Beer Knowledge For the Love of Beer · Beer Knowledge – For the Love of Beer Page 2 of 27 (c) Hospitality Institute of Australasia 2012 Through hieroglyphics, cuneiform characters

Beer Knowledge – For the Love of Beer

Page 1 of 27 (c) Hospitality Institute of Australasia 2012


Contents Section 1 - History of beer ................................................................................................................................................ 1

Section 2 – The Brewing Process ...................................................................................................................................... 4

Section 3 – Beer Styles .................................................................................................................................................... 14

Section 4 - Beer Tasting & Food Matching ...................................................................................................................... 19

Section 5 – Serving & Selling Beer .................................................................................................................................. 22

Section 6 - Cider .............................................................................................................................................................. 25

Section 1 - History of beer What is beer? - Simply put, beer is fermented; hop flavoured malt sugared, liquid. It is the staple product of nearly

every pub, club, restaurant, hotel and many hospitality and tourism outlets.

Beer is very versatile and comes in a variety of packs; cans, bottles and kegs. It is loved by people all over the world

and this world wide affection has created some interesting styles that resonate within all countries around the

world.

At the end of this course, you will have an understanding of the following key areas:

The history of Beer;

The brewing process;

The different styles of beer;

Beer Tasting & food matching;

Food matching tips; and

Serving and Selling beer;

The first section looks at the History of Beer. At the end of this section, you should have an understanding of:

Where and when beer originated; and

History of beer in Australia.

The aim this course is to inspire you to look at beer in a new light. Beer has history, passion, style and of course the ability to relax you from the ups and downs of life.

Please press "Next" to get started.

In the Beginning – Egyptian Times

‘Without question, the greatest invention in the history of mankind is beer. Oh, I grant you that the wheel was also a

fine invention, but the wheel does not go nearly as well with pizza.’ DAVE BARRY

The art of brewing is as old as civilization. Between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago, some humans discontinued their nomadic hunting and gathering and settled down to farm. Grain was the first domesticated crop that started the farming process.



Through hieroglyphics, cuneiform characters and written accounts, historians have traced the roots of brewing back

to ancient African, Egyptian and Sumerian tribes. The oldest proven records of brewing are about 6,000 years old

and refer to the Sumerians. Sumeria lay between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers including Southern Mesopotamia

and the ancient cities of Babylon and Ur. It is said that the Sumerians discovered the fermentation process by

chance. A seal around 4,000 years old is a Sumerian "Hymn to Ninkasi", the goddess of brewing. This "hymn" is also a

recipe for making beer.

No one knows today exactly how this occurred, but it could be that a piece of bread or grain became wet and a short

time later, it began to ferment and an inebriating pulp resulted. These early accounts, with pictograms of what is

recognizably barley, show bread being baked then crumbled into water to make a mash, which is then made into a

drink that is recorded as having made people feel "exhilarated, wonderful and blissful!" It could be that baked bread

was a convenient method of storing and transporting a resource for making beer. The Sumerians were able to repeat

this process and are assumed to be he first civilized culture to brew beer. They had discovered a "divine drink" which

certainly was a gift from the gods.

In the beginning- The Greeks and the Romans

After Egypt was succeeded by the Greeks and Romans, beer continued to be brewed. Plinius reported of the

popularity of beer in the Mediterranean area before wine took hold. In Rome, wine became ambrosia from the god

Bacchus. Beer was only brewed in the outer areas of the Roman Empire where wine was difficult to obtain. For the

Romans beer was considered a barbarian drink.

As the cultivation of barley spread north and west, brewing went with it. As time passed, the production of beer

came under the watchful eye of the Roman Church. Christian abbeys, as centers of agriculture, knowledge and

science, refined the methods of brewing. Initially in the making of beer for the brothers and for visiting pilgrims, later

as a means of financing their communities. However, there was still very little known about the role of yeast in

completing fermentation. Beer brewing played an important role in daily lives. Beer was clearly so desired that it led

nomadic groups into village life. Beer was considered a valuable (potable) foodstuff and workers were often paid

with jugs of beer.

In the beginning- The Germans

By the fifteenth century, there was a record of hops used in Flemish beer imported into England, and by the

sixteenth century hops had gained widespread use as a preservative in beer, replacing the previously used bark or

leaves.

However the most widely known event in brewing history was the establishment of German standards for brewers.

The first of these regulations was the inspiration for the Reinheitsgebot of 1516 - the most famous beer purity law.

This pledge of purity states that only four ingredients can be used in the production of beer: water, malted barley,

malted wheat and hops. Yeast, though not included in this list, was acceptable, as it was taken for granted to be a

key ingredient in the brewing process. The "Reinheitsgebot" was the assurance to the consumer that German beers

would be of the highest quality in the world and acknowledges the European disdain for adding adjuncts such as

corn, rice, other grains and sugars.

In the beginning- Fermentation

The next great development occurred in the mid-nineteenth century, through work done by Louis Pasteur, the first

to propose an explanation of how yeast worked. Shortly thereafter, samples of Bavarian yeast provided the



successful identification of a single-cell and strain of the bottom-fermenting lager yeast. German brewers had

started to make beer by lagering (storing) in 1402.

Beer, like wine, spread to all part of the globe through colonisation. Beer is made in virtually every country in the

world and unlike spirits and in some cases wine have little restrictions on how it is made and manufactured.

Beer in Australia

Beer arrived in Australia around 1770 when Captain Cook set sail around 1768 to find new lands. He left with beer

instead of water as a means of “preserving” water.

Today beer is without doubt the most popular alcohol beverage in Australia. However, this was not always the case.

In the early days of settlement rum was the drink of choice, so much so that as the currency was in such short supply

rum was used as currency. Unfortunately, having rum as a currency led to drunkenness. Beer was introduced as a

healthier and less intoxicating alcoholic beverage.

The first, official, brewer in Australia was John Boston who brewed a beverage (many would not call it beer) from

Indian corn bittered with cape gooseberry leaves.

The first pub was opened in 1796 in Parramatta by James Larra, a freed convict.

Until 1885 most beers brewed were Ales, top fermenting beers. (Beer styles and types are explained in detail later in

the course.)

In 1804 the government of the day opened its own brewery in Parramatta and was quickly followed by rival privately

owned breweries. Interestingly by 1871 there were 126 breweries in Victoria alone servicing a population of only

800,000 people.

Timeline of Australian brewing:

‘He was a wise man who invented beer‘ Plato.

Important dates in Australian brewing history:

1824- Cascade brewery opens and is still the oldest operational brewery in Australia

1862- Thomas Cooper starts Cooper’s brewery in South Australia. It is still owned today by the Cooper family and the

largest Australian owned brewery today.

1864- Carlton brewery opens in Melbourne

1887- The Fosters Brothers arrive from New York with refrigeration equipment and establish the first Lager brewery

to use this type of equipment in Australia

1889- Lager is first brewed in Queensland at the Castlemaine and Quinlan brewery.

Today the number of breweries has dwindled. Two large breweries, have a combined market share of approximately

85%. The two breweries are: Fosters and Lion Nathan. Fosters have a stable of brands that includes: Crown Lager,

Carlton Draught, Carlton Midstrength and Fosters Lager. Lion Nathan beers: XXXX, XXXX Gold, Toohey’s New and

Hahn Premium Light.



In May 2012, XXXX Gold (a mid strength beer) became the number one selling beer in Australia, pipping VB (Victoria Bitter) which had been number one for 20 years.

