Becoming a World Power

Becoming a World Power

Chapter 10 U.S. History: 1877 to presentCoach ArmstrongBecoming a World PowerBecoming a World PowerSection 1: The Pressure to ExpandSection 2: The Spanish American WarSection 3: A New Foreign PolicySection 4: Debating Americas New Role10.1 The Pressure to ExpandGrowth of ImperialismExpanding U.S. InterestsArguments for U.S. ExpansionGrowth of ImperialismThe 1800s marked the peak of European imperialism.Much of Africa and Asia under foreign domination.Under imperialism, stronger nation attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.Why Imperialism GrewEconomic Factors- growth of industry increased need for natural resources, and new markets.Nationalistic Factors- devotion to ones nation.Military Factors- tech. made armies and navies better, and need for refueling stations across the globe.Humanitarian Factors- duty to spread the blessings of western civ. Growth of ImperialismEurope Leads the WayImproved transportation and communications made it easier for traditional imperial powers to acquire new territoryGreat Britain, France, and Russia.Germany entered the fray in 1871 when they became a unified nation. By 1890 the U.S. was ready to join the action.Supporters denied that the U.S. sought to annex foreign lands (happened anyway).

Expanding U.S. InterestsGeorge Washingtons Farewell Address, 1796. steer clear of permanent alliances with other countries. Monroe DoctrineThe U.S. declared itself neutral in European wars and warned other nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere. Manifest DestinyThe annexation of Texas and the acquisition of California and other southwestern lands were early steps towards an American Empire.Sewards FollyThe purchase of Alaska from Russia.

Expanding U.S. InterestsJapan Commodore Matthew C. Perry sailed a fleet of U.S. Navy ships into Tokyo Bay and forced the Japanese to trade with the U.S. By the 1860s the U.S. and several European nations signed treaties to trade with China.Midway Islands Annexed in 1867 to use as a refueling station for the U.S. Navy.HawaiiThe U.S. signed a treaty with the Hawaiians to sell them sugar duty-free as long as they did not lease territory to other foreign powers. Latin America and the CaribbeanU.S. Grant stated that these areas would be protected from falling to a foreign power.

Arguments for U.S. Expansion Promoting Economic GrowthOverproduction from farmers and industry led to a need for more consumers.Farmers, laborers, and industrialists called for expansion of American markets. Banana RepublicsProtecting American SecurityCaptain Alfred T. MahanArgued that the nations economic future hinged on gaining new markets abroad, and that a powerful navy was necessary to protect these markets. Expanding the NavyNaval Advisory BoardNaval Act of 1890Arguments for U.S. ExpansionPreserving American SpiritQuest for an empire might restore the countrys pioneer spirit. Frederick Jackson Turner, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, and TR.Social Darwinism Senator Albert J. Beveridge and others had the opinion that civilizations produced by Anglo-Saxon and Germanic people were superiors to the societies that they conquered. Americans Lean Toward ExpansionGradually public opinion warmed to the idea of expansion.Soon realized that political and military entanglements followed expansion.10.2: The Spanish-American WarSetting the Stage for WarThe Spanish-American WarNew Challenges After the WarOther Gains in the PacificSetting the Stage for WarDisplays of United States PowerIn 1891 an angry Chilean mob attacked a group of American sailors on shore leave in Valparaiso.2 killed, 17 injured.The U.S. forced Chile to pay $75,000 to the families.Rebellion threatened the friendly govt. of Brazil.President Cleveland ordered navy units to Rio de Janeiro to protect U.S. shipping interests. Border dispute between Britain and Venezuela. Clevelands Sec. of State Richard Olney demanded that Great Britian submit to arbitration, and adhere to the Monroe Doctrine.GB backed down when they realized it may be a good idea to keep the U.S. as an ally.Setting the Stage for WarThe Cuban RebellionBy the 1890s, not only had the Monroe Doctrine been reaffirmed, but the worlds most powerful country bent to it. Cuba first rebelled against Spain in 1868.In 1895 the economy collapsed and the Cubans rebelled again. Spain sent its best general, General Valeriano Weyler.In an attempt to keep civilians from aiding the rebels, Weyler put men, women and children in reconcentration camps with little food or water. Over 2 years disease and starvation killed 200,000 cubans. Cuban exiles in the U.S. urged the U.S. to intervene. Presidents Cleveland and McKinley said no.Rebels destroyed American owned sugar plantations in order to force their hands.Setting the Stage for WarYellow JournalismNew York World Published by Joseph PulitzerNew York Morning JournalPublished by William Randolph HearstThe newspapers were in a circulation battle, and they used sensationalized stories of the crisis in Cuba to sell newspapers. The intense burst of national pride and the desire for an aggressive foreign policy that followed cane to be know as jingoism. The Spanish-American WarSteps to WarIn early 1898 riots erupted in Havana.McKinley moved the battleship the U.S.S. Maine into the citys harbor to protect American citizens and propertyThe events that followed pushed the U.S. into war.

