BEE Manual - Complete

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Manual F10

Hamdard Institute of Information Technology

Hamdard University

Basic Electrical Engineering

Lab Manual Fall 2010

Student's Name :_______________________________

Final Grade / Marks : ___________________________

Signature : ______________________________________


LAB EXPERIMENT # 1

OBJECTIVE• To study about Electrical variables and electrical symbols• To study about Digital Multi meter• To study about Resistor Color Coding

APPARATUS

• Digital Multi meter• Power supply Probes• Power supply unit

Theory

Some of Electrical / Electronic Symbols


Some of Electrical / Electronic Variables

Digital Multimeter

A multimeter , also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance. Multimeters may use analog or digital circuits - analog multimeters and digital multimeters (often abbreviated DMM or DVOM.)


Connection of DMM

Using Multimeter as Ampere meter

Using Multimeter as Volt meter

Using Multimeter as OHM meter


Color Codes

Resistor, capacitor and inductor

It is sometimes not obvious whether a color coded component is a resistor, capacitor, or inductor, and this may be deduced by knowledge of its circuit function, physical shape or by measurement.

Color Code Chart


Resistor values are always coded in ohms ( symbol Ω), capacitors in picofarads (pF), and inductors in micro henries (µH).

• band A is first significant figure of component value • band B is the second significant figure • band C is the decimal multiplier • band D if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no color means 20%)

For example, a resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red, and gold will have first digit 4 (yellow in table below), second digit 7 (violet), followed by 2 (red) zeros: 4,700 ohms. Gold signifies that the tolerance is ±5%, so the real resistance could lie anywhere between 4,465 and 4,935 ohms.

Procedure

Step-1: Hold one of the given resistors in such a way that closest bands come in left side.

Step-2:Read ad record the value of resistor in column ‘A’ of table-1 by observing colors from left side to right side.Note: The colors of first bands I & II indicate significant figures in ohms, while the color of third band indicates the multiplying factor.

Step-3:Read and record the tolerance value in column ‘B’ of table-1 by observing the fourth band.Note: The color of fourth band indicates the percentage tolerance. Incase if band four is not there (that is no color) the tolerance is assumed to be + 20 %.

Step-4:Measure the resistance value with the help of Digital Multi Meter (DMM), and record the value in column ‘C’ of table-1.

Step-5:Calculate and record the difference of calculated and measured resistance values in column ‘D’ of tale-1.

Step-6:Take another resistor and repeat the procedure from step-1 to step-5.

Precautions• Observe the colors of the bands carefully.• Read the values of color code attentively.


Table – 1

S.NoCalculated Resistance

Measured ResistanceDifference of

ResistanceResistance Tolerance %

1

2

3

4

5

Conclusionary Questions:

Q1:____________________________________________________________________________

Ans:

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Q2: ____________________________________________________________________________

Ans:

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Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

End Of Lab # 1


LAB EXPERIMENT # 2

OBJECTIVE• To verify the Characteristics of OHMS LAW

APPARATUS

• Digital Multi meter• Bread Board• Power supply Probes• 1kΩ, 12kΩ and 27kΩ resistors

TheoryOhm’s law states that Voltage is directly proportional to Current if the resistance and temperature is kept constant. Also, current is inversely proportional to resistance which means if the resistance is decreased, the current increases. Mathematically, V = I × R or I = V / R.

Voltage Divider Circuit

Procedure1. Connect the circuit as shown in above figure with R2 = 12kΩ.

2. Apply the set of voltages as specified in table on next page.

3. Note the change in current and record observed values in table corresponding to

each value of voltage.

4. Plot the graph between Voltage and Current graph sheet 1.

5. Repeat the entire experiment with resistor R2 = 27kΩ, observe readings in table and

plot the graph between Voltage and Current on graph sheet 2.


Table – 1

Voltages Current with 12kΩ Current with 27kΩ

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16


After Plotting graphs :

Q1:____________________________________________________________________________

Ans:

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Q2: ____________________________________________________________________________

Ans:

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Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

End Of Lab # 2


Graph Sheet 1 for 12k resistor


Graph Sheet 2 for 27k resistor


LAB EXPERIMENT # 3

OBJECTIVE• To observe the change in RT (Total Resistance) ,as resistance placed in Series and Parallel

configuration

APPARATUS

• Digital Multi meter• Bread Board• Required resistances as mentioned in Schematics• Plain Paper

TheoryAs resistances are placed in series combination, RT = R1 + R2 + Rn . In other words total resistance is sum of all resistances connected.andAs Resistances are placed in Parallel Combination, 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/Rn . In other words total resistance is reciprocal of all the resistances connected.