Good Point

Its official XXXX Gold (a mid strength beer) is the number one selling beer in Australia pipping VB

(Victoria Bitter) which had been number one for around 20 years. May 2012.

Section 2 – The Brewing Process

“Beer is proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy.” BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

Broadly speaking, brewing is the production of beer through steeping a starch source (commonly cereal grains) in

water and then fermenting with yeast. The basic ingredients of beer are water; a starch source, such as malted

barley, which is able to be fermented (converted into alcohol); a brewer's yeast to produce the fermentation; and

flavouring, such as hops. A secondary starch source (an adjunct) may be used, such as maize (corn), rice or sugar. The

amount of each starch source in a beer recipe is collectively called the grain bill.

Before we can discuss the process of brewing beer, it is important to review the most common terms

used in brewing.

Terminology

The brewing of beer can be deemed a science. In some instances scientific, or at least, rarely used, terminology is used in the beer making process.

There many terms and you are not expected to memorise them. But you should read them to gain an

understanding.

Brewing Glossary

Term Description

Acetaldehyde Green apple aroma, a by-product of fermentation.

Additive Enzymes, preservatives and antioxidants which are added to simplify the brewing process or prolong shelf life.

Adjunct Fermentable material used as a substitute for traditional grains, to make beer lighter-

bodied or cheaper.

Aerobic An organism, such as top fermenting ale yeast, that needs oxygen to metabolize.

Alcohol Ethyl alcohol or ethanol. An intoxicating by-product of fermentation, which is caused by yeast acting on sugars in the malt. Alcohol content is expressed as a percentage of

volume or weight.

Alcohol by weight Amount of alcohol in beer measured in terms of the percentage weight of alcohol per volume of beer, i.e., 3.2% alcohol by weights equals 3.2 grams of alcohol per 100

centilitres of beer. (It is approximately 20% less than alcohol by volume.)

Alcohol by volume Amount of alcohol in beer in terms of percentage volume of alcohol per volume of beer.

Alcoholic Warming taste of ethanol and higher alcohol's.

Ale Beers distinguished by use of top fermenting yeast strains, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The top fermenting yeast perform at warmer temperatures than do yeast's used to brew

lager beer, and their by-products are more evident in taste and aroma. Fruitiness and



esters are often part of an ale's character.

All-malt A relatively new term in America. "All malt" refers to a beer made exclusively with

barley malt and without adjuncts.

Amber Any top or bottom fermented beer having an amber color, that is, between pale and

dark.

Anaerobic An organism, such as a bottom-fermenting lager yeast, that is able to metabolize

without oxygen present.

Aroma Hops Varieties of hop chosen to impart bouquet. (See Hops)

Astringent A drying, puckering taste; tannic; can be derived from boiling the grains, long mashes,

over sparging with hard water.

Attenuation Extent to which yeast consumes fermentable sugars (converting them into alcohol and

carbon dioxide).

Bacterial A general term covering off-flavours such as mouldy, musty, woody, lactic acid, vinegar, or microbiological spoilage.

Balling Degrees Scale indicating density of sugars in wort (see wort). Devised by C J N Balling.

Barley A cereal grain that is malted for use in the grist (see grist) that becomes the mash in

the brewing of beer.

Barrel A unit of measurement used by brewers in some countries. In Britain, a barrel holds 36

imperial gallons (1 imperial gallon = 4.5 litres), or 1.63 hectolitres. In the United States,

a barrel holds 31.5 US gallons (1 US gallon = 3.8 litres), or 1.17 hectolitres.

Beer Name given alcohol-containing beverages produced by fermenting grain, specifically

malt, and flavoured with hops.

Bitter Bitterness of hops or malt husks; sensation on back of tongue.

Bitterness The perception of a bitter flavour, in beer from iso-alpha-acid in solution (derived from

hops). It is measured in International Bitterness Units (IBU).

Black malt Partially malted barley roasted at high temperatures. Black malt gives a dark colour and

roasted flavour to beer.

Body Thickness and mouth-filling property of a beer described as "full or thin bodied".

Bottle-conditioning Secondary fermentation and maturation in the bottle, creating complex aromas and flavours.

Bottom-fermenting

yeast

One of the two types of yeast used in brewing. Bottom-fermenting yeast works well at

low temperatures and ferments more sugars leaving a crisp, clean taste and then settles to the bottom of the tank. Also referred to as "lager yeast".

Brewhouse The collective equipment used to make beer.

Brew Kettle The vessel in which wort from the mash is boiled with hops. Also called a copper.

Brewpub Pub that makes its own beer and sells at least 50% of it on premises. Also known in

Britain as a home-brew house and in Germany as a house brewery.

Bright Beer Tank See conditioning tank.

Bung The stopper in the hole in a keg or cask through which the keg or cask is filled and emptied. The hole may also be referred to as a bung or bunghole. Real beer must use a

wooden bung.

Butterscotch See diacetyl.

Cabbage like Aroma and taste of cooked vegetables; often a result of wort spoilage bacteria killed by

alcohol in fermentation.

CAMRA The Campaign for Real Ale. An organization in England that was founded in 1971 to

preserve the production of cask-conditioned beers and ales.



Carbonation Sparkle/ bubbles caused by carbon dioxide, either created during fermentation or injected later.

Caramel A cooked sugar that is used to add colour and alcohol content to beer. It is often used in place of more expensive malted barley.

Caramel malt A sweet, coppery-coloured malt. Caramel or crystal malt imparts both colour and flavour to beer. Caramel malt has a high concentration of un-fermentable sugars that sweeten

the beer and, contribute to head retention on the beer

Cask A closed, barrel-shaped container for beer. They come in various sizes and are now usually made of metal. The bung in a cask of "Real" beer or ale must be made of wood

to allow the pressure to be relived, as the fermentation of the beer, in the cask, continues.

Cask-conditioning Secondary fermentation and maturation in the cask at the point of sale. Creates light

carbonation.

Chlorophenolic A plastic like aroma; caused by chemical combination of chlorine and organic

compounds.

Chill haze Cloudiness caused by precipitation of protein-tannin compound at low temperatures,

does not affect flavour.

Chill proof Beer treated to allow it to withstand cold temperatures without clouding.

Clove like Spicy character reminiscent of cloves; characteristic of some wheat beers, or if

excessive, may derive from wild yeast.

Conditioning Period of maturation intended to impart "condition" (natural carbonation). Warm

conditioning further develops the complex of flavours. Cold conditioning imparts a clean, round taste.

Conditioning Tank A vessel in which beer is placed after primary fermentation where the beer matures,

clarifies and, is naturally carbonated through secondary fermentation. Also called bright beer tank, serving tank and, secondary tank.

Contract Beer Beer made by one brewery and then marketed by a company calling itself a brewery. The latter uses the brewing facilities of the former.

Copper See brew kettle.

Decoction Exhaustive system of mashing in which portions of the wort are removed, heated, then

returned to the original vessel.

Dextrin The un-fermentable carbohydrate produced by the enzymes in barley. It gives the beer flavour, body, and mouth feel(see mouthfeel). Lower temperatures produce more

dextrin and less sugar. While higher temperatures produce more sugars and less dextrin.

Diacetyl A volatile compound in beer that contributes to a butterscotch flavour, measured in

parts per million.

DMS Taste and aroma of sweet corn; results from malt, as a result of the short or weak boil

of the wort, slow wort chilling, or bacterial infection. -- Dimethyl sulfide, a sulfur compound.

Dosage The addition of yeast and/or sugar to the cask or bottle to aid secondary fermentation.

