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3/23/2012 1 Tracking Technologies: Tracking Technologies: beepers, GPS, cell beepers, GPS, cell-site information site information NCJRL. NCJRL. org org Copyright © 2011 National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law Priscilla Grantham Priscilla Grantham Sr. Research Counsel Sr. Research Counsel Nat’l Center for Justice and the Rule of Law Nat’l Center for Justice and the Rule of Law Introduction Case law re: use of beepers as Case law re: use of beepers as tracking devices; tracking devices; GPS; and GPS; and GPS; and GPS; and Statutory & 4/A arguments re: Statutory & 4/A arguments re: use of CSLI (Cell Site Location use of CSLI (Cell Site Location Information) Information) Beepers Radio transmitter that emits periodic Radio transmitter that emits periodic signals, or beeps, that can be picked signals, or beeps, that can be picked up by a radio receiver. up by a radio receiver. By monitoring the signals, l.e. obtains By monitoring the signals, l.e. obtains info about suspect’s location & info about suspect’s location & movements. movements.
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beepers GPS CSLI March 2012 - University of Mississippi 2-3 2012...State v. Sveum769 N.W.2d 53 (Wis. Ct. App 2009) (Court noted that existing law does not limit L.E.’s use of such

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Page 1: beepers GPS CSLI March 2012 - University of Mississippi 2-3 2012...State v. Sveum769 N.W.2d 53 (Wis. Ct. App 2009) (Court noted that existing law does not limit L.E.’s use of such

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Tracking Technologies:Tracking Technologies:beepers, GPS, cellbeepers, GPS, cell--site informationsite information

NCJRL. NCJRL. orgorgCopyright © 2011 National Center for Justice and the Rule of Law

Priscilla GranthamPriscilla Grantham

Sr. Research CounselSr. Research Counsel

Nat’l Center for Justice and the Rule of LawNat’l Center for Justice and the Rule of Law

Introduction

•• Case law re: use of beepers as Case law re: use of beepers as tracking devices;tracking devices;

•• GPS; andGPS; and•• GPS; andGPS; and

•• Statutory & 4/A arguments re: Statutory & 4/A arguments re: use of CSLI (Cell Site Location use of CSLI (Cell Site Location Information)Information)

Beepers

••Radio transmitter that emits periodic Radio transmitter that emits periodic signals, or beeps, that can be picked signals, or beeps, that can be picked up by a radio receiver.up by a radio receiver.

••By monitoring the signals, l.e. obtains By monitoring the signals, l.e. obtains info about suspect’s location & info about suspect’s location & movements.movements.

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Beeper casesUnited States v. KnottsUnited States v. Knotts (1983)(1983)

• One traveling in automobile along public roads has NO E/P in movements from one place to another

•• Warrantless monitoring of beeper placed Warrantless monitoring of beeper placed inside container of chemicals did inside container of chemicals did notnot violate violate 4/A4/A

•• Revealed no information that could not have Revealed no information that could not have been obtained through visual surveillance.been obtained through visual surveillance.

United States v. KaroUnited States v. Karo (1984)(1984)

• Installation of beeper in can of ether not a seizure under 4/A

• No meaningful interference with defendant’s possessory interestpossessory interest

• Monitoring device inside a private residence, where one has REP = search

• Monitoring it outside the home would not.

GPS devices• More sophisticated form of tracking than beepers.

• Enables L.E. to track target 24 hrs/day for prolonged periods of time.prolonged periods of time.

• Agents can track vehicle in real time.

• Usually concealed on under‐carriage of vehicle

• Unlike beepers, L.E. can retrieve unit later and obtain data stored within.

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GPS TrackingSearch under Fourth Amendment?

•• PrePre‐‐ Jones:Jones:

•• Lower courts dividedLower courts divided

•• Analogous to beeper casesAnalogous to beeper cases –– No REP inNo REP in•• Analogous to beeper cases Analogous to beeper cases –– No REP in No REP in movements along public thoroughfaresmovements along public thoroughfares

•• Device installation generally not seizureDevice installation generally not seizure

no meaningful interference with no meaningful interference with possessory rights.possessory rights.