Parallel Combination Series Combination

Parallel and Series Connection

Procedure

• Draw the schematic in respective area as provided in the lab• Using Table - 1 place the values on the mentioned cells.• Calculate the RT via formula and place it in its dedicated cell.• Measure the RT and place it in its dedicated cell.• Calculate the tolerance and Place it in last cell.• Repeat the above procedure for both Parallel and Test Schematic.


Schematic of a Series circuit

Schematic of Parallel Circuit


Schematic of Test Circuit

Table – 1

CombinationValues of RT Tolerance

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 Calculated Measured Color Range Obtained

Series

Parallel

Test Circuit

Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

End Of Lab # 3


LAB EXPERIMENT # 4

OBJECTIVE• To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law- (KVL).

APPARATUS

• Digital Multi meter• Bread Board• Required resistances as mentioned for Groups.• DC Power Supply Probes

TheoryKirchhoff’s Voltage Law states that Algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path is zero,or we can say that sum of all voltage drops equal to to the source voltages.For KVL equation is VS – V1 – V2 – V3 – Vn = 0or can be expressed by VS = V1 + V2 + V3 + Vn

To verify this law and to have multiple voltage drops we will use a series circuit.

Schematic for – KVL


Procedure • Arrange your circuit on Bread board and Set Power supply at 10 volts.• Using Ohm's law find out the voltages drops across each resistor and place in calculated section

of Table – 1, and verify through Equation.• Use Rough work area for Calculations, a dedicated page next to this page.• Consider V4 as VS

• Now using DMM find out voltages across each resistance and place it in measured Section of Table – 1, and verify through Equation.

• Calculate the percentage of any possible instrumentation Error.• Repeat the above steps by adjusting Power Supply at 14 volts and Using Table – 2.

Table – 1

VS = V4 = 10 volts

R1

a – bR2

b – cR3

c – dPlacing in Equation

VS – V1 – V2 – V3 = 0Percentage of any Error

Calculated -------------

Measured

Use Rough work area for any Calculations

Table – 2

VS = V4 = 14 volts

R1

a – bR2

b – cR3

c – dPlacing in Equation

VS – V1 – V2 – V3 = 0Percentage of any Error


Measured


Explain Error in tis Experiment:


Rough Work Area

Comments of Instructor if any :__________________________________________________



Q1:____________________________________________________________________________

Ans:

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Q2: ____________________________________________________________________________

Ans:

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Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

End Of Lab # 4


LAB EXPERIMENT # 5

OBJECTIVE• To verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law- (KCL).

APPARATUS

• Digital Multi meter• Bread Board• Required resistances as mentioned for Groups.• DC Power Supply Probes

TheoryKirchhoff’s Current Law states that The sum of current(s) in to a junction is equal to the sum of current(s) out of that junction, or we can say that Algebraic sum of all the current(s)entering and leaving a junction is equal to zero.For KCL equation is IIN = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + IRn

or can be expressed by IT – IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + IRn = 0To verify this law and to have multiple values of current we will use a parallel circuit.

Schematic for – KCL


Resistances Combination - A Combination - B

R1

R2

R3Assigned values for Resistances

Procedure• Calculate the Current of both combinations.• Set Power supply at 12 Volts.• Adjust meter probes and sector for Current measuring.• Adjust circuity on Bread board according to Combination A.• Measure the current through each resistance and place it in its Table - 1.• Calculate the Error percentage if any.• Repeat the same for combination B.

Table – 1

CombinationA

IR1

2 - 7IR2

3 - 6IR3

4 - 5Placing in Equation IR1 + IR2 + IR3 = IT

Percentage of any Error


Measured


Table – 2

CombinationB

IR1

2 - 7IR2

3 - 6IR3

4 - 5Placing in Equation IR1 + IR2 + IR3 = IT

Percentage of any Error


Measured


Explain Error in tis Experiment:


Rough Work Area




Q1:____________________________________________________________________________

Ans:

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Q2: ____________________________________________________________________________

Ans:

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

End Of Lab # 5


LAB EXPERIMENT # 6

OBJECTIVE• To find out Current through R2 , using Super Position Theorem.

