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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 ‘be’ verbs
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'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Mar 23, 2020

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Page 1: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

‘be’ verbs

Page 2: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Hello!

MyMyMyMyMyMyMyMy name name isisisisisisisis Sreenivasa Murthy.

I am a lectureram a lecturer.

I am from am from Hebbur

I am 52 am 52 year old.

I am interested in am interested in

teaching English.

Page 3: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

II am am

shankarshankar

II amam 18 18

year oldyear old

II am am from from

TumkurTumkurII am am an an

IndianIndian

II am am

studystudying ing

11stst PUPU

Page 4: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

II am am GopalGopal ThisThis isis

Raghu.Raghu.

HeHe isis my my

best friend.best friend.

HeHe is is 15 15

year old.year old.He He isis a very a very

good good

singer.singer.

GopalGopal

Page 5: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

‘be’ verbs

����

You are Bhuvan. You are 7 year

old.You are studying in 3rd

standard.

You are studying in Maruthi Vidya Kendra. Am I right?

Hey! Little boy! I am an astrologer. I will tell you a few things about you.

Page 6: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Task 1.

Introduce Yourself to

your friends.

Use the following details.

Page 7: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Name: Nataraj

age: 16 years

Nationality:

Indian

from:

Nagavalli

Father: tailor.

height: 5.4

feet feet. (tall)

Afraid of: lizards.

Interest: Cricket

Page 8: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I am Nataraj

I am 16 years old

I am an

Indian.

I am from

Nagavalli

My father is a

tailor.

I am 5.4 feet tall

I am afraid of

lizards.

I am Interested

in Cricket

Page 9: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Task 2.

Introduce your friend.

Use the following details.

Page 10: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Father: farmer.

height: 5.7

feet. (tall)

Afraid of: snakes

Interest:

paintingName: Venakt

age: 16 years

Nationality:

Indian

from:

Karnkuppe

Page 11: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

This is Venakt

He is 16 years old

He is an Indian.

He is from

Karnkuppe His father is a

farmer.

He is 5.7 feet

tall.

He is afraid of

snakes

He is interested

in painting

Page 12: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Task 3.

You meet an old friend. You

were studying in 5th standard

together. You recognize him

and tell him about himself.

Use the following details.

Page 13: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Father: teacher

Afraid of: rats

Interest: drawingName: Prem.

age: 16 years

Nationality:

Indian

from: Mysore

Page 14: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Your father is a

teacher.

You are afraid of

rats

You are

Interested in

drawing.

You are Prem.

You are 16 years

old.

You are an Indian

You are from

Mysore

Page 15: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

What did we learn.

We use ‘be’ verbs to talk

about the following.

Page 16: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

NameNameNameNameNameNameNameName

HeightHeightHeightHeightHeightHeightHeightHeight

Native placeNative placeNative placeNative placeNative placeNative placeNative placeNative place

fearsfearsfearsfearsfearsfearsfearsfears

ageageageageageageageage

NationalityNationalityNationalityNationalityNationalityNationalityNationalityNationality

professionprofessionprofessionprofessionprofessionprofessionprofessionprofession

interestsinterestsinterestsinterestsinterestsinterestsinterestsinterests

Page 17: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Note how these verbs

are used: Am, is, are

I am we are you are

He is she is it is they are

Gopal is Chaitra is this is

Gopal and Chaitra are

Page 18: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Knowing about the other

person.

Asking questions.

Page 19: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

You are a student.

are You a student ?

Inversion of subject and object.

Page 20: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Try these now.

Page 21: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

1. He is a carpenter.

2. She is you sister.

3. Swimming is a good

exercise.

4. Those boys are my

classmates.

Page 22: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

These questions are for

conformation.

Page 23: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Add a ‘wh’ word

to collect

information

Page 24: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Hi! I am Sreenivasa Murthy.

And yours?

I did not get your name.

What is your name?

Page 25: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

How old are you?How old are you?How old are you?How old are you?How old are you?How old are you?How old are you?How old are you?

Height:Height:Height:Height:Height:Height:Height:Height:

Native place:Native place:Native place:Native place:Native place:Native place:Native place:Native place:

Age:Age:Age:Age:Age:Age:Age:Age:

Where are you Where are you Where are you Where are you Where are you Where are you Where are you Where are you

from?from?from?from?from?from?from?from?