The Spanish-American WarThe de Lome LetterCalled McKinley weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd.The explosion of the U.S.S. MaineFebruary 15th, 1898Probably caused by fire that exploded ammo, but American people blamed Spain.Preparing in the PhillipinesTR was Asst. Sec. of the Navy, wired naval commanders to prepare for military action against Spain. McKinley ordered all but the wire to Admiral George Dewey withdrawn.

The Spanish-American WarMcKinleys War MessageList of DemandsCompensation for the MaineEnd to reconcentration campsTruce in CubaCuban IndependenceSpain agreed to all but the last, and McKinley was forced to send a message to Congress on April 11th. A Splendid Little WarFirst action of the war took place in the Phillippines.Admiral Dewey launched a surprise attack on the Spanish Pacific Fleet in Manila Bay. Lasted 7 hours

The Spanish-American WarSplendid Little War (cont.)In Cuba the Navy bottled up the Spanish fleet in Santiago Harbor.1st Volunteer CalvaryLed by TR who resigned his post as Asst. Sec. of the Navy.Recruited cowboys, miners, policemen, and college athletes. Rough RidersJuly 1, 1898, the charge up San Juan Hill.Spanish fleet made an attempt to flee the harbor, and every ship was sunk on July 3rd. 2,500 Americans died, only 400 in battle, mostly from disease and food poisoning. The Spanish American WarThe Treaty of ParisSigned with Spain in December of 1898.Spain recognized Cuban independence.The U.S. gave Spain $20 million for the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and the island of Guam.Unincorporated territories- not meant for statehood.Treaty was ratified by the Senate in Feb. of 1899 after a tough debate. New Challenges After the WarHow could the U.S. be a colonial power without violating the nations most basic principle that all people have the right to liberty?Dilemma in the PhilippinesRead the quote from President McKinley on page 361Most Filipinos were already Christian.Also argued that if the U.S. didnt act first other nations might try to seize the islands and new conflicts would result.Filipinos fought alongside the U.S. in the Spanish-American War under the assumption that they would receive independence after the war. New Challenges After the WarEmilio Aguinaldo declared independence for the Philippines in January 1899 and the U.S. ignored it. In February Filipino rebels and the U.S. went to war. Filipino War3 years4,000 Americans killed and 3,000 wounded.16,000 rebels and as many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died. Philippines did not gain full independence until 1946. New Challenges After the WarThe Fate of CubaTeller AmendmentPromised that the U.S. would not annex Cuba. McKinley installed a military govt. led by General Leonard Wood. 3 yearsMajor Walter Reed Discovered the cure for yellow fever.Allowed the Cuban people to draft a constitution in 1900Platt AmendmentCuba could not enter into any foreign agreements.Must allow U.S. to establish naval bases as needed on the island.Must give the U.S. the right to intervene when necessary.Only done twice while amendment was in force until 1934.New Challenges After the WarThe U.S. and Puerto RicoForaker Act of 1900U.S. removed military control and established a civil govt., still under U.S. control.Jones Act of 1917Granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship.Based only on an act of Congress not the Constitution.Although Puerto Ricans could elect their own local legislatures, the U.S. retained the power to appoint key officials, such as the governor. Other Gains in the PacificAnnexation of HawaiiIn 1887, Hawaii and the U.S. renewed a treaty that allowed Hawaiian sugar to be sold duty free in the U.S.Hawaii leased Pearl Harbor to the U.S.White Hawaiian born planters forced King Kalakaua to accept a new constitution that gave control of the govt. to them. His successor Queen Liliuokalani attempted to reduce the influence of the planters.In 1893, pineapple planter Sanford B. Dole removed Queen Liliuokalani from power with the help of the U.S. Marines. He proclaimed Hawaii a republic and requested it be annexed by the U.S. In 1898 Congress approved the annexation of Hawaii.Other Gains in the PacificSamoaRepresented another possible stepping stone to the growing trade in Asia.1878 the U.S. negotiated a treaty that offered our protection for use of the harbor Pago Pago.Germany and GB also had their eyes on Samoa and nearly led to war.Three-way Protectorate in 1889GB withdrew in 1899Other Gains in the PacificAn Open Door to ChinaChinas huge population and vast markets became increasingly important to American trade by the late 1800s.Russia, Germany, GB, France, and Japan were all seeking spheres of influence in China.Areas of economic and political control.Open Door PolicySec. of State John HayBoxer RebellionMassacre of 300 foreigners and Christian Chinese.Open Door Notes by Sec. of State John Hay. 10.3 A New Foreign PolicyThe Panama CanalRoosevelts Big Stick DiplomacyForeign Policy After RooseveltThe Panama Canal After the Spanish-American War it became evident that the U.S. needed a quicker route between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean.The Isthmus of Panama was a province of Columbia.In 1879 a French company received a 25-year concession to build a canal across Panama. Yellow fever and mismanagement left the company ready to abandon the project after 10 