APPARATUS

• Digital Multi meter x 1.• Bread Board x 1.• Required resistances ______ Ω x3.• DC Power Supply Probes x 2

TheoryThe superposition theorem for electrical circuits states that the response (Voltage or Current) in any branch of a bilateral linear circuit having more than one independent source equals the algebraic sum of the responses caused by each independent source acting alone, while all other independent sources are replaced by their internal impedances.

To ascertain the contribution of each individual source, all of the other sources first must be "turned off" (set to zero) by:

1. Replacing all other independent voltage sources with a short circuit (thereby eliminating difference of potential. i.e. V=0, internal impedance of ideal voltage source is ZERO (short circuit)).

2. Replacing all other independent current sources with an open circuit (thereby eliminating current. i.e. I=0, internal impedance of ideal current source is infinite (open circuit).

Schematic for – Superposition Theorem


Procedure• Assemble the circuit on bread board with assigned resistances.• Set and connect V1 = ___________ volts.• Use Fixed 5 volts section for V2.• Measure IR2 when both sources are connected and ON. And place in Table – 1.• Now remove V2 and replace it with a jumper so it will act as short part for current.• Now measure the IR2A ,IR1A and IR3A and place it in Table – 2.• Repeat the above procedure with V2 and use jumper instead of V1.• Place the values in Table – 2.• Now using Rough work area calculate the values for Table – 3 .along all possible Diagrams.• Compare and both calculate and measured values and find out Percentage of error.• Answer the given Question in own words.

Table – 1

V1 V2 IR2

___________A

Table – 2Table for Measured Values

With Source : R1 R2 R3 IR2 = IR2A + IR2B

V1 = _______ v IR1A = IR2A = IR3A =

V2 = _______v IR1B = IR2B = IR3B =

When R1 = R2 = R3 = ______________ Ω

Table – 3Table for Calculated Values

With Source : R1 R2 R3 IR2 = IR2A + IR2B

V1 = _______ v IR1A = IR2A = IR3A =

V2 = _______v IR1B = IR2B = IR3B =

When R1 = R2 = R3 = ______________ Ω

Percentage of Error between Measured and Calculated IR2 = _______________________ %

Explain how Superposition Theorem is helpful in this Experiment?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Rough Work Area

With V1 = ___________ volts



Rough Work Area

With V2 = ___________ volts




Q1:____________________________________________________________________________

Ans:

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Q2: ____________________________________________________________________________

Ans:

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

Assigned Project Name : _________________________________.

Completed and Checked :_________________________________. (only by Instructor)

End Of Lab # 6


LAB EXPERIMENT # 7

OBJECTIVE• Using Δ – Y conversion prove VR3C = VR3M and IR3C = IR3M.

APPARATUS

• Digital Multi meter x 1.• Bread Board x 1.• Required resistances ( to be assigned in lab).• DC Power Supply Probes x 1

TheoryThe basic Delta – Wye transformation is used to establish equivalence for networks with three terminals. Where three elements terminate at a common node and none are sources, the node is eliminated by transforming the impedances. For equivalence, the impedance between any pair of terminals must be the same for both networks. The equations given here are valid for complex as well as real impedances.

Delta - Wye Circuits


Schematic for Δ – Y conversion

Table -1 - Assigned Values

V = ______ R1 = _____ R2 = _____ R3 = _____ R4 = _____ R5 = _____

Procedure

• Assemble the circuit following the schematic above on bread board with respective values.• Adjust the required voltages and connect with circuit.• Select voltages on DMM and measure VR3M .• Select amperes on DMM and measure IR3M.• Place both measured values in Table -2.• Now draw Simplified Diagram in diagram block .• As now Circuit is simplified calculate VR3C and IR3C and place in Table – 2.• Use dedicated are for calculation and represent each value on Simplified Diagram.• Any Manual work should be clean.• Calculate error percentage if any.

Table – 2

Comparative Table

VR3M = ___________ V VR3C = ___________ V _________ %

IR3M = ___________ A IR3C = ___________ A _________ %

Explain how Δ – Y conversion is helpful in this Experiment?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Diagram Block – Simplified

Explain why do we select Δ – Y conversion , instead of Y – Δ ?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Calculation Area



Calculation Area



Rough Work Area




Q1: Convert Wye – Delta:

• R1 = _______

• R2 = _______

• R3 = _______

Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

End Of Lab # 7


LAB EXPERIMENT # 8

OBJECTIVE• To understand the functions and operations of Oscilloscope and Function generator.