Draft (Draught) The process of dispensing beer from a bright tank, cask or, keg, by hand pump, pressure from an air pump or, injected carbon dioxide inserted into the beer container

prior to sealing.

Dry-hopping The addition of dry hops to fermenting or aging beer to increase its hop character or

aroma.

EBC European Brewing Convention. An EBC scale is used to indicate colours in malts and

beers.



Enzymes Catalysts that are found naturally in the grain. When heated in mash, they convert the starches of the malted barley into maltose, a sugar used in solution and fermented to

make beer.

Ester Volatile flavour compound naturally created in fermentation. Often fruity, flowery or

spicy.

Estery Aroma or flavour reminiscent of flowers or fruits.

Fahrenheit (degrees) F = (Celsius x9 / 5)+ 32.

Fermentation Conversion of sugars into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide, through the action of yeast.

Final specific gravity Specific gravity of a beer when fermentation is complete (that is, all fermentable sugars

have been fermented).

Fining An aid to clarification: a substance that attracts particles that would otherwise remain

suspended in the brew.

Filter The removal of designated impurities by passing the wort through a medium, sometimes made of diatomaceous earth (made up of the microscopic skeletal remains

of marine animals). Yeast in suspension is often targeted for removal.

Fruity/Estery Flavour and aroma of bananas, strawberries, apples, or other fruit; from high

temperature fermentation and certain yeast strains.

Grainy Tastes like cereal or raw grain.

Gravity See specific gravity.

Grist Brewers' term for milled grains, or the combination of milled grains to be used in a particular brew. Derives from the verb to grind. Also sometimes applied to hops.

Hand Pump A device for dispensing draft beer using a pump operated by hand. The use of a hand pump allows the cask-conditioned beer to be served without the use of pressurized

carbon dioxide.

Hang Lingering bitterness or harshness.

Hard Cider A fermented beverage made from apples.

Heat Exchanger A mechanical device used to rapidly reduce the temperature of the wort.

Hefe A German word meaning "yeast". Used mostly in conjunction with wheat (weiss) beers

to denote that the beer is bottled or kegged with the yeast in suspension (hefe-weiss). These beers are cloudy, frothy and, very refreshing.

Hogshead Cask holding 54 imperial gallons ( 243 litres ).

Hop back Sieve-like vessel used to strain out the petals of the hop flowers. Known as a hop jack in the United States.

Hops Herb added to boiling wort or fermenting beer to impart a bitter aroma and flavour.

Hoppy Aroma of hops, does not include hop bitterness.

Infusion Simplest form of mash, in which grains are soaked in water. May be at a single

temperature, or with upward or (occasionally) downward changes in temperature.

IBU International Bitterness units. A system of indicating the hop bitterness in finished beer.

Keg One-half barrel, or 15.5 U. S. gallons. A half keg or, 7.75 U. S. gallons, is referred to as a pony-keg.

Kr�usening The addition of a small proportion of partly fermented wort to a brew during lagering.

Stimulates secondary fermentation and imparts a crisp, spritzy character.

Lager Beers produced with bottom fermenting yeast strains, Saccharomyces uvarum (or

carlsbergensis) at colder fermentation temperatures than ales. This cooler environment inhibits the natural production of esters and other by products, creating a crisper tasting

product.



Lagering From the German word for storage. Refers to maturation for several weeks or months at cold temperatures (close to 0�C /32�F) to settle residual yeast, impart carbonation

and make for clean round flavours.

Lauter To run the wort from the mash tun (see mash tun). From the German word to clarify. A

lauter tun is a separate vessel to do this job. It uses a system of sharp rakes to achieve a very intensive extraction of malt sugars.

Lauter Tun See mash tun.

Length The amount of wort brewed each time the brew house is in operation.

Light-Struck Skunk like smell; from exposure to light.

Liquor The brewer's word for water used in the brewing process, as included in the mash or, used to sparge the grains after mashing.

Malt (ing) The process by which barley is steeped in water, germinated ,then kilned to convert

insoluble starch to soluble substances and sugar. The foundation ingredient of beer.

Malt Extract The condensed wort from a mash, consisting of maltose, dextrins and, other dissolved

solids. Either as a syrup or powdered sugar, it is used by brewers, in solutions of water and extract, to reconstitute wort for fermentation.

Malt Liquor A legal term used in the U.S. to designate a fermented beverage of relatively high alcohol content (7%-8% by volume).

Mash (Verb) To release malt sugars by soaking the grains in water. (Noun) The resultant

mixture.

Mash Tun A tank where grist is soaked in water and heated in order to convert the starch to sugar

and extract the sugars and other solubles from the grist.

Maltose A water soluble, fermentable sugar contained in malt.

Mead Meads are produced by the fermentation of honey, water, yeast and optional

ingredients such as fruit, herbs, and/or spices. According to final gravity, they are categorized as: dry (0.996 to 1009); medium (1010 to 1019); or sweet (1020 or

higher). Wine, champagne, sherry, mead, ale or lager yeasts may be used.

Medicinal Chemical or phenolic character; can be the result of wild yeast, contact with plastic, or

sanitizer residue.

Metallic Tastes tinny, bloodlike or coin like; may come from contact with bottle caps.

Microbrewery Small brewery generally producing less than 15,000 barrels per year. Sales primarily off

premises.

Mouthfeel A sensation derived from the consistency or viscosity of a beer, described, for example

as thin or full.

Musty Mouldy, mildewy character; can be the result of cork or bacterial infection.

Original gravity A measurement of the density of fermentable sugars in a mixture of malt and water

with which a brewer begins a given batch.

Oxidized Stale flavour of wet cardboard, paper, rotten pineapple, or sherry, as a result of oxygen

as the beer ages or is exposed to high temperatures.

Pasteurization Heating of beer to 60-79C/(140-174F) to stabilize it microbiologically. Flash-

pasteurization is applied very briefly, for 15-60 seconds by heating the beer as it passes

through the pipe. Alternately, the bottled beer can be passed on a conveyor belt through a heated tunnel. This more gradual process takes at least 20 minutes and

sometimes much longer.

Phenolic Flavour and aroma of medicine, plastic, Band-Aids, smoke, or cloves; caused by wild

yeast or bacteria, or sanitizer residue.

Pitch To add yeast to wort.



Plato, degrees Expresses the specific gravity as the weight of extract in a 100 gram solution at 64F (17.5C). Refinement of the Balling scale.

Priming The addition of sugar at the maturation stage to promote a secondary fermentation.

Pub An establishment that serves beer and sometimes other alcoholic beverages for

consumption on premise. The term originated in England and is the shortened form of "public house".

Publican The owner or manager of a pub.

Regional specialty brewery

A brewery that produces more than 15,000 barrels of beer annually, with its largest selling product a specialty beer.

Reinheitsgebot "Purity Law" originating in Bavaria in 1516 and now applied to all German brewers making beer for consumption in their own country. It requires that only malted grains,

hops, yeast and water may be used in the brewing.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

See Top-fermenting yeast.

Saccharomyces uvarum See Bottom-fermenting yeast.

Saccharomyces

carlsbergensis

See Bottom-fermenting yeast.

Salty Flavour like table salt; experienced on the side of the tongue. Can be caused by

carbonation.

Secondary fermentation Stage of fermentation occurring in a closed container from several weeks to several months.

Shelf life Describes the number of days a beer will retain its peak drinkability. The shelf life for commercially produced beers is usually a maximum of four months.

Solventlike Reminiscent of acetone or lacquer thinner; caused by high fermentation temperatures.

Sour/Acidic Vinegar like or lemon like; can be caused by bacterial infection.