Focus on EP in Movements:Focus on EP in Movements:

Person traveling in a vehicle on public thoroughfares has NO REP in movements from place to place so NO Search occurs by monitoringplace to place, so NO Search occurs by monitoring GPS.

United States v. Marquez  605 F.3d 604 (8th Cir. 2010)

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Any Limitations?For warrantless installation & monitoring of GPS:

• Rsble suspicion vehicle involved in illegal activity;

• Installation non‐invasive ‐ occurs while vehicle parked in public place; 

• GPS remains on vehicle for rsble amt of time.

United States v. Marquez  605 F.3d 604 (8th Cir. 2010)

EP in relation to attachment of GPS

Not a search unless agents invade area in which D. has REP in order to attach GPS.

•• Agents walked up driveway and Agents walked up driveway and attached GPS to vehicle. attached GPS to vehicle. 

•• D. could not claim EP; he did not take D. could not claim EP; he did not take steps to exclude passersby from steps to exclude passersby from driveway.driveway.driveway.driveway.

•• Because agents did not invade such Because agents did not invade such an area, they conducted no search , an area, they conducted no search , 

•• D. could not assert 4/A violation.D. could not assert 4/A violation.•• United States v. PinedaUnited States v. Pineda‐‐MorenoMoreno 591 F.3d 1212 (9591 F.3d 1212 (9thth Cir. 2010)Cir. 2010)

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Knotts & Karo govern: 

To extent tracking device reveals info visible to general public, thus obtainable by warrantless visual surveillance, use of device does not implicate 4/A.

• Car tracked for 5 weeks.

• To get tracking info, police had to retrieve device and download info to computer.

State v. State v. SveumSveum 769 N.W.2d 53 (Wis. Ct. App 2009)769 N.W.2d 53 (Wis. Ct. App 2009)

(Court noted that existing law does not limit L.E.’s use of such devices to investigate legitimate criminal suspects.)

F ll i bli t t t• Following car on public street ‐ not a search under 4/A

• GPS technology is a substitute for following car therefore also not a search.

United States v. Garcia, 474 F.3d 994 (7th Cir.2007).

Warrant Required Under State Constitutions

• GPS technology more sophisticated & powerful then beepers.

• Serve as replacement for, not enhancement of,  traditional sensory perception.traditional sensory perception.

• Implicates massive invasions into individual’s privacy – incompatible with any rsble notion of privacy.

People v. Weaver, 909 N.E.2d 1195 (N.Y. 2009).

State v. JacksonState v. Jackson, 76 P.3d 217 (Wash. 2003) (GPS)., 76 P.3d 217 (Wash. 2003) (GPS).

State v. CampbellState v. Campbell, 759 P.2d 1040 (Ore. 1988) (radio transmitter)., 759 P.2d 1040 (Ore. 1988) (radio transmitter).

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United States v. Jones615 F.3d 544 (D.C. Cir. 2010)

• Search warrant required before tracking suspect using GPS monitoring.

• Knotts not controlling.g

• Prolonged surveillance(24 hrs/28 days) v. monitoring vehicle from 1 point to another.

• Revealed intimate picture of D’s life.

““The whole of a person’s movements The whole of a person’s movements over the course of a month is not over the course of a month is not actually exposed to the public because actually exposed to the public because the likelihood a stranger would observe the likelihood a stranger would observe all those movements is not just remote, all those movements is not just remote, it is essentially nilit is essentially nil.”.”

““Society recognizes appellant’s Society recognizes appellant’s expectation of privacy in his movements expectation of privacy in his movements over the course of a month as over the course of a month as reasonable, and the use of the GPS to reasonable, and the use of the GPS to monitor those movements defeated monitor those movements defeated that reasonable expectationthat reasonable expectation.”.”

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S.Ct Granted CertiorariIssue:

• Does warrantless use of GPS track vehicle’s movements over public streets pviolate 4/A

• Court instructed parties to brief/argue whether govt violated D’s rights by installing GPS w/out valid warrant.