APPARATUS

• Oscilloscope probes x 2.• Function Generator probe x 1.• Sharped Pencil x 1.• Black Pointer x 1

TheoryOscilloscopesAn oscilloscope is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences using the vertical or 'Y' axis, plotted as a function of time, horizontal or 'x' axis. Although an oscilloscope displays voltage on its vertical axis, any other quantity that can be converted to a voltage can be displayed as well. In most instances, oscilloscopes show events that repeat with either no change, or change slowly.

Oscilloscopes are commonly used to observe the exact wave shape of an electrical signal. In addition to the amplitude of the signal, an oscilloscope can show distortion, the time between two events (such as pulse width, period, or rise time) and relative timing of two related signals.

GOS-620 - Oscilloscope


Few main Functions of Oscilloscopes

Function GeneratorsA function generator is a piece of electronic test equipment used to generate electrical waveforms. These waveforms can be either repetitive or single-shot, in which case some kind of triggering source is required (internal or external).

Function Generators are used in development, testing and repair of electronic equipment, e.g. as a signal source to test amplifiers, or to introduce an error signal into a control loop.

GFG-8050G - Function Generators


Different type of waveforms

Procedure

Calibration of Oscilloscope:

• Use CAL point to calibrate the oscilloscope before any further operation.• Using Channel 1 's input , connect Probe to CAL point.• Now verify the screen is showing the square wave is of 2VP-P and of 1KHz.• Volts / Division X number of blocks within wave's amplitude (For Voltages)• Time / Division X number of blocks within one complete cycle.• Use F = 1 / T to find out frequency.• If result doesn't match 2VP-P and of 1KHz remove any errors in Prudence of instructor.• Plot wave shape and mention the X – Y along readings in Graph – A on next page.• Now use Function Generator to generate different wave forms assigned in lab.• The work should be neat and use pencil for all drawings.


Graph – AVolts / Division : __________ Time / Division : __________

Lab Tasks:

Sine Wave :1. ___________Hz , ___________VP-P and Duty Cycle ___________ %.2. ___________Hz , ___________VP-P and Duty Cycle ___________ %.3. ___________Hz , ___________VP-P and Duty Cycle ___________ %.4. ___________Hz , ___________VP-P and Duty Cycle ___________ %.5. ___________Hz , ___________VP-P and Duty Cycle ___________ %.

Square Wave :6. ___________Hz , ___________VP-P and Duty Cycle ___________ %.7. ___________Hz , ___________VP-P and Duty Cycle ___________ %.8. ___________Hz , ___________VP-P and Duty Cycle ___________ %.9. ___________Hz , ___________VP-P and Duty Cycle ___________ %.10. ___________Hz , ___________VP-P and Duty Cycle ___________ %.

Triangle Wave :11. ___________Hz , ___________VP-P and Duty Cycle ___________ %.12. ___________Hz , ___________VP-P and Duty Cycle ___________ %.13. ___________Hz , ___________VP-P and Duty Cycle ___________ %.14. ___________Hz , ___________VP-P and Duty Cycle ___________ %.15. ___________Hz , ___________VP-P and Duty Cycle ___________ %.

Note:Plot the above on Oscilloscope and as well as on Graphs 1 – 15.


Graph – 1

Graph – 2

Graph – 3


Graph – 4

Graph – 5

Graph – 6


Graph – 7

Graph – 8

Graph – 9


Graph – 10

Graph – 11

Graph – 12


Graph – 13

Graph – 14

Graph – 15



Q1:____________________________________________________________________________

Ans:

___________________________________________________________________________________

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Q2: ____________________________________________________________________________

Ans:

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

Remarks :

Date:___________________________

Signature:___________________________

End Of Lab # 8


Project

Multi- Tapping Transformer based Power Supply

Use electronic work bench to draw schematic

Sample page

Schematic Diagram


Details :

Sample page

List of Material

Sample page

BEE Manual - Complete

Documents

electrical symbols

electrical variables

end of lab

value of resistor

value of voltage

tolerance of value

tolerance value

real resistance