Specific gravity A measure of the density of a liquid or solid compared to that of water ((1.000 at 39F

(4C)).

Sparge To spray grist with hot water in order to remove soluble sugars (maltose). This takes

place at the end of the mash.

Squares Brewers' term for a square fermenting vessel.

Sweet Taste like sugar; experienced on the front of the tongue. Usually caused by malt.

Sulfurlike Reminiscent of rotten eggs or burnt matches; a by-product of some yeast's.

Tart Taste sensation cause by acidic flavours.

Terminal gravity Synonym for final specific gravity.

Top-fermenting yeast One of the two types of yeast used in brewing. Top-fermenting yeast works better at

warmer temperatures and are able to tolerate higher alcohol concentrations than

bottom-fermenting yeast. It is unable to ferment some sugars, and results in a fruitier, sweeter beer. Also known as "ale yeast".

Tun Any large vessels used in brewing. In America, "tub" is often preferred.

Units of bitterness See IBU.

Vinous Reminiscent of wine.

Winy Sherry like flavour; can be caused by warm fermentation or oxidation in very old beer.

Wort The solution of grain sugars strained from the mash tun. At this stage, regarded as

"sweet wort", later as brewed wort, fermenting wort and finally beer.

Wort Chiller See heat exchanger.



Yeast A micro-organism of the fungus family. Genus Saccharomyces.

Yeasty Yeast like flavour; a result of yeast in suspension or beer sitting too long on sediment.

‘We old folk have to find our cushions and pillows in our tankards. So strong beer is the milk of the old. ‘MARTIN

LUTHER

The Brewing Process Flowchart

Below is a flowchart of the brewing process. Each of these steps will be discussed on the next slides.

Malting

Malting is the process of readying barley to be used in brewing. Barley is a tall grass with seeds on the top of the

stalk. Barley is not good for baking but is good for brewing beer. Barley comes in many strains and varieties that



ultimately influence the flavour of the beer. Malting is made up of 3 steps: steeping, germination and kilning. Each

step of the malting process unlocks the starches hidden in the barley.

Steeping is the first step in malting. Here the grain is steeped (soaked) in a vat of water for about 40 hours.

After steeping comes germination. To germinate the barley, the grain is spread out on the floor of the germination

room for about three to five days where rootlets begin to form. Inside the barley is a substance called starch. If left

alone, the barley seed develops enzymes (chemicals) to break down the starch into sugars. The barley plant would

use that sugar as energy to grow leaves and once the sugar supply is used up, the sun would take over growing a

new barley plant. The germination process produces the enzymes which break down the starches within the grain

into shorter lengths. At the end of the germination process, about three days, the starch has become soft and the

enzymes have not started converting the starch into sugar yet. The barley grain is called green malt.

Kilning

The final stage of the malting process is drying or kilning. Once the plumule or rootlets below the husk grow

to three quarters the length of the grain, germination is halted by drying the green malt on metal racks in the kiln

house at 50° C. The temperature is then raised to 85°C for a light malt, or higher for a dark malt. It is important that

temperature increases are gradual so that the enzymes in the grain are not damaged. The malt shoots are removed

for cattle feed, and the dried malt is stored in silos. Although malted barley is the primary ingredient, unmalted corn,

rice or wheat are sometimes added, to produce different beer flavours.

After kilning, the result is finished malt. The differences in the way the barley is malted will affect the flavour, colour

and aroma of the beer. There are different types of malts: pale malts are dried at a low temperature and can

produce a malt that can give the beer a pale golden colour and a slightly bready flavour such as a pilsner. Mild ale

malts are kilned to a slightly higher temperature and produce a pale malt that gives the beer a deeper colour and

slightly toasted biscuit flavours in the final beer. Many English ales go for this malt profile. Vienna and Munich malts

are stewed and lightly kilned which converts some of the starch into more sugar which give the beer an orangey

amber colour and the classic toffeeish, nutty flavours of Oktoberfest beer and other Bavarian, German specialties.

The highest temperatures are used to produce very flavourful and aromatic malts. Caramel and Crystal malts are

stewed until all of their starches are converted into sugars then they are kilned until the sugar caramelizes like little

Sugar Daddy candies. This longer roasted, sweet, caramel-flavoured malt gives the beer a reddish-amber color, rich

flavours and a fuller body. Kiln the barley longer and at higher temperatures and the darker and "roastier" the beer

will be. (Just like higher roasted coffee beans.) This will give the beer darker colour and chocolate, coffee and

espresso-like flavours.

Milling



Milling is the cracking apart of the grain which the brewer chooses for the particular batch of beer. Milling the grain

allows it to absorb the water it will eventually be mixed with in order for the water to extract sugars from the malt.

Mashing

Mashing is the process of turning the finely-ground malt, known as the grist, into a sweetened liquid. Mashing

converts the starches, which were released during the malting stage, to sugars that can be fermented. The milled

grain is dropped into warm water then gradually heated to around 75° C in a large cooking vessel called the mash

tun. In this mash tun, the grain and heated water mix creating a cereal mash to dissolve the starch into the water,

transforming it into sugar - mainly maltose. Because water is such a vital part of the brewing process, the water itself

is a key ingredient. This sugar rich water is then strained through the bottom of the mash and is now called wort.

(Pronounced wert.)

Lautering

The spent grains are filtered out and the wort is ready for boiling which involves many technical and chemical

reactions. During this stage, known as Lautering, important decisions will be made affecting the flavor, color and

aroma of the beer. Certain types of hops are added at different times during the boil for either bitterness or aroma

and to help preserve it. The wort is boiled for one to two hours to sterilize and concentrate it, and extract the

necessary essence from the hops.

Cooling

The wort is transferred quickly from the brew kettle through a device to filter out the hops, and then onto a heat

exchanger to be cooled. The heat exchanger basically consists of tubing inside of a tub of cold water. It is important

to quickly cool the wort to a point where yeast can safely be added, because yeast does not grow in high heat. The

hopped wort is saturated with air, essential for the growth of the yeast in the next stage.

Fermentation

After passing through the heat exchanger, the cooled wort goes to the fermentation tank. The brewer now selects a

type of yeast and adds it to the fermentation tank. This is where the "real magic" of brewing happens - when the

yeast, a micro-organism, eats the sugar in the wort and turns it into alcohol and carbon dioxide. This process of

fermentation takes ten days. The wort finally becomes beer. Each brewery has its own strains of yeast, and it is these

that largely determine the character of the beer. In some yeast varieties, the cells rise to the top at the end of

fermentation, and are then skimmed off. This is called top fermentation, and ales are brewed in this way. When at

the end of fermentation the yeast cells sink to the bottom, the process is known as bottom fermentation, used for

lager.



Maturation

Maturation, also called racking or conditioning, is the next step. The beer has now been brewed, but it can still be

improved through maturation. During this phase, the brewer moves, or racks, the beer into a new tank called the

conditioning tank. The brewer then waits for the beer to complete its aging process. The taste ripens. The liquid

clarifies as yeast and other particles settle. Secondary fermentation saturates the beer with carbon dioxide.

Filtering

Filtering or Finishing is the process where the beer is filtered and carbonated. Further filtering gives the beer a

sparkling clarity. The beer is moved to a holding tank where it stays until it is bottled, canned or put into kegs.

Packaging

Packaging is putting the beer into the bottles, cans or some other high volume vessels. One of the most important things in packaging is to exclude oxygen from the beer. Filling techniques ensure air does not come into contact with the beer, and cannot be trapped within the container.