Jones

Unanimously concluded that government’s surreptitious installation of GPS device on D’sinstallation of GPS device on D s car was Search under 4/A, but split 5‐4 on reasoning behind decision.

Holding:(Scalia, Roberts, Kennedy Thomas, Sotomayor*)

• Attaching GPS to vehicle & monitoring movements on public streets = Search nder 4/Aunder 4/A.

• Gvt. Physically occupied pvt ppty to obtain info; this common law trespass would have been search when 4/A adopted.

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(Scalia continued…)

• Court did not address rsblness of warrantless search; govt had not raised issue below.

• Katz REP test meant to be addition to, not substitution for, common law trespassory test.

What About Knotts and Karo?

• Not dispostive

• K. and K. used REP test; trespass not an issue – beepers installed with consent of original owners.

• Situations involving merely transmission of electronic signals without trespass remain subject to Katz.

Concurring in Judgment:Concurring in Judgment:(Alito, Ginsberg, Breyer, Kagan)

• Analysis: Ask whether Defendant’s REP were violated by long term monitoring of mo ements of ehiclemovements of vehicle.

• Mosaic theory: lengthy monitoring (4 wks) of D.’s movements impinged on REP, therefore constituted a search.

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Alito: 

• It is the use of GPS for long‐term tracking, not the attachment, that is crucial.

• Attachment of GPS not a seizure; no “meaningful interference w/ defendant’s possessory interests in ppty.”

Hypotheticals:1. Police attach GPS and briefly follow 

vehicle.

2. Police follow same vehicle for extended period of time using unmarked cars and aerial surveillance.

3. GPS installed before non‐owner defendant begins driving.

4. Govt. makes only electronic contact with vehicle.

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Cell Site Location Information (CSLI)Cell Site Location Information (CSLI)Basics:

• Derived from process by which cell phones communicate w/ service towers;

• Occurs continually when phone is on;

• Gives cell service providers (CSPs) details re: tower locations relied on by customers;

• Tower location info can give detailed picture of user’s location.

Who Has the CSLI ?Who Has the CSLI ?Info retained by CSPs

• Enables CSP to direct calls to subscriber. 

• Each call must be logged for billing.gg g

This info is “Outside the Box”

• Held by 3d party.

• Sought from 3d party, not subscriber.

Types of CSLI

•Real‐time Data / Prospective Data 

Info not in existence at time of request.

•Historical Data  

Retained records of CSP used by l.e. to reconstruct picture of where suspect was in past (often very recent past.)

Does distinction matter?Does distinction matter?

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Disclosure of CSLI:

May govt. obtain CSL data from telecommunication provider without a probable causewithout a probable cause warrant?

Divisive issue for the courts

Privacy Privacy ProtectionsProtections

44thth Amend.Amend.

ECPAECPA

Pen/Trap StatutePen/Trap Statute

SCASCAStored Stored 

communications and communications and subscriber recordssubscriber records

ECPAECPAsubscriber recordssubscriber records

Tracking devicesTracking devices

WiretapsWiretaps

Obtaining CSLI – An Overview

I. Fourth Amendment Analysis

Is 4/A implicated?

• No REP – U.S. v. Miller, Smith v. Maryland

• Beeper cases; no REP under Knotts

• Maynard: “Intimate picture” rationale• Maynard:  Intimate picture  rationale

II. Statutory Analysis (ECPA)

• Applying SCA alone

o “tracking device” argument

o Is CSLI a “record or other info pertaining to a subscriber”

• Hybrid Theory – SCA + Pen Register

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I. I. 44thth Amend requires PC/ warrant Amend requires PC/ warrant (minority)(minority)

• 4/A implicated when surveillance of HCSLI occurs over sufficiently long (undefined) period of time – mosaic theory.

• 3d party doctrine would normally cover HCSLI, (and defeat EP) but exception exists for cumulative records.

