and at Pare-O-Matangi Reserve. This should be undertaken in
conjunction with a
programme of early and continuing engagement with the Council in
order to provide
greater certainty for the proposed Council certification
process.
89. A summary of my specific recommendations is set out below in
paragraph 90 of my
evidence.
RECOMMENDATIONS
90. I recommend that:
(a) additional landscape mitigation is provided outside the
Expressway
designation boundary in the area of Crown land to the west of
the rail corridor
from the south Ōtaki interchange through to Mary Crest. This may
be either
within an extended designation boundary, within the existing SH
1 designation
or as part of the revocation process where there is potential to
reduce the
width of the carriageway.
(b) adverse effects on amenity for property owners adjoining the
eastern
designation boundary from the south Ōtaki interchange through to
Mary Crest
are identified and addressed at both site specific level on a
case by case
basis, and at a local level considering a local cluster of
properties.
Consideration should be given to mitigation that provides
multiple benefits by
addressing a range of landscape, visual and amenity effects.
This could be
addressed through the LP;
(c) the LP sets out a process to clarify how landlocked or
remnant sites within the
designation will be used and maintained;
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(d) the Project Landscape Architect liaises with the Project
Ecologist on
appropriate mitigation, enhancement or restoration of affected
areas of native
vegetation or individual specimen native trees outside the
designation;
(e) a condition is made that gives the Council assurance that
further mitigation will
be considered in the planning for the future revocation of SH1
to a local arterial
road;
(f) NZTA consults with Council prior to design commencing on the
Ōtaki River
corridor and Waitohu Stream corridor, with continuing engagement
throughout
the design and documentation process;
(g) specific reference is made in the LP to earthworks and
planting
implementation methodology and monitoring where the Expressway
crosses
rivers, streams and wetlands;
(h) the addition of the L-shaped block of land to Pare-O-Matangi
Reserve is
formalised in the consent conditions;
(i) a condition is made that provides for the relocation of
specimen trees (which
that have been identified by the Keep Ōtaki Beautiful group and
noted on a
site plan). Furthermore, as transplantation cannot be guaranteed
to have a
100% success rate, I recommend that additional specimen trees
are provided
for Keep Ōtaki Beautiful to plant, at the rate of one additional
large grade plant
to match each tree to be relocated;
(j) a condition is made that ensures the additional culverting
of the Mangapouri
Stream is undertaken after consultation with the Council, the
Keep Ōtaki
Beautiful group and the community in order that the effects of
culverting are
appropriately mitigated;
(k) the LP includes a three-year maintenance period for all
terrestrial planting
including definition of what constitutes a successful rate of
plant survival at the
time of Final Completion after which the works are handed over
to NZTA to
maintain;
(l) the LP includes details on the types and levels of animal
and weed pest
control;
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(m) the LP is required to be in accordance with best practice
for landscape or
ecological mitigation and consistent with the Council’s 2013
document Planting
Principles for Roads of National Significance (attached in
Appendix A);
(n) a condition is made that the Council certifies the LP and
subsequent Site
Specific Landscape Plans;
(o) NZTA consults with the Council prior to design commencing on
the dune
landforms at Mary Crest and Waitohu Plateau;
(p) conditions are made that are made consistent with the
corresponding
conditions relating to dune landforms for the MacKays to Peka
Peka
Expressway;
(q) there is specific reference in the Landscape and Urban
Design Conditions for
a requirement for NZTA to consult with the Council prior to
detailed design
commencing on the design and mitigation measures for the Gateway
Zones;
(r) the Northern Ōtaki Gateway Zone and the Southern Ōtaki
Gateway Zone are
identified as areas requiring particular attention at a site
specific management
level;
(s) gateway signage that clearly promotes the Ōtaki town as a
destination and
that is developed in consultation with identified community
representatives;
(t) there is specific reference in the Landscape and Urban
Design Conditions for
a requirement for NZTA to consult with Council prior to detailed
design
commencing on the design and mitigation measures for the three
local bridges
(the Ramp, the Rahui Road Bridge and Te Horo Bridge);
(u) the design of the local bridges is to a standard consistent
with those provided
for other RoNS projects in the Kāpiti Coast District, with due
regard to the
specific context of the bridges; and
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(v) the bridges including structures, finish and CWB connections
are identified as
areas requiring particular attention at a site specific
management level.