“Skunky” Beer

Occasionally, you may open it to discover it doesn't smell quite right. In fact, the smell may be unpleasantly overwhelming. This is a phenomenon that has come to be known as "skunky beer." However, the name in the industry for this problem is "light struck" beer.

Skunky beer occurs when the hops become exposed to any kind of light such as ultraviolet from the sun or even the fluorescent lights of a store display case. When light hits the beer, a chemical reaction breaks the isohumulones, compounds relating to beer bitterness, into free radicals.

Beer contains naturally occurring sulfur proteins that react with the isohumulones as they break down. The reaction causes a substance called 3-methyl-2-butene-1-thiol. The most important part of this equation as it applies to skunky beer is the thiol. Thiol is the same chemical responsible for the defensive smell that skunks produce when agitated or defending themselves.

Prevention

The best way to prevent skunky beer from occurring is to limit its exposure to light. Buying beer that has darker bottles, comes in cans or is held in cardboard containers will help dramatically decrease your chances of buying a skunked beer. Beers that have higher contents of hops are more likely to become skunky as there are more isohumulones to be broken down by the light.

Did you know? Barley malt is the most popular fermentable material used in beer making. There are many other grains and cereals that can be used in the making of beer. The following are just a small sample:

Rice;

Corn;

Oats;

Sugar;

Rye; and



Wheat.

They are known as “adjuncts” because they are added to the brewing process, with the barley. The brewer does this in an effort to achieve a certain taste. However in a lot of instances it is because they are cheaper than barley malt. An adjunct can be added by the brewer to achieve a certain taste. However, an adjunct is usually because it is cheaper than barley malt.

Section 3 – Beer Styles “This is grain, which any fool can eat, but for which the Lord intended a more divine means of consumption.....Beer! “ FRIAR TUCK What is a beer style? Simply put, a beer style is a label given to a beer to differentiate and categorize beers by factors such as colour, flavour, strength, ingredients, production method, recipe, history, or origin.

The study of what constitutes a beer's style may involve provenance, local tradition, ingredients, and/or empirical impression, which is conventionally broken down into several elements; typically - aroma, appearance, flavour and mouthfeel. The flavour may include the degree of bitterness of a beer due to bittering agents such as hops, roasted barley, or herbs; and the sweetness from the sugar present in the beer

Elements of Beer Style

Beers may be categorized based on a number of factors. These factors are:

Appearance;

Aroma;

Flavour;

Mouthfeel;

Strengh/Alcohol Concentration;

Yeast;

Grains;

Hops;

Water; and

Other Ingredients

Appearance

The visual characteristics that may be observed in a beer are colour, clarity, and nature of the head. Colour is usually imparted by the malts used, notably the adjunct malts added to darker beers, though other ingredients may contribute to the colour of some styles such as fruit beers.

Many beers are transparent, but some beers, may be cloudy due to the presence of yeast making them translucent.

A third variety is the opaque or near-opaque colour that exists with stouts, porters and other deeply coloured styles. Thickness and retention of the head the lace it can leave on the glass are also factors in a beer's appearance.

Aroma

The aroma in a beer may be formed from the malt and other fermentables, the strength and type of hops, the alcohol, and various other aromatic components that can be contributed by the yeast strain, and other elements that may derive from the water and the brewing process.

Flavour

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthfeel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bittering_agent



The taste characteristics of a beer may come from the type and amount of malt used, flavours imparted by the yeast, and strength of bitterness.

Mouthfeel

The feel of a beer in the mouth, both from thickness of the liquid and from carbonation, may also be considered as part of a beer's style. The level of carbonation (or nitrogen, in "smooth" beers) varies from one beer style to another. For some beers it may give the beer a thick and creamy feel, while for others it contributes a prickly sensation.

Strength/Alcohol concentration

The strength of beer is a general term for the amount of alcohol present. It can be quantified by determining the overall percentage of alcohol in the beer, generally abbreviated as A.B.V. (alcohol by volume).

Yeast

A variety of yeasts are used in making beer, most of which are strains of either top-fermenting yeast or bottom-fermenting yeast. Different strains impart different flavour and aroma characteristics] and may vary in which complex sugars they can ferment .

Grains

Most beers use barley malt as their primary source of fermentable sugars, and some beer styles mandate it be used exclusively, such as those German styles developed under Reinheitsgebot. Some beer styles can be considered varietals, in the same sense as wine, based on their grain bill. Some styles use one or more other grains as a key ingredient in the style, such as wheat beer, rye beer, or oatmeal stout.

Hops

Hops contribute bitterness, flavour and aroma to a beer in different ways depending on when they are added during the brewing process. How much hop bitterness and aroma is appropriate varies between beer styles.

Water

Water is the main ingredient in beer, and, though water itself is flavourless, the chemical composition can have an influence on the finished taste; indeed, some brewers regard it as the most important ingredient in beer.

Other ingredients

Fruits and spices are key ingredients in some beer styles. While fruit beers and herb beers are often listed as style categories unto themselves, fruits and spices are sometimes used to contribute to the flavour and aroma profile of other styles. Vegetables have also been used in beers. Honey, molasses, candy sugar, or other fermentable sugars may be added to impart their distinct flavours to a beer.

Ale or Lager: Whilst there are many different styles of beer the world over, most beers all into two categories roughly according to the time and temperature of the primary fermentation and the variety of yeast used during fermentation. The two broad types are: Ale and Lager. Ale

Ales are known as “top fermenting beers”. Yeasts that ferment at warmer temperatures, usually between

15- 20 degrees Celsius, form a layer of foam on the surface of the fermenting beer. Due to the fact

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-fermenting_yeast

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom-fermenting_yeast

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom-fermenting_yeast

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinheitsgebot

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietals

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_beer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye_beer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oatmeal_stout

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hops

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(molecule)#Chemical_and_physical_properties



that fermentation process takes place on the top of the beer, and are usually low in carbonation (less

bubbly). Due to the fact that fermentation process takes place on the top of the beer, and are usually low in carbonation (less bubbly). The most popular styles of Ales are: Pale Ale: rather fruity beers with light malt flavours and pleasantly dry often bitter after taste Porter: light malt sweetness and pleasant dark grain flavours.

Oatmeal Stout: very dark, full bodied, roasty, malty with a complementary oatmeal flavour Irish Stout: very dark, roasty beer with a creamy mouth feel. Weizenbier: refreshing wheat based beer, golden coloured and spritzy Lager

Lager is the most common type of beer in the world, making up 95% of the world’s beer manufacturing.

Lagers are known as “bottom fermenting beers”. Yeasts that ferment at temperatures 12 degrees Celsius collect at the bottom of the fermenting beer. With the yeast settling on the bottom during fermentation, the carbon dioxide given off by yeast rises to the surface, causing the beer to be carbonated (bubbly). These yeasts ferment more sugars, creating a dryer beer, and grow well at low temperatures. The following are some of the more common types of lagers of the world:

American Pale lagers: light coloured, grassy and watery with delicate sweetness

Bock Beers generally dark, somewhat strong and very malty Pilsner: aromatic, subtly malty, crisp and refreshing. Beers in Australia

There are many different styles of beer available in Australia. Lager is the most common type, with Pilsner being the

most common style.

The birth of Pilsner beer can be traced back to its namesake, the ancient city of Plzen (or Pilsen) which is situated in

the western half of the Czech Republic. A pilsner is generally light straw to golden colour and crystal clear. Hops are

very prevalent usually with a spicy bitterness and or a spicy floral flavour and aroma. Smooth and crisp with a clean

malty palate, many are grassy.