How tall are you?How tall are you?How tall are you?How tall are you?How tall are you?How tall are you?How tall are you?How tall are you?

Page 26: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

fearsfearsfearsfearsfearsfearsfearsfears

professionprofessionprofessionprofessionprofessionprofessionprofessionprofession

interestsinterestsinterestsinterestsinterestsinterestsinterestsinterests What are you What are you What are you What are you What are you What are you What are you What are you

interested in?interested in?interested in?interested in?interested in?interested in?interested in?interested in?

What are you What are you What are you What are you What are you What are you What are you What are you

afraid of?afraid of?afraid of?afraid of?afraid of?afraid of?afraid of?afraid of?

What are you?What are you?What are you?What are you?What are you?What are you?What are you?What are you?

Page 27: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

What did we learn?

Page 28: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Recall:

We use ‘be’ verbs to talk about

the following things.

Page 29: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

NameNameNameNameNameNameNameName

HeightHeightHeightHeightHeightHeightHeightHeight

Native placeNative placeNative placeNative placeNative placeNative placeNative placeNative place

fearsfearsfearsfearsfearsfearsfearsfears

ageageageageageageageage

NationalityNationalityNationalityNationalityNationalityNationalityNationalityNationality

professionprofessionprofessionprofessionprofessionprofessionprofessionprofession

interestsinterestsinterestsinterestsinterestsinterestsinterestsinterests

Page 30: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Recall:

Interchange the Subject and

Verb to change the statement

into a question. (If there is a

helping verb!)

Page 31: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

-ing

Progressive / Continuous.

(in the middle of the action)

Page 32: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

What are you doing now?What are you doing now?What are you doing now?What are you doing now?What are you doing now?What are you doing now?What are you doing now?What are you doing now?

Watching the bridge course on Watching the bridge course on Watching the bridge course on Watching the bridge course on Watching the bridge course on Watching the bridge course on Watching the bridge course on Watching the bridge course on

ChandanaChandanaChandanaChandanaChandanaChandanaChandanaChandana channel. channel. channel. channel. channel. channel. channel. channel.

Time: at the moment of Time: at the moment of Time: at the moment of Time: at the moment of Time: at the moment of Time: at the moment of Time: at the moment of Time: at the moment of

speaking.speaking.speaking.speaking.speaking.speaking.speaking.speaking.

Page 33: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Look at the following pictures

and say what they are doing.

Page 34: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

What is she What is she What is she What is she What is she What is she What is she What is she

doing? doing? doing? doing? doing? doing? doing? doing?

(when?)(when?)(when?)(when?)(when?)(when?)(when?)(when?)

she she she she she she she she --------painting.painting.painting.painting.painting.painting.painting.painting.

when?when?when?when?when?when?when?when? –––––––– at at at at at at at at

the moment the moment the moment the moment the moment the moment the moment the moment

of speaking.of speaking.of speaking.of speaking.of speaking.of speaking.of speaking.of speaking.

Page 35: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

What is the boy in What is the boy in What is the boy in What is the boy in What is the boy in What is the boy in What is the boy in What is the boy in

the blue shirt the blue shirt the blue shirt the blue shirt the blue shirt the blue shirt the blue shirt the blue shirt

doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?

Looking at the globe / reading Looking at the globe / reading Looking at the globe / reading Looking at the globe / reading Looking at the globe / reading Looking at the globe / reading Looking at the globe / reading Looking at the globe / reading

What is the girl What is the girl What is the girl What is the girl What is the girl What is the girl What is the girl What is the girl

doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?

Page 36: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

What is the boy What is the boy What is the boy What is the boy What is the boy What is the boy What is the boy What is the boy

next to the table next to the table next to the table next to the table next to the table next to the table next to the table next to the table

doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?

Pasting something/ helping Pasting something/ helping Pasting something/ helping Pasting something/ helping Pasting something/ helping Pasting something/ helping Pasting something/ helping Pasting something/ helping

the child to read.the child to read.the child to read.the child to read.the child to read.the child to read.the child to read.the child to read.