809 F.Supp.2d 113 (E.D. N.Y. 2011)747 F.Supp.2d 827 (S.D. TX 2010)

736 F.Supp.2d 578 (E.D. N.Y. 2010)

ExampleGovt may not obtain historical CSLI without obtaining a warrant based upon PC.

Garaufis (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 22, 2011)

•• Search under 4/A.Search under 4/A.

•• Govt. requested records of 113 days of constant Govt. requested records of 113 days of constant surveillance of individual;surveillance of individual;

•• Mosaic theory: records depict detailed and intimate picture Mosaic theory: records depict detailed and intimate picture of D’s movements. of D’s movements. 

•• Rejects 3d party disclosure doctrine: “fiction that vast Rejects 3d party disclosure doctrine: “fiction that vast majority of American population consents to warrantless majority of American population consents to warrantless government access to records of a significant share of their government access to records of a significant share of their movements by choosing to carry a cell phone.”movements by choosing to carry a cell phone.”

PC required when seeking application for CSLI:PC required when seeking application for CSLI:

However, 

4/A 4/A notnot implicated if request is for implicated if request is for discrete & relatively short period of discrete & relatively short period of time.time.

58 days: warrant based on pc58 days: warrant based on pc 21 days: specific & 21 days: specific & articulablearticulable fxfx

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Decisions by Courts: Historical CSLI:

• Historical CSLI subject to 4/A protection under Maynard’s  Prolonged Surveillance Doctrine.

• Distinction between prospective and historical location tracking is immaterial; degree oflocation tracking is immaterial; degree of invasiveness is the same, whether tracking covers the previous 60 days or the next.

2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 115529 (S.D. Tex. 2010).

4/A Not Implicated4/A Not Implicated (majority)(majority)No EP in CSL records; 3d party doctrineNo EP in CSL records; 3d party doctrine

•• No REP in bank records.No REP in bank records.

“[t]he 4/A does not prohibit the obtaining of info “[t]he 4/A does not prohibit the obtaining of info revealed to a 3d party and conveyed by him to revealed to a 3d party and conveyed by him to govtgovtp y y yp y y y ggauthorities, even if the info is revealed on the authorities, even if the info is revealed on the assumption that it will be used only for a ltd assumption that it will be used only for a ltd purpose.”purpose.”

United States v. Miller, United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435 (1976).425 U.S. 435 (1976).

•• No REP in numbers dialed No REP in numbers dialed 

Smith v. MarylandSmith v. Maryland, 422 U.S. 735 (1979)., 422 U.S. 735 (1979).

•• Mosaic theory flawed;  Mosaic theory flawed;  

•• Under existing laws, traditional Under existing laws, traditional surveillance does surveillance does notnot become a become a search under 4search under 4thth/A after some /A after some //specified period of time.specified period of time.

•• Cumulative CSLI does not implicate Cumulative CSLI does not implicate pvcypvcy concerns.concerns.

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4/A Not Implicated…

HSCLI may be acquired pursuant to HSCLI may be acquired pursuant to SCA’s specific and SCA’s specific and articulablearticulable facts std, facts std, regardless of time involved.regardless of time involved.gg

U.S. v. Graham, 2012 WL 691531 (D. MD.)U.S. v. Dye, 2011 WL 1595255 (N.D. Ohio)U.S. v. Valasquez, 2010 WL 4286276 (N.D.)

U.S. v. Benford, 2010 WL 1266507 (N.D. Ind.)U.S. v. Suarez‐Blanca, 2008 WL 4200156 (N.D. Ga.)

507 F. Supp.2d 76 (D. Mass. 2007)

II. II. Statutory Privacy ProtectionsStatutory Privacy Protections

ECPA (Electronic Communications Privacy ECPA (Electronic Communications Privacy Act) enacted to protect users of electronic Act) enacted to protect users of electronic and wire communications from govtand wire communications from govtand wire communications from govt and wire communications from govt intrusions deemed unwarranted by intrusions deemed unwarranted by Congress.Congress.