The most popular beers can be broken into three main groups: mainstream, international and craft.

Mainstream: Beers brewed by either Fosters or Lion Nathan (between these two breweries they hold over 80% of the Australian beer market

International Beers: Once this category of beers would have been called “imported” because the beers would have come from overseas brewers. These days a lot more beers that used to brewed overseas are brewed here by the two mainstream breweries.



Craft Beers: A craft brewery has sales of between 10,000 and 25,000,000 litres of beer per year. These breweries can be on a national, state, regional or even just made and sold in one outlet.

Alcohol Volume As the vast majority of beers sold in Australia are the same style, another way to categorise beers was required. Australia is one of the few countries in the world where beer is categorised by its alcohol by volume (ABV). We have:

Light beer which is generally under 3% ABV

Mid strength beer between 3% and 4% ABV

Heavy beer over 4% A recently developed category of beer in Australia is Low Carbohydrate Beer. Normally a 375ml bottle of beer would contain around 135 calories; the new Low Carbohydrate beers usually contain less than 115 calories. Beer Categorised By ABV The following are the most popular brands of beer in Australia categorised by alcohol volume:

Light Beers - (ABV under 3%)

Hahn Light Cascade Premium Light

Mid Strenght Beers - (ABV between 3-4%)

XXXX Gold Carlton Mid

Heavy Beers - (ABV over 4%)

VB (Victoria Bitter)

Toohey’s New

Carton Draught

XXXX Bitter

Fosters

Crown Lager

Boags

Coopers Pale Ale Summer Bright

Heavy /Low Carb (Alcohol over 4% but lower in calories)

Hahn Super Dry

Pure Blonde

Popular international beers The following is a list of the best selling interntional beers in Australia. They are all Lager style beers.



Heineken Peroni Stellar Artois Corona Budweiser Miller Genuine Draft Craft Beers Craft beers are produced by smaller breweries producing less than 25,000,000 litres of beer per

annum. Below are list of the most popular. Fat Yak Little Creatures Pale Ale Stone and Wood Lager Burleigh Brewing Company Consumption per Capita

I am a firm believer in the people. If given the truth, they can be depended upon to met any national

crisis. This great point is to bring them real facts, and beer

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

Though this data is a few years old it does give a good indication of which countries, and their people,

enjoy beer the most.

But sadly it is also showing a reduction in beer consumption and enjoyment in nearly all the countries on this list

Country Consumption (litres)

Total national consumption (106 L)

Czech Republic 132 1708

Germany 107 8787

Austria 106 888

Ireland 104 479

Estonia 91 117

Lithuania 86 304

Poland 84 3215

Australia 83 1794

Venezuela 83 2259

Finland 83 435

Slovenia 83 165

United States 78 24138

Belgium 78 844

Croatia 78 350

Romania 77 1700

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litre

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania



Panama 75 256

Netherlands 74 1224

United Kingdom 74 4587

Bulgaria 73 521

New Zealand 71 300

World’s leading beer brands

Beer is enjoyed the world over and is the second most popular beverage in the world. Tea is the most

popular.

Below is table listing the top 6 beer brands by million hectolitres(100 litres) produced annually.

1. Snow range 61.0 China

2. Bud Light range 55.6 USA

3. Budweiser 43.4 USA

4. Skol 35.4 Brazil

5. Corona 32.7 Mexico

6. Heineken 29.1 Netherlands

Section 4 - Beer Tasting & Food Matching Beer is an adventure with over 10,000 different brands and styles worldwide. Each beer should be enjoyed and savoured based on what you know of the beer and what you like in a beer. Some people prefer the sweet malty flavour of some beers; while others consider a hoppy bitter style of beer more to their liking. Beer can be complex or very simple. You can love a beer, take it or leave it, or hate it. You should taste beer with your eyes, your nose, and, of course, your mouth.

1. You taste with your eyes

The beer should look clean and tasty. There should be no floating particles in the beer unless that is the style of beer.

Bubbles should be small with lots of movement to the top of the glass unless it is an ale. The head, in most instances,

should be white or cream in colour and should last for the duration of your enjoyment.

2. You taste with your nose

Good beers have a beautiful aroma. Some beers have a delicate sweet smell which emanates from malted barley or

other selected grains. Beers can also have wonderful fruity smell. This smell comes from the hops. There are many

different types of hops so it depends what hops is used as to the smell that comes from the beer.

3. You Taste with your mouth

Beers vary greatly in taste bough about the wide range of ingredients that are used.

Some beers, like a Porter, will have a full mouth feel with both bitter and some sweet tastes. A beer like a Pilsener

will have a delicate taste with high carbonation delivering a fresh taste.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand



Seven Beer Tasting Tips Tasting beer is subjective. There are seven simple tips that you can use to understand the beer that

you are tasting. They are:

1. Pouring 2. Appearance 3. Aroma 4. First Sip 5. Mouth Feel 6. Finish 7. Style

Each of these will be discussed on the next slides.

1. Pouring the Beer If you are pouring the beer yourself from a bottle gently run it down the inside of the glass. Judge your pour speed based on the head that is forming. Pouring the beer too fast will create too much head, too slow not enough head. Aim to have about a two finger head when you're done. Some beers contain visible yeast at the bottom of the bottle that is meant to be drunk with the beer. If this is the case, stop the pour with a bit of beer left in the bottle. Swirl the remaining liquid to lift the yeast sediment and pour it into your glass.

2. Appearance Note whether the head is dense or thin. Heads are sometimes described as rocky if they are especially dense with dips and peaks forming as some of the bubbles pop. The color of the head is also worth noting and can range from pure white on Pilsners to light or medium brown on some stouts and porters. Examine the appearance of the beer itself. Hold the glass up to the light and note the color and whether it is cloudy or clear.

3. Aroma Note whether it smells primarily of hops or malt? Generally speaking light colored beers will smell more of hops while darker beers tend to have a pronounced malt, roasted, chocolate or coffee aroma. Many ales have a hard to pin down spiciness or fruitiness from their yeasts. Take your time with the aroma. Try to take three good sniffs before your first sip. If you're taking notes, stop to write your impressions before the first sip distracts you.

4. First Sip When taking your first sip, note the initial sensation as the beer enters your mouth. Think about whether it is sweet, bitter or something else. Beer, especially ale, can be very complex. There can be quite a difference between the first taste and the finish.

5. Mouth feel This is the texture of the beer or how it physically feels in your mouth. Beer ranges from silky dry stouts, to thick and chewy Scotch ales to thin and fizzy Berliner Weisses. This is an important characteristic of a beer.



6. Finish Note the lingering flavors after you swallow the drink. Often it can be bitter from the hops or a lingering malty sweetness. Stop before your next drink and try to write down everything that you just detected. Try to confirm it all with your second drink or see if you need to rethink your conclusions.

7. Style There is a lot of variation from one beer to the next with regards to what is "correct," stylistically speaking.

“It was as natural as eating and, to me, as necessary. I would not have thought or eating a meal without drinking a beer.” ERNEST HEMINGWAY

Tips:

In addition to the previous hints, the following will enhance your beer tasting experience.

1. Do not taste new beers with food or soon after eating. The lingering flavors from food can greatly affect your impression of the brew.

2. Cleanse your palate with water. Crackers or cheese are fine but you should remember that even these foods can affect the apparent flavors of the beer.

3. If you're tasting a number of different beers, let the color be your guide. It is best to taste from light to dark.

4. Have you ever heard the expression “a cleansing ale”? Beer can refresh the palate due to its carbonation which refreshes the palate. Therefore beer can be a wonderful addition to a meal where there is numerous courses being served with contrasting flavours.