What is the What is the What is the What is the What is the What is the What is the What is the

teacher doing?teacher doing?teacher doing?teacher doing?teacher doing?teacher doing?teacher doing?teacher doing?

Page 37: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

What are the What are the What are the What are the What are the What are the What are the What are the

children doing?children doing?children doing?children doing?children doing?children doing?children doing?children doing?

writing something. writing something. writing something. writing something. writing something. writing something. writing something. writing something.

Page 38: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

What / the What / the What / the What / the What / the What / the What / the What / the

farmer doing?farmer doing?farmer doing?farmer doing?farmer doing?farmer doing?farmer doing?farmer doing?

Plowing.Plowing.Plowing.Plowing.Plowing.Plowing.Plowing.Plowing.

Page 39: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

What / they What / they What / they What / they What / they What / they What / they What / they

doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?

Planting Planting Planting Planting Planting Planting Planting Planting

saplings.saplings.saplings.saplings.saplings.saplings.saplings.saplings.

Page 40: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Harvesting paddy.Harvesting paddy.Harvesting paddy.Harvesting paddy.Harvesting paddy.Harvesting paddy.Harvesting paddy.Harvesting paddy.

What / What / What / What / What / What / What / What /

they they they they they they they they

doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?

Page 41: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

What / she What / she What / she What / she What / she What / she What / she What / she

doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?

Cooking food.Cooking food.Cooking food.Cooking food.Cooking food.Cooking food.Cooking food.Cooking food.

Page 42: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

What / the boy What / the boy What / the boy What / the boy What / the boy What / the boy What / the boy What / the boy

doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?doing?

Plucking an apple.Plucking an apple.Plucking an apple.Plucking an apple.Plucking an apple.Plucking an apple.Plucking an apple.Plucking an apple.

Page 43: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

NegativesNegativesNegativesNegativesNegativesNegativesNegativesNegatives

Page 44: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Is she Is she Is she Is she Is she Is she Is she Is she

Reading?Reading?Reading?Reading?Reading?Reading?Reading?Reading?

No, not reading No, not reading No, not reading No, not reading No, not reading No, not reading No, not reading No, not reading

––––––––

she she she she she she she she --------painting.painting.painting.painting.painting.painting.painting.painting.

She is not reading, She is painting.She is not reading, She is painting.She is not reading, She is painting.She is not reading, She is painting.She is not reading, She is painting.She is not reading, She is painting.She is not reading, She is painting.She is not reading, She is painting.

Page 45: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

The boy in the The boy in the The boy in the The boy in the The boy in the The boy in the The boy in the The boy in the

blue shirtblue shirtblue shirtblue shirtblue shirtblue shirtblue shirtblue shirt--------

pasting?pasting?pasting?pasting?pasting?pasting?pasting?pasting?

Looking at the globe / reading Looking at the globe / reading Looking at the globe / reading Looking at the globe / reading Looking at the globe / reading Looking at the globe / reading Looking at the globe / reading Looking at the globe / reading

the girl the girl the girl the girl the girl the girl the girl the girl -------- reading?reading?reading?reading?reading?reading?reading?reading?

Page 46: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

the boy next to the boy next to the boy next to the boy next to the boy next to the boy next to the boy next to the boy next to

the table the table the table the table the table the table the table the table --------

reading?reading?reading?reading?reading?reading?reading?reading?

Pasting something/ helping Pasting something/ helping Pasting something/ helping Pasting something/ helping Pasting something/ helping Pasting something/ helping Pasting something/ helping Pasting something/ helping

the child to read.the child to read.the child to read.the child to read.the child to read.the child to read.the child to read.the child to read.

The teacher The teacher The teacher The teacher The teacher The teacher The teacher The teacher --------

pasting?pasting?pasting?pasting?pasting?pasting?pasting?pasting?

Page 47: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

the children the children the children the children the children the children the children the children ––––––––

playing ?playing ?playing ?playing ?playing ?playing ?playing ?playing ?

Playing / writing something. Playing / writing something. Playing / writing something. Playing / writing something. Playing / writing something. Playing / writing something. Playing / writing something. Playing / writing something.