ECPA: A Roadmap•• If If govtgovt seeks to compel CSP to disclose seeks to compel CSP to disclose info, they must follow ECPA’s guidelines.info, they must follow ECPA’s guidelines.

•• Type of process required depends on Type of process required depends on perceived level of intrusiveness of info perceived level of intrusiveness of info soughtsought

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ECPAECPA

Pen/Trap StatutePen/Trap Statute

SCASCAStored communications & Stored communications & 

subscriber recordssubscriber recordsECPAECPA

Tracking devicesTracking devices

WiretapsWiretaps

Electronic Surveillance Under ECPA:Electronic Surveillance Under ECPA:•• WiretapsWiretaps

“Super Warrant” PC(+)“Super Warrant” PC(+)

•• Tracking DevicesTracking DevicesSearch warrant based on probable cause.Search warrant based on probable cause.

Stored Communications & Subscriber RecordsStored Communications & Subscriber Records•• Stored Communications & Subscriber RecordsStored Communications & Subscriber Records2703(d) Order: Govt. must est. specific and articulablefacts that the information will be relevant to an ongoing criminal investigation.

•• Pen Registers & Trap and Trace DevicesPen Registers & Trap and Trace DevicesInfo will be relevant to ongoing criminal investigation.Info will be relevant to ongoing criminal investigation.

Classification of info / statutory interpretation dictate result…

3 Approaches in obtaining PCSLI:3 Approaches in obtaining PCSLI:

•• SCASCA

•• Electronic Surveillance provisions of Electronic Surveillance provisions of ECPAECPA

•• “Hybrid” (convergence of pen register, “Hybrid” (convergence of pen register, CALEA, and SCA)CALEA, and SCA)

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Decisions by Courts: Historical CSLI:

Govt may obtain historical CSLI w/ 2703(d) order:

620 F.3d 304 (3rd. Cir. 2010).622 F.Supp. 2d 411 (S.D. Tex. 2007).509 F Supp 2d 76 (D Mass 2007)509 F.Supp. 2d 76 (D. Mass. 2007).530 F. Supp. 2d 367 (D. Mass. 2007)

Majority of cases allow for obtaining historical CSLI upon std less than PC – either 2703(d) order or hybrid.

Prospective Cell Site Location Information:Prospective Cell Site Location Information:

•• Govt is seeking info relating to location of Govt is seeking info relating to location of holder of cell phone as he moves from holder of cell phone as he moves from one place to another.one place to another.

d?d?•• Process required?Process required?

•• Depends. What Depends. What is is this information that is this information that is being sought?being sought?

•• Is distinction even relevant? Is distinction even relevant? 

1. 1. Stored Communications Act (SCA)Stored Communications Act (SCA)

••Regulates disclosure of stored wire and Regulates disclosure of stored wire and electronic communications electronic communications information.information.

•• Two types of information under SCA:Two types of information under SCA:

•• Contents of communicationsContents of communications

•• Records or other info pertaining to Records or other info pertaining to subscriber / customer of the CSP. (CSLI)subscriber / customer of the CSP. (CSLI)

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1. “Customer Records” Customer Records” -->> SCASCA• Prospective CSLI: “Records or other information pertaining to customers or users of electronic communications services.”

• SCA says this type of info may be obtained w/• SCA says this type of info may be obtained w/ 2703(d) order

• Govt must have “specific & articulate fx that info is relevant to ongoing criminal investigation.

22. . ““Communication from tracking Device” Communication from tracking Device” --> > SCASCA• SCA concerns disclosure of electronic communications;

• Statutory definition of “electronic communication” specifically excludes “any communication from a tracking device” 18 USC 2510(12);

• Tracking device: electronic or mechanical device which permits the tracking of the movement of the person or object;

• All communications from tracking device are exempt from disclosure under SCA;

• 2703(d) order does not authorize disclosure of CSLI.

2(a). Hybrid Theory2(a). Hybrid Theory

Pen Register statute allows gvt to obtain info from devices that provide “signaling information” upon showing that info likely obtained is relevant to ongoing criminalobtained is relevant to ongoing criminal investigation.