Food Matching “A quart of ale is a dish for a king.” WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE The dining table has traditionally been a place for food and wine, while beer has been relegated to bars, sporting events and parties. These days, however, beer is stating its claim to be as good a compliment to food as wine. If you want to take a lead from wine then think lagers, or lighter style beers, as white wines and darker beers such as porters, stouts and robust ales as red wines. If you think along these lines matching food to beer and vice versa will become much easier. There are major differences between wine and beer which must be recognised when food and beer matching. Most beers lack acidity and tannin two things that make wine such a good match with food. However, beer does have other excellent qualities such as bitterness (hops), sweetness (malted barley and other grains), carbonation and a lower alcohol level.

Good Point Listed below are some tricks of the trade to match the most common styles of



beers to food: Ale: Asian Food, Mexican food, Cheddar cheese

Bock Beer: Cajan food, Saugage, seared food

Lager: Sushi, grilled chicken and pork, spicy food

Pilsner: Salads, fish, Mexican food, American cheeses

Porter: Smoked foods, rich stews, meats

Stout: Braised dishes, chocolate, roast food

Wheat beer: Asian food, Salads, citrus flavoured dishes

It was as natural as eating and, to me, as necessary. I would not have thought or eating a meal

without drinking a beer. ERNEST HEMINGWAY

Shellfish Stout with oysters are a perfect match Most shellfish are matched well with a dry Porter Stout Fish: Crisp hoppy beers are best like a Pilsner style. Wheat beers offer a unique

combination with seafood as well. Pizza: Pizza are usually topped with cooked tomato which makes matching

difficult. We would recommend sweeter style lager or malty Brown Ale Chicken or Pork: Sweeter meats need a malty lager or pale Ale. Red meat: Best partnered with full coloured fruity ales or heavy style Pale Ale .

The heavier the dish the heavier the beer Spicy Food: Hoppy Pilsners are best Barbeque: Burnt tasting Porters are worth a try Salads: Very acidic beers are the best such as a Berliner Weisse Cheese: Old English Ales are the pick of the bunch

Section 5 – Serving & Selling Beer “I am off for a quiet pint – followed by fifteen noisy ones.” GARETH CHILCOTT

Serving Beer

In the previous section we talked about “tasting with your eyes”. Thus, the presentation of the beer in the glass in

terms of its foam head, clarity, brilliance and colour is very important. In terms of flavour, the foam head is critical.

Beer glass shape, material and thickness impacts on the longevity of the foam, and whether or not the aromas are

caught and presented to the drinker’s nose. Thicker glasses will reduce the rate of beer warming thus tending to

improve the persistence of the foam. Long cylindrical shaped pils glasses will have a higher surface to volume ratio,

thus warm more quickly. Importantly, glasses with a relatively narrow brim compared to their body tend to

concentrate aromas in the glass and present them to the drinker’s nose.



Beat the Bloat

One myth surrounding bear is ‘beer is bloating’. Beer as we know is a carbonated beverage, the same as champagne

and soft drink.

The fundamental difference between beer and champagne is that champagne is rarely, if ever, consumed directly from

the bottle, whilst beer is often drunk straight from the bottle.

When beer is consumed straight from the bottle, the CO2 contained within the beer will end up in the stomach, as

there is nowhere else for it to go. When the beer is poured into a glass, certain amounts of the CO2 gas will be released

into the air reducing the amount of carbonation reaching your stomach and reducing the bloating nature of the beer.

Keep it Clean

Beer is more enjoyable when served in a clear glass. The most important tip is that you’ll get the best sparkle in your

beer when your glassware sparkles. Any trace of grease, soap or lint from a towel will cut down on beer enjoyment. A

clean beer glass is necessary to acquire the proper foam and flavour. If washed properly, there will be no bubbles

clinging to the side of the glass. The foam will adhere to the inside of the glass in a ring design.

To get your glassware squeaky clean if you hand wash, use a soap-free, odourless cleaning agent. Baking soda is

excellent, too. Always rinse glasses thoroughly in clean, cool running water and allow them to drain freely and air dry.

If you are using a dishwasher, use liquid detergent and a glass sparkling agent. Another tip from the experts is to dip

the clean glasses into cold rinse water right before filling and serving.

How to pour a beer:

Use a clean glass. A dirty glass, containing oils, detergents, dirt or residual liquid from a previous beer, won’t give

your beer a good stage to work from.

Hold you glass at a 30-45 degree angle. Pour the beer, targeting the middle of the slope of the glass. There’s no rule

about the distance between the bottle and glass, that’s a personal preference.

At the half-way point, bring the glass to a 90 degree angle and continue to pour in the middle of the glass.

This will create a perfect foam head- this is a very good thing. It releases the beers aroma and adds to the overall beer

sensation.

GOOD POINT

What to do when you pour a beer and:

If beer is flat..then..

Glass is not clean

Not enough CO2 pressure

Cooler or system is too cold

Leak in tubes or kegs

Obstruction in line

Beer drawn improperly

If beer is cloudy..then..

Beer over-chilled in cooler

Beer was warm at one time

Hot spots in beer line

Beer hose in bad condition

Contaminated pressure



Beer has been frozen

How to sell a beer Selling beer is a very emotive thing. Customers usually have strong preferences and usually know what they like and don’t like. Beer, like all foods, is about trial and error and working out what you like and what you don’t. Your customers, in most instances, have tried one or two beers in the course of their life. The following hints will help you to sell a customer a different beer:

Know the beer yourself. You cannot sell what you don’t know. Add some theatre to the sell. Talk about the creamy head, the malty sweet aroma and warm mouth feel etc.

Unfortunately unless you have a particular beer on tap it is difficult to get a customer to try a beer, unlike wine, so your description (product knowledge) must be precise so the customer gets a “feel” for the beer before they have tried it.

Know your beer and food matching. Telling a customer that a particular beer will go with a particular food good be crucial in getting a sale.

Be honest. If you don’t like a beer tell the customer but tell them why. The beer you don’t like might be just what the customer wants.

Always get feedback from customers so you can pass comments on to other customers. these referrals could be your best method of helping you sell a beer. Also getting feedback will allow you to determine which beers are popular and which are not. There is no point in carrying a beer that no one wants.

Finally, ask the customer what they like. This might seem obvious but the number of times someone just hands you the wine and beer list and expects you to make an order is quite often. With the customers help you can serve them a beer that they will enjoy. And with luck, they might even buy another.

Product Knowledge I am a firm believer in the people. If given the truth, they can be depended upon to met any national crisis. This great point is to bring them real facts, and beer

ABRAHAM LINCOLN To find out about the beers you sell there are many places for you to source information:

Management: Usually a manager/owner will have reasons why they sell the beers they do so this is a good place to start

Customers: Ask the customers what they thought of a particular beer when they have finished it

Sales Representatives: The people who sell the beer will have a wealth of information about the beers they sell. However, watch for the bias that might come from this source

The internet: Great source of information when you want to compare lots of different styles and brands of beer

Trade magazines: This is a good place to look but, again, watch for the bias for articles written for the trade magazine may have been written by the company that brews the beer.

Supplier Support

Beer suppliers are a wealth of information for support in the selling of their product. Suppliers

normally have a truck load of Point of Sale material that can be used to help sell their beer both on-

premise and off premise. Some of these products are:



Table Talkers: these are small vertically mounted signs that go on tables or on the bar. They alert

customers who are sitting in these areas about the beer and is usually accompanied with a price

promotion.