Page 48: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

The farmer The farmer The farmer The farmer The farmer The farmer The farmer The farmer --------

planting?planting?planting?planting?planting?planting?planting?planting?

Planting / Planting / Planting / Planting / Planting / Planting / Planting / Planting /

Plowing.Plowing.Plowing.Plowing.Plowing.Plowing.Plowing.Plowing.

Page 49: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

They They They They They They They They --------

plowing?plowing?plowing?plowing?plowing?plowing?plowing?plowing?

Plowing / Plowing / Plowing / Plowing / Plowing / Plowing / Plowing / Plowing /

Planting Planting Planting Planting Planting Planting Planting Planting

saplings.saplings.saplings.saplings.saplings.saplings.saplings.saplings.

Page 50: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

plucking an apple / plucking an apple / plucking an apple / plucking an apple / plucking an apple / plucking an apple / plucking an apple / plucking an apple /

Harvesting paddy.Harvesting paddy.Harvesting paddy.Harvesting paddy.Harvesting paddy.Harvesting paddy.Harvesting paddy.Harvesting paddy.

They They They They They They They They --------

plucking an plucking an plucking an plucking an plucking an plucking an plucking an plucking an

apple?apple?apple?apple?apple?apple?apple?apple?

Page 51: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Ranjitha Ranjitha Ranjitha Ranjitha Ranjitha Ranjitha Ranjitha Ranjitha --------

making making making making making making making making

coffee?coffee?coffee?coffee?coffee?coffee?coffee?coffee?

Ranjitha / making coffee / Ranjitha / making coffee / Ranjitha / making coffee / Ranjitha / making coffee / Ranjitha / making coffee / Ranjitha / making coffee / Ranjitha / making coffee / Ranjitha / making coffee /

preparing food.preparing food.preparing food.preparing food.preparing food.preparing food.preparing food.preparing food.

Page 52: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

The boy The boy The boy The boy The boy The boy The boy The boy --------

eating apple?eating apple?eating apple?eating apple?eating apple?eating apple?eating apple?eating apple?

Eating / Plucking an Eating / Plucking an Eating / Plucking an Eating / Plucking an Eating / Plucking an Eating / Plucking an Eating / Plucking an Eating / Plucking an

apple.apple.apple.apple.apple.apple.apple.apple.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

What did we learn?What did we learn?What did we learn?What did we learn?What did we learn?What did we learn?What did we learn?What did we learn?

Using affirmative / negative Using affirmative / negative Using affirmative / negative Using affirmative / negative Using affirmative / negative Using affirmative / negative Using affirmative / negative Using affirmative / negative

sentences.sentences.sentences.sentences.sentences.sentences.sentences.sentences.

Subject + Subject + Subject + Subject + Subject + Subject + Subject + Subject + ‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘bebebebebebebebe’’’’’’’’ verb + Vverb + Vverb + Vverb + Vverb + Vverb + Vverb + Vverb + Ving ing ing ing ing ing ing ing + + + + + + + +

object.object.object.object.object.object.object.object.

-------- ‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘notnotnotnotnotnotnotnot’’’’’’’’ --------????????

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

What are you reading now?What are you reading now?What are you reading now?What are you reading now?What are you reading now?What are you reading now?What are you reading now?What are you reading now?

I am reading plays by I am reading plays by I am reading plays by I am reading plays by I am reading plays by I am reading plays by I am reading plays by I am reading plays by

Shakespeare. Shakespeare. Shakespeare. Shakespeare. Shakespeare. Shakespeare. Shakespeare. Shakespeare.

Time: Not at the moment of Time: Not at the moment of Time: Not at the moment of Time: Not at the moment of Time: Not at the moment of Time: Not at the moment of Time: Not at the moment of Time: Not at the moment of

speaking. Happening speaking. Happening speaking. Happening speaking. Happening speaking. Happening speaking. Happening speaking. Happening speaking. Happening about this about this about this about this about this about this about this about this

time.time.time.time.time.time.time.time.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

The population of the world is

increasing very fast.

Page 56: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

The world is changing. Things

never stay the same.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

The cost of living is rising.

