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Becoming a TeacherBecoming a TeacherTenth EditionTenth Edition
Purpose of Schooling Teach Eternal Truths – Ideas that are Everlasting Acquire knowledge of the great ideas of Western Civilization.
Nature of Learner Rational Being with a Soul
Curriculum Liberal ArtsPhilosophy, Mathematics, History,Geography, Political Science, Sociology, Theology,Foreign Language, ScienceFine Arts, Great Books, Character Training
Essentialism (1930’s) The Dominant Philosophy in Today’s Schools
Purpose of Schooling Train the Intellect and teach students the culture and traditions of the past. Provide students the knowledge and skills to participate in a democratic society
Nature of Learner Capable of becoming culturally literate and to develop a disciplined mind. Rigorous academic and Moral training required to overcome students’ natural tendencies.
CurriculumReturn to the BasicsNo frivolous subjectsMoral Literacy (William Bennett, 1993)
A common core of knowledge that needs to be transmitted to students in a systematic and disciplined way. Essential Knowledge/Skills and Academic Rigor
Critical Core (Body) of Knowledge that all students should possess. *Unlike the Perennialist, the core may change.
Subjects should be practical. Prepare student to become valuable members of society. Reading, Writing, Mathematics (Primary Level)History, Geography, Natural Science, Foreign Language( Upper Elementary)4 Yr. English, 3 Yr. Math, 3 Yr. Science, 3 Yr. Social Studies, (Secondary Level) +Foreign Language
Instructional Method Lecture, recitation, discussion, and Socratic Dialogue,Prefer instructional materials that are Paced and Sequential, lesson plans, Learning by Objective
Classroom Management Regularity and Uniformity and reverence for what is morally right. Emphasis on discipline and Character Training with a clear expectation for Behavior and respect
for others.
Assessment Reflects the “Testing Movement”IQ Test, Standardized Achievement tests, diagnostic test, *High-Stakes Testing mandated by NCLB
The Essentialist Teacher Major in a subject-matter discipline Well versed in Liberal Arts and Sciences
Essentialist You should know William Bagley (Critics of Dewey)Admiral Human Rickover(Concern of Water-down Curriculum, Fads)Back to Basics Movement (1970s) – A Nation at Risk E.D. Hirsch, Jr. (1987: Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know) 5,000 Facts, dates, concepts, names Diane Ravitch – A body of knowledge so important every American should know (1987, What do our 17 Year olds know) William Bennett (Sec. of Education)
Progressivism Real-World, Problem Solving in a democratic and cooperative learning environment
Purpose of Schooling School should model life, especially a democratic society. School encourage Cooperation not competition
Nature of LearnerLearning by Doing, Child sets objectives for own learning , work together to solve common problems
Curriculum- Child Centered Experience Centered, Relevant, & Reflective, Consists of a series of experiences to be gained. Responsive to student’s interests and needs
Child Centered, Growth Centered, Action Centered, Process Centered, Equality Centered, Community Centered
Instructional Method Provide experiences so that children learn by DOING. Group Activities, Project Method, Critical Thinking, Decision Making, Cooperative Learning, Problem Solving Books are tools – rather than authority.
Purpose of Schooling Discovery of the self Self- actualization Personal Quest for Meaning Education of the Whole Person, Not Just the Mind
Nature of Learner Focus is on individual freedom. Each student has the free will to develop as he/she choose.
Curriculum Environment where students are encouraged to express themselves through discussion, creative projects, and choice of study area.
Provide student with extensive individual freedom. Students ask their own questions, conduct their own inquiries, and come to their own conclusions.
Primary importance is helping the student to understand and appreciate themselves as unique individuals. Specific subject matter, in and of itself is not important.
Instructional Method Focus on the individual Constructivism Learning is self paced and Self DirectedGreat deal of individual contact with each student
Classroom Management Self-Discipline, Individual is responsible for their own thoughts, feelings, and actions.Individual Choice, Individual Responsibility Nonthreatening, Supportive
Freedom has rules – respect for the freedom of others
Assessment Real answers come from within the individual and not from outside authority. Authentic Assessment (Journals, Narratives, Portfolios, Writing Samples)Student Self- Evaluation Opposed to measure, tracking or standardized tests.
The Existentialist Teacher Provide student with pathways for students to explore their own values, meaning, and choices.Help students define their own essence Create an environment in which individuals freely choose their own preferred way.Respect student’s right to disagree. Sensitive to their influence on studentsSummerhill School
Existentialist You should know Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) Danish MinisterFounder of ExistentialismJean Paul Sarte (French Philosopher)
Social Reconstructionism (1920-1930) Improve, change, or reform Society Frontier Thinkers
Purpose of Schooling Social Reform is the aim of educaiton. Emphasis on addressing social questions and a quest to create a better society.
Prepare students to become agents of change Critical Examination of all cultural and educational institutions to reform as needed. Not to settle for what is.. To dream about what might be.
Nature of Learner Capable of initiating and adapting to change
Curriculum Democratic ideas and civic Education.Emphasis on Critical Thinking Skills
Gain 1st hand experience in studying real social problems or controversial issues. (Ex. Biomedical ethics)
Instructional Method Cooperative Learning, Problem solving, and critical Thinking. Active Learning and activities outside of school(Community Service Learning)
Social Reconstructionism (1920-1930) Improve, change, or reform Society Frontier Thinkers
Classroom Management Climate of Inquiry in which teacher and Student question the assumptions of the status quo. Classless, nonsexist, nonracistFocus on Community Building Promote Action Research
Assessment Students test ideas by active experimentation. Authentic Assessment / Formative Assessment, oppose standardized testing
The Social Reconstructionist Teacher Change AgentTolerant of Change, Educational ReformerReflective ThinkersEngage in community groups, social movements
Social Reconstructionist You should know
Theodore Brameld (Reaction to WWII)George S. Counts (1932) “Dare the School Build a New Social Order”Post Great-Depression Ivan Illich (Deschooling Society, 1974)Paulo Freire (Pedagogy of the Oppressed, 1973) Education from everyday life experiences