YAY!!!

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enter CALEA…

•• CALEA: Info acquired CALEA: Info acquired solelysolely via pen via pen register/trap and trace device register/trap and trace device shall not include shall not include any info that may disclose the physical location any info that may disclose the physical location of the subscriber. of the subscriber. 47 USC 100247 USC 1002

•• CSLI discloses physical location of subscriber…CSLI discloses physical location of subscriber…

Rats!!!Rats!!!

Hey! I have an idea…Hey! I have an idea…

• CALEA’s “solely” language contemplates some combo of Pen Register statute & an additional statute to obtain CSLI; andstatute to obtain CSLI; and

• Tracking info is information or records pertaining to customers / subscriber of cell service provider, and 

• SCA says gvt can obtain that w/ 2703(d) order!

• Pen Register + CALEA + SCA

Tracking DeviceWhile the cell phone was not While the cell phone was not originally conceived as a tracking originally conceived as a tracking device, law enforcement converts it device, law enforcement converts it t th t b it i llt th t b it i ll

NCJRL. NCJRL. orgorg

to that purpose by monitoring cell to that purpose by monitoring cell site data.site data.

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3. Tracking device argument:

• Cell phone is a tracking device (not a record)b/c CSI permits tracking of movement of phone’s user 

• CSLI is a “communication from a tracking• CSLI is a  communication from a tracking device”  & expressly exempt from disclosure under the SCA – may not obtain with 2703(d)

• PC is standard required for govt to install tracking device.

•May not use SCA as a work around to CALEA’s exception that info acquired pursuant to Pen Register or Trap and Trace devices shall not include any information that may disclose the physical location of the subscriberphysical location of the subscriber

•CSLI is a “communication from a tracking device”  & expressly exempt from disclosure under the SCA 

2009 WL 159187 (S.D.N.Y 2009)2009 WL 159187 (S.D.N.Y 2009)

Courts allowing L.E. to obtain real time CSLI with lower standard than probable cause (SAF) have done so only with regard to limited CSLI – data that yields only generalized locationonly generalized location.

• Tower receiving transmission from target phone

• Tower tied to particular call made or received by user

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Decisions by Courts: Decisions by Courts: Prospective CSLIProspective CSLI•• Govt Govt maymay obtain obtain prospectiveprospective CSLI w/out CSLI w/out warrant under Hybrid Theory:warrant under Hybrid Theory:

460 F.Supp. 2d 448 (S.D.N.Y. 2006).460 F.Supp. 2d 448 (S.D.N.Y. 2006).

405 F.Supp. 2d 435 (S.D.N.Y 2005).405 F.Supp. 2d 435 (S.D.N.Y 2005).

632 F.Supp. 2d 202 (E.D.N.Y 2008)632 F.Supp. 2d 202 (E.D.N.Y 2008)

•• Govt Govt may not may not obtain obtain prospectiveprospective CSLI under CSLI under Hybrid Theory:Hybrid Theory:

2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 77319 (W.D. Tex. 2010).2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 77319 (W.D. Tex. 2010).

2006 WL 1876847 (N.D. Ind. 2005).2006 WL 1876847 (N.D. Ind. 2005).

396 F.Supp. 2d 747 (S.D. Tex. 2005).396 F.Supp. 2d 747 (S.D. Tex. 2005).

396 F.Supp. 2d 294 (E.D.N.Y 2005).396 F.Supp. 2d 294 (E.D.N.Y 2005).

Different views re…• Interpretation of ECPA’s provisions

• Interpretations of language in SCA

• tracking device

• signaling device

• wire communication• wire communication

• electronic communication

• EP in info sought ‐ 4/A applicability

• Relevance of type of info sought: 

• historical 

• prospective.

Priscilla GranthamPriscilla Grantham

pgadams@olemiss edupgadams@olemiss edu

Thank You

[email protected]@olemiss.edu

(662) 915.6929(662) 915.6929