Every year tings are more

expensive.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

More and more people are

becoming vegetarian.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I am meeting your teacher I am meeting your teacher I am meeting your teacher I am meeting your teacher I am meeting your teacher I am meeting your teacher I am meeting your teacher I am meeting your teacher

tomorrow.tomorrow.tomorrow.tomorrow.tomorrow.tomorrow.tomorrow.tomorrow.

Time: tomorrow Time: tomorrow Time: tomorrow Time: tomorrow Time: tomorrow Time: tomorrow Time: tomorrow Time: tomorrow –––––––– future action.future action.future action.future action.future action.future action.future action.future action.

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We are going to Hampi We are going to Hampi We are going to Hampi We are going to Hampi We are going to Hampi We are going to Hampi We are going to Hampi We are going to Hampi

tomorrow.tomorrow.tomorrow.tomorrow.tomorrow.tomorrow.tomorrow.tomorrow.

Time: tomorrow Time: tomorrow Time: tomorrow Time: tomorrow Time: tomorrow Time: tomorrow Time: tomorrow Time: tomorrow –––––––– future action.future action.future action.future action.future action.future action.future action.future action.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: What are you doing on What are you doing on What are you doing on What are you doing on What are you doing on What are you doing on What are you doing on What are you doing on

Sunday evening?Sunday evening?Sunday evening?Sunday evening?Sunday evening?Sunday evening?Sunday evening?Sunday evening?

B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B: I am going to the temple.I am going to the temple.I am going to the temple.I am going to the temple.I am going to the temple.I am going to the temple.I am going to the temple.I am going to the temple.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: What time is Basha What time is Basha What time is Basha What time is Basha What time is Basha What time is Basha What time is Basha What time is Basha

arriving tomorrow?arriving tomorrow?arriving tomorrow?arriving tomorrow?arriving tomorrow?arriving tomorrow?arriving tomorrow?arriving tomorrow?

B:B:B:B:B:B:B:B: at 7. I am meeting him at at 7. I am meeting him at at 7. I am meeting him at at 7. I am meeting him at at 7. I am meeting him at at 7. I am meeting him at at 7. I am meeting him at at 7. I am meeting him at

the busthe busthe busthe busthe busthe busthe busthe bus--------stand.stand.stand.stand.stand.stand.stand.stand.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: I am not working I am not working I am not working I am not working I am not working I am not working I am not working I am not working

tomorrow; So, we can go out tomorrow; So, we can go out tomorrow; So, we can go out tomorrow; So, we can go out tomorrow; So, we can go out tomorrow; So, we can go out tomorrow; So, we can go out tomorrow; So, we can go out

some where.some where.some where.some where.some where.some where.some where.some where.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

A: A: A: A: A: A: A: A: Praveen is not playing Praveen is not playing Praveen is not playing Praveen is not playing Praveen is not playing Praveen is not playing Praveen is not playing Praveen is not playing

cricket on Sunday. He has cricket on Sunday. He has cricket on Sunday. He has cricket on Sunday. He has cricket on Sunday. He has cricket on Sunday. He has cricket on Sunday. He has cricket on Sunday. He has

hurt his right hand.hurt his right hand.hurt his right hand.hurt his right hand.hurt his right hand.hurt his right hand.hurt his right hand.hurt his right hand.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

ActivityActivityActivityActivityActivityActivityActivityActivity

Your neighbour, Prakash, is Your neighbour, Prakash, is Your neighbour, Prakash, is Your neighbour, Prakash, is Your neighbour, Prakash, is Your neighbour, Prakash, is Your neighbour, Prakash, is Your neighbour, Prakash, is

planning to go on a holiday planning to go on a holiday planning to go on a holiday planning to go on a holiday planning to go on a holiday planning to go on a holiday planning to go on a holiday planning to go on a holiday

soon. Ask him about his plans. soon. Ask him about his plans. soon. Ask him about his plans. soon. Ask him about his plans. soon. Ask him about his plans. soon. Ask him about his plans. soon. Ask him about his plans. soon. Ask him about his plans.

Use the given hints to ask Use the given hints to ask Use the given hints to ask Use the given hints to ask Use the given hints to ask Use the given hints to ask Use the given hints to ask Use the given hints to ask

questions.questions.questions.questions.questions.questions.questions.questions.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

1. Where / go? Delhi.

2. Howlong / stay

3. When / go?

4. go / alone?