Julia Anne Williams9 August 2013
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Appendix A: Planting Principles for Roads of National
Significance
DRAFT
Kāpiti Coast Planting Principles for Roads of National
Significance
Introduction
Prior to settlement, Kāpiti Coast had a complex and diverse
vegetative cover, reflecting the
natural patterns of landform, climate, soils and water systems.
Today the natural
environment of the district has been modified significantly by
past human activity and land
use practices and continues to be changed and affected by
current activities and practices.
It is intended that these planting principles are used as
guidelines to promote plantings that
enhance the District’s environment. While priority needs to be
given toward further
improving the District’s biodiversity, Council recognises that
the proposed Expressway
passes through dunes and wetlands, farmland, rural lifestyle
properties, residential, urban
and industrial areas, each of which has a different landscape
character. Rather than provide
prescriptive vegetation lists, Council prefers to see planting
that reflects natural patterns,
adds visual amenity and reinforces local identity.
The principles are supported by the following Kāpiti Coast
District Council strategic
documents:
Long Term Plan 2012 – 2032 (LTP)
The LTP document sets out district wide aspirations and an
overall strategy for the future of
the District. The outcomes sought at the local community level
vary in detail but common to
all is the need to maintain local character coupled with the
provision of healthy natural
systems which are associated with landscape values. A key
priority for the Council is to
ensure that the NZTA Expressway project reflects the needs of
the community.
The Council has adopted 14 sustainable development principles to
guide decisions and
actions including:
Principle 7: the interconnectedness of the natural environment
and communities is
recognised when taking action.
-
Kāpiti Coast District Council District Plan
The District Plan seeks to control the adverse effects of
activities on the natural
environment in a manner that protects the integrity of
ecosystems. This is to ensure that
natural features and qualities of the environment, in particular
the indigenous flora and
fauna, are sustained.
The objectives and policies set out in Chapter 11 Ecology are
intended to address a number
of these significant resource management issues. In the matter
of biodiversity and planting
they include:
Objective 1.0
Protect and enhance the natural environment and ecological
integrity of the district,
including protection of significant indigenous vegetation and
significant habitats for
indigenous flora and fauna.
To achieve this objective, Council will implement a number of
policies including:
POLICY 8: Encourage planting of locally sourced indigenous
species adjacent to water
bodies and other areas that will restore linkages and ecological
corridors.
POLICY 9: Encourage restoration of degraded habitats with
locally sourced (genetically
appropriate) native vegetation.
POLICY 10: Advocate for the protection of areas identified as
suitable for providing linking
corridors for fauna.
POLICY 11: Maintain and enhance the natural landscape values of
the District.
POLICY 12: Ensure that appropriate buffer zones are provided
around areas of significant
natural value and that wider ecological processes are considered
when making
decisions about significant sites.
Proposed District Plan
The Proposed District Plan speaks more directly on the need to
retain and enhance the
extent and biodiversity of indigenous vegetation: “The
sustainable management of natural
resources in the District cannot be achieved if biodiversity is
not recognised and protected.
While not yet completed, the importance of biodiversity has been
signalled in the
government’s development of a draft National Policy Statement on
Indigenous Biodiversity
which was released for submissions in early 2011.”
Objectives and policies make specific reference to the
management, enhancement and
restoration of biodiversity.
-
Objective 2.2 – Ecology and biodiversity
To improve indigenous biological diversity and ecological
resilience through the:
protection of areas of significant indigenous vegetation and
significant habitats of
indigenous fauna;
restoration of the ecological integrity of important degraded
environments and
habitats;
enhancement of the health of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems;
and
enhancement of the mauri of waterbodies.
Policy 3.12 – Management approach to biodiversity protection
Adverse effects from subdivision, use and development on
significant indigenous vegetation
and significant habitats of indigenous fauna including aquatic
ecosystems will be minimised,
including by:
a) avoiding the removal or significant modification of any
significant locally indigenous
vegetation, in particular avoiding disturbance of all indigenous
vegetation within
ecological sites;
b) managing land use activities resulting in increased sediment
and contaminant levels of
surface water, including storm water, to reduce the likelihood
of aquatic ecosystems
being detrimentally affected;
c) creating and maintaining appropriate buffer zones around and
linkages between, areas of
significant indigenous vegetation, significant habitats of
indigenous fauna and around
aquatic ecosystems to ensure that wider ecological processes are
considered when
making decisions about significant sites; and
d) preventing the introduction or spread of exotic weed species
and pest animals (both
terrestrial and aquatic).