years. They offered to sell the concession to the U.S. for $100 million. The Panama CanalWhen the price fell to $40 million, Congress passed the Spooner Act of 1902 authorizing the purchase of the French assets.Also required that the U.S. work out a treaty with Columbia for a lease of the land. Columbia tried to wait for the concession to expire so they could offer the area at a higher price. Read quote by John Hay on page 367.Roosevelt made it clear to a member of the French company that the U.S. would not interfere if they organized a Panamanian revolution against Columbia. The Panama Canal The revolution started in November of 1903. U.S. warships waited just off the coast to support the rebels. The U.S. immediately recognized the new country, and signed a treaty that gave the U.S. control over a 10-mile wide strip of land for a canal. Permanent grantConstruction began in 1904, and finished in 1914 six months ahead of schedule and $23 million under budget. Reaction to CanalPaid $25 million to the Columbian govt. in 1921.Roosevelts Big Stick DiplomacySpeak softly and carry a big stick: you will go farBig Stick=U.S. NavyRoosevelt Corollary to the Monroe DoctrineRead excerpt on page 368Wanted to see other nations stable, orderly, and prosperous.The U.S. govt. would intervene to prevent intervention from other powers.Central point. Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)Under TR U.S. intervention in Latin America became common.Roosevelts Big Stick DiplomacyRoosevelt as PeacemakerChief concern in Asia was to preserve an open door to trade with China. Russo-Japanese War 1904Japan was considerably stronger than Russia.TR concerned that Japans strength posed a threat to trade in the area.Portsmouth Treaty.Persuaded Japan to be happy with small grants of land, and control over Korea instead of a huge payment of cash. Also got Russia to leave Manchuria.Maintained open door to China.TR receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in 1907. Foreign Policy After RooseveltTaft and Dollar DiplomacyMain foreign policy goals were to maintain the open door to Asia, and preserve stability in Latin America. Preferred to substitute dollars for bullets.Meant to maintain orderly societies through increased American investment in foreign economies. Dollar DiplomacyNot always very profitable.Sec. of State Philander Knox urged Americans to invest in a Chinese railroad. Russia and Japan blocked the influence of the U.S. in China, and all money was lost when the Chinese govt. collapsed in 1911.Dollar Diplomacy created enemies in Latin America.Foreign Policy After RooseveltWilson an the Mexican Revolution American intervention in Mexico led to even more anti-American feelings in Latin America.In 1911, revolution forced a longtime dictator Porfino Diaz to resign. The new president, Francisco Madero, promised democratic reform but he could not unite the country. In 1913 he was overthrown and killed by General Victoriano Huerta. Huerta promised to protect foreign investments, and most European countries recognized him. Wilson was urged by American investors to do the same. Foreign Policy After RooseveltWilson and the Mexican Revolution (cont.)Wilson refused to do so because he saw Huerta as a butcher.End of Tafts Dollar Diplomacy, and the beginning of Moral Diplomacy.Wilsons policy led him into complex and bloody confrontations with Mexico.CarranzaPancho Villa and General John J. Black Jack Pershing. Moral Diplomacy failed10.4 Debating Americas New RoleThe Anti-ImperialistsImperialisms AppealImperialism Viewed From AbroadThe Anti-ImperialistsMoral and Political ArgumentsExpansionist behavior was a rejection of the nations foundation of liberty for allthe Constitution must follow the flag, by which they meant that the American flag and laws went together. Anti-imperialist did not believe that any group of people should be forced to wait to enjoy liberty. Imperialism threatened the nations democratic foundationsRacial ArgumentsAfrican Americans were at first torn about imperialistic issues, but they recognized that racism was part of imperialism.Southern politicians feared the effects of adding more people of different races to the U.S. The Anti-ImperialistsThey also feared that imperialist policies would encourage people of different races to move to the U.S.Economic ArgumentsExpansion involved many costsEx. Larger Army, possible need for more taxes, draft, etc. Laborers coming to the U.S. from annexed territories would compete with Americans for jobs. Industrialists argued that cheap goods produced in annexed countries could be traded here duty free which would hurt American business.

Imperialisms AppealSome people looked to a new frontier abroad to keep Americans from losing their competitive edge. They agreed with the economic arguments that emphasized the need to gain access to foreign markets. Others embraced the strategic military reasons for expansion. Roosevelt sent part of the Navy on a cruise around the world.The Great White Fleet showed the benefits of having a powerful Navy. Imperialism Viewed From Abroad Latin Americans began to cry Yankee, Go Home! Panamanians began to complain that they suffered from discrimination. Other countries began to ask the U.S. for help.The U.S. spent the rest of the 1900s trying to decide the best way to reconcile its growing power and national interests with its relationships with other countries.