5. travel / bus?

6. Where / stay?

A

weekNext Monday

No, with my

family

No, by train.

In a hotel

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in

continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Deliberate actions. Deliberate actions. Deliberate actions. Deliberate actions. Deliberate actions. Deliberate actions. Deliberate actions. Deliberate actions.

Within our control.Within our control.Within our control.Within our control.Within our control.Within our control.Within our control.Within our control.

Involuntary actions.Involuntary actions.Involuntary actions.Involuntary actions.Involuntary actions.Involuntary actions.Involuntary actions.Involuntary actions.

(automatic)(automatic)(automatic)(automatic)(automatic)(automatic)(automatic)(automatic)

Beyond our control.Beyond our control.Beyond our control.Beyond our control.Beyond our control.Beyond our control.Beyond our control.Beyond our control.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. I am loving you. I am loving you. I am loving you. I am loving you. I am loving you. I am loving you. I am loving you. I am loving you.

2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2. I am hating you.I am hating you.I am hating you.I am hating you.I am hating you.I am hating you.I am hating you.I am hating you.

3. It is smelling bad.3. It is smelling bad.3. It is smelling bad.3. It is smelling bad.3. It is smelling bad.3. It is smelling bad.3. It is smelling bad.3. It is smelling bad.

4. I am hearing you. 4. I am hearing you. 4. I am hearing you. 4. I am hearing you. 4. I am hearing you. 4. I am hearing you. 4. I am hearing you. 4. I am hearing you.

These are These are These are These are These are These are These are These are

not under not under not under not under not under not under not under not under

your your your your your your your your

control.control.control.control.control.control.control.control.

Neither Neither Neither Neither Neither Neither Neither Neither

you can you can you can you can you can you can you can you can

start nor start nor start nor start nor start nor start nor start nor start nor

stop. stop. stop. stop. stop. stop. stop. stop.

Page 70: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in

continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.

Senses: (involuntary actions)Senses: (involuntary actions)Senses: (involuntary actions)Senses: (involuntary actions)Senses: (involuntary actions)Senses: (involuntary actions)Senses: (involuntary actions)Senses: (involuntary actions)

See, smell, taste, hear, feel. See, smell, taste, hear, feel. See, smell, taste, hear, feel. See, smell, taste, hear, feel. See, smell, taste, hear, feel. See, smell, taste, hear, feel. See, smell, taste, hear, feel. See, smell, taste, hear, feel.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in

continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.

Expressing feelings and Expressing feelings and Expressing feelings and Expressing feelings and Expressing feelings and Expressing feelings and Expressing feelings and Expressing feelings and

emotions: love, hate, like, fear, emotions: love, hate, like, fear, emotions: love, hate, like, fear, emotions: love, hate, like, fear, emotions: love, hate, like, fear, emotions: love, hate, like, fear, emotions: love, hate, like, fear, emotions: love, hate, like, fear,

respect etc.respect etc.respect etc.respect etc.respect etc.respect etc.respect etc.respect etc.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in Verbs normally not used in

continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.continuous tenses.

Expressing mental activity:Expressing mental activity:Expressing mental activity:Expressing mental activity:Expressing mental activity:Expressing mental activity:Expressing mental activity:Expressing mental activity:

Know, think,Know, think,Know, think,Know, think,Know, think,Know, think,Know, think,Know, think,

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Past TimePast TimePast TimePast TimePast TimePast TimePast TimePast Time

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Yesterday, at that time, I was

playing football.

Page 75: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Yesterday, at 5 o’clock, I was

having tea.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

When I went out, the sun was

shining.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

He was walking across the

bridge when his hat blew off.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

What were you doing between

7 and 8 o’clock last night?

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

HaveHaveHaveHave you seen seen seen seen an octopus? Do Do Do Do you

knowknowknowknow why it isisisis named so? Look at

this picture.

How many legs

does does does does it hashashashas?