Policy 3.13 – Enhancement
Where a subdivision or significant development is undertaken on
land containing rare and
threatened vegetation species or an ecological site, enhancement
of the ecological site or
rare and threatened vegetation species shall be required.
Policy 3.14 – Restoration
When considering applications for subdivision, land use or
development, active restoration
or remediation will be required on sites identified as priority
areas for restoration, to
achieve the following biodiversity benefits:
a) resilient riparian buffers and margins which provide benefits
in terms of sediment and
erosion control and increased biodiversity values; and
-
b) expanded ecological sites and habitat enhancement which
provide greater benefits to
biodiversity values through the planting of locally indigenous
vegetation surrounding and
linking fragmented remnant ecological sites.
Open Space Strategy
The Council’s recently released Open Space Strategy guides the
open space vision for the
District. Relevant principles include: protecting indigenous
biodiversity; preserving
landscapes, landforms and amenity values; protecting local
character; and protecting
cultural and heritage values. Working to develop mountains to
sea ecological corridors is a
priority of the Open Space Strategy.
The Strategy notes that the District has many opportunities with
regard to open space
development:
use of the road network (including the expressway), waterways
and rural areas
provides greater opportunities for community cohesiveness,
recreation activities and
environmental benefit;
appropriate planting of streets, parks, river corridors and
coastal reserves can help
the District cope with the extremes of climate change, preserve
water quality,
reduce flood and fire danger, coastal erosion and provide
opportunities for local
food production;
Note that the following points are not in any particular order
of importance but are
organised according to scale, from over-arching principles that
apply from district-wide
down to the use of specific plants in specific places.
References:
Isobel Gabites. Growing Native Plants in Kāpiti. 1999
GWRC. Wellington Regional Native Plant Guide. Revised edition
2010
Isthmus Group Ltd. Kāpiti Coast District Landscape Study.
December 2012
Kāpiti Coast District Council. Open Space Strategy February
2012
Kāpiti Coast District Council District Plan
Kāpiti Coast District Council Proposed District Plan
Kāpiti Coast District Council Long Term Plan 2012 – 2032
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Planting Principles for Roads of National Significance
Kāpiti Coast District Council aims to enhance the District’s
biodiversity, character and
cultural identity through:
Using the RoNS programme to promote the establishment of a
native plant corridor
extending the length of the district;
the establishment of as many ‘mountains to sea' native plant
corridors along east –
west connections as possible, especially restoring planting
along waterways;
where restoration of sustainable native plant communities is the
objective, planting
for the future, starting with appropriate pioneering species
followed by a sequence
of enrichment plants that will replicate the natural processes
of colonisation and
succession;
the establishment of sustainable plant communities that will
create habitat for
native birds, fish, invertebrates and lizards;
planting nodes of individual native species as seed sources that
can be maintained
to encourage natural regeneration of the highest possible number
of locally native
species appropriate to the location;
planting (whether native or exotic) for local conditions to
minimise requirements for
long term maintenance;
planting to reinforce the concept of distinctive ‘local
landscapes’ to preserve local
character and create a sense of place;
use of vegetation that is appropriate to its landscape context,
noting that exotic
species may be considered in an urban or pastoral landscape
where they are already
established, for example at major intersections where there are
existing street trees
Where native plants are used, these should be ‘eco-sourced’ from
the Foxton
Ecological District, i.e. grown from seed collected from wild
populations of plants
-
native to Foxton Ecological District, thereby preserving and
enhancing the character
and genetic diversity of the local flora.
where exotic plants are used, select species that provide bird
food, berries, fruit or
nectar, but will not create future problems with self-seeding
and establishment in
ecologically sensitive areas;
use of plant species that are appropriate to the scale of the
landscape context.
Where large trees are appropriate, plant with an eye to the
future with the use of
native ‘heritage’ trees. This may require sequential or
enrichment planting to create
the right conditions for trees to thrive including:
- wetland trees such as kahikatea, pukatea and swamp maire
- lowland trees such as titoki, kohekohe, totara and matai, and
wharangi
- trees on steeper slopes such as rimu, white maire, tawa,
northern rata and miro