Signs: Good noticeable signs around an establishment is a sound way to bring attention to a particular

beer and hopefully therefore sales

Coasters: Most beer companies produce coasters. Ask your sales rep for some of these. The

companies would not produce them if they did not help sales.

Promotions: Some companies offer incentives to customers for buying their product. This could be as

simple a price reduction to the customer or it could be an incentive like “buy two beers and receive a

cap”. Usually these promotions are “off the shelf” and ready to go so ask your sales rep about this.

Talk: Ask your rep about successful beer promotions in other venues. The rep will only be keen to tell

you about promotions in other venues that help sell their beer.

Sell More Beer

If you want to sell more beer you must have these 5 things in your venue:

1. Variety: A wider variety of beers means you attract a wider consumer base and therefore sell

more beer

2. Temperature: Whether from a bottle or from the tap the beer must be served at the right

temperature

3. Value: Don’t rip off your customers with expensive beer. Price your beer fairly and you will

sell more.

4. Clean Glasses: You have to have clean beer glasses if you don’t the beer will not present

well which does not sit well with customers

5. Sell with a smile: Being friendly and accommodating will always help you sell more beer

Section 6 - Cider

Cider is currently enjoying great success within the Australian market.

It is a refreshing alcoholic beverage traditionally made from apples. In recent years, we have seen the introduction of pear, berry and other fruit varieties increasing in popularity.

Cider is made from apple juice which has undergone two different kinds of fermentation.

The first fermentation is carried out by yeasts which have either been added deliberately or which are naturally present on the apple skins. This fermentation converts sugars to ethanol and the higher alcohols (fusel alcohols). The second fermentation, the malo-lactic fermentation converts L(-)-malic acid to L(+)-lactic acid and carbon dioxide. This fermentation is carried out by lactic acid bacteria which are present in the apple juice and also in the area in which the fermentation is carried out. The malo-lactic fermentation can occur concurrently with the yeast fermentation but more often it is delayed until the fully fermented cider reaches 15 C, normally in the late spring or early summer of the year following that in which the cider was made.

The Cider Making Process



Traditional cider making starts with the picking of the apples. These are left to mature for a week and then tipped into a "scratcher" which crushes the apples. In more modern plants the apples are reduced to a pulp in a grater type mill made of stainless steel. The apple pulp is known as the pomace or pommy.

Next the pulp must be crushed to extract the juice. This is done in a cider press. Several types of press are used. The traditional type is a rack and cloth press (sometimes known as a pack press). In this type of press a sheet of sisal or hessian is placed across the bottom of a square frame above a trough. A layer of pomace, 4-5 inches deep, is poured onto the hessian. The hessian is folded over the pomace, completely enclosing it. Another sheet of hessian is placed on top of the first and the process repeated until the layers fill the frame. The cider press is then racked down onto the layers and the juice runs into the trough. The pomace is pressed until it is solid and no more juice runs out. The press is then racked up, the layers of pomace are broken up by hand, and the whole lot is re-pressed. In modern plants mechano- hydraulically operated plate presses are used. The pressed pomace is either dried in hot air to 12% moisture and used for manufacture of pectin (Solid extract from fruit), or it is directly sold on for cattle feed.

The freshly pressed juice may be fermented straight away. In some commercial operations it is concentrated and stored for later conversion to cider, in which case it is extensively treated to pasturise it and to remove pectin. The fresh juice may be fermented in one of two different ways. Traditionally the juice is run into a wooden pipe (a barrel which can contain 120 gallons) or smaller wooden barrels, and the bung of the barrel is removed. No yeast is added, traditional cider making relies on wild yeasts. The fermentation starts in 1-2 days and continues for several weeks, during which time the barrel is topped up with more cider. When fermentation is over, the bung is replaced and the cider matured for 5-6 months.

Alternatively the juice is treated with sulphur dioxide to inhibit natural wild yeasts, and is then fermented with added pure yeast cultures. This method is used in high output commercial operations. After the initial fermentation subsides, the cider is left for the yeast to settle, and it is either racked and/or centrifuged and placed into storage tanks. Storage may last 12-18 months, and the cider is blended with new and old ciders to moderate any excessive changes thus maintaining a consistent flavour profile year on year. These cider blends are nearly always cleared by centrifugation or kieselguhr filtration. This type of cider is sterilised by sterile filtration or flash pasteurization and is artificially carbonated in the bottle by counter-pressure bottle fillers. Sulphur dioxide is added at this stage to maintain the stability of the cider. The resulting product may be considered analagous to keg beer.

Characteristics of Apple Juice

Compared to wort, apple juice has a much lower pH, a much lower soluble nitrogen content, and a virtual absence of any sugars other than mono- and di-saccharides. The composition of the juice varies with the apple variety used. The average composition of cider apple juice in terms of its sugar content is 74% fructose, 15% sucrose, and 11% glucose. There are almost no other sugars present so that there is very little residual gravity left in fully-fermented ciders.

The major acid present is L(-)-malic acid but shikimic, quinic, chlorogenic and p-coumarylquinic acids are commonly present. The juice also contains soluble pectin (polymers of galacturonic acid esterified with methanol). Tannins are present, mainly epi-catechin, dimeric and trimeric pro-anthocyanidin and phenolic acids. These phenolics are the fraction which undergoes oxidation in damaged fruit.

The soluble nitrogen content is low and is largely made up of asparagine, aspartic and glutamic acids. Apple juice usually contains one eighth of the soluble nitrogen content of wort. The lower nitrogen content is further exaggerated by the much lower pitching rates used in cider making when compared to beer making, usually 5-15 times lower. This means that the apple juice must support a higher degree of yeast growth and thus the fermentation is much protracted. Some commercial operations now add ammonium sulphate to the cider to give rapid and consistent fermentations.

Cider in Australia



Cider is enjoying great success in Australia over the last 5 years with the market for cider growing at over 19% per annum year on year. No other beverage in recent time has seen this spectacular growth.

Growth has been spurred on by the rise of cider manufactures all over the country plus the heavy marketing by the two major brewers who both supply ciders to the Market. Fosters owns Strongbow and Lion Nathan owns 5 Seeds.

This growth can also be attributed to the changing tastes of the Australian public who are enjoying sweeter alcoholic beverages. This fondness to sweeter beverages started with the introduction of Ready To Drink beverages such as Lemon Ruski’s, Sub Zero, UDL’s and Vodka Cruisers to name just a few.

Cider is predominately sold in similar bottles to beer, however, it is now readily available on tap in a lot of outlets. Some cider manufactures are using unique bottles to stand out from the crowd and or marketing themselves as organic.

Cider Brands

There are many ciders on the market here are a few of the top selling Australia made ciders:

Strongbow

Mercury

Five Seeds

Three Oaks Cider

Pipsqueak

Of the top selling ciders some are imported:

Magna’s (UK)

Weston’s (UK)

Monteith’s (NZ)

Kopparberg (UK)

Rekorderlig (Sweeden)

Bulmers (UK)

For a beverage to be called a cider in Australia it must contain a minimum of 25% apple juice.

Did you know that you could call “cider apple” wine for they are made in virtually the same process and like grapes apples are fruit.

Here are some other fruits added to apple to cider to change the flavour and colour of the beverage:

Strawberries

Pear

Mango

Rasberry Blackcurrent

Beer Knowledge For the Love of Beer · Beer Knowledge – For the Love of Beer Page 2 of 27 (c) Hospitality Institute of Australasia 2012 Through hieroglyphics, cuneiform characters

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