Count them.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

HaveHaveHaveHave you countedcountedcountedcounted them. Tell

me the answer. Yes, It has has has has

eight legs. The name isisisis derived

from the Greek word ‘octo’

meaning eight. pous, = “foot”

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Good. Now look at the name of the Good. Now look at the name of the Good. Now look at the name of the Good. Now look at the name of the

month month month month ‘‘‘‘OctoberOctoberOctoberOctober’’’’. It too . It too . It too . It too hashashashas the the the the

prefix prefix prefix prefix ‘‘‘‘octooctooctoocto’’’’. . . . ‘‘‘‘OctoOctoOctoOcto’’’’ means eight. means eight. means eight. means eight.

But, October But, October But, October But, October isisisis the 10the 10the 10the 10thththth month in month in month in month in

the calendar. Then, How the calendar. Then, How the calendar. Then, How the calendar. Then, How diddiddiddid it it it it get get get get

the name the name the name the name –––– the eight month? The the eight month? The the eight month? The the eight month? The

truth truth truth truth isisisis, October , October , October , October was was was was the eighth the eighth the eighth the eighth

month in the Roman calendar. month in the Roman calendar. month in the Roman calendar. month in the Roman calendar.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

You have seenhave seenhave seenhave seen ants, havenhavenhavenhaven’’’’t t t t

you? Well, can you tell me how

many legs an ant hashashashas? Look at

this picture of an ant. Tell me

How many legs it has? Your

answer is correct. It has six

legs.

Page 83: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

What about centipede? Now you

ask me the question. How many

legs _____ a centipede______?

Well, the answer is, “A

centipede has 100 legs.”

How did this creature get its

name? In Latin, ‘centi’ means

hundred. -pede = (“feet”)

Page 84: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

So, the meaning of centipede is So, the meaning of centipede is So, the meaning of centipede is So, the meaning of centipede is

the creature with 100 feet. the creature with 100 feet. the creature with 100 feet. the creature with 100 feet.

Look at this picture and count Look at this picture and count Look at this picture and count Look at this picture and count

the legs it has. Are their the legs it has. Are their the legs it has. Are their the legs it has. Are their

hundred feet?hundred feet?hundred feet?hundred feet?

Page 85: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Can you describe the

centipede?

Well, it has tow antennae,. It

has a long trunk, with many

segments. It has many legs.

Page 86: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Certainly you have seen a scorpion.

Can you recall and tell how many

legs does a scorpion has?

Did you say ‘six’?

No. the answer

is wrong.

A scorpion has

eight legs.

Page 87: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Use ‘have’ to say what you own.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I have

•• Wrist watchWrist watchWrist watchWrist watchWrist watchWrist watchWrist watchWrist watch

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I have

•• BicycleBicycleBicycleBicycleBicycleBicycleBicycleBicycle

Page 90: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I have

• My little sister too My little sister too My little sister too My little sister too

has a bicyclehas a bicyclehas a bicyclehas a bicycle

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I have

• I have a cameraI have a cameraI have a cameraI have a camera

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I have

• HandicamHandicamHandicamHandicam

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I have

• TabletTabletTabletTablet

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I have

• Samsung Galaxy Note N7000

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

“have” is used to indicate what one

possesses or owns.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

but do not have

a gas bicycle

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

but do not have

a camcardor

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

but you have a

smart phone.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

but do not have

a camcardor

Page 104: 'be' verbs 21.05.12Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012 Iam Gopal This is Raghu. He is my best friend. He is 15 year old. He is a very good singer. Gopal

Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

but he has a

smart phone.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Negatives are

formed by adding

‘not’ to ‘have’

verbs.

It is either

‘do not have’

‘does not have’.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I have

• I usually I usually I usually I usually

have Idly have Idly have Idly have Idly

for for for for

breakfast.breakfast.breakfast.breakfast.

• (have = (have = (have = (have =

eat)eat)eat)eat)

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I have

• I usually I usually I usually I usually

have have have have

coffee coffee coffee coffee

after after after after

breakfast.breakfast.breakfast.breakfast.

• (have = (have = (have = (have =

drink)drink)drink)drink)

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I have

• The boy is The boy is The boy is The boy is

having having having having

bath.bath.bath.bath.

• (take)(take)(take)(take)

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I have

• I have a I have a I have a I have a

sister. Her sister. Her sister. Her sister. Her

name is name is name is name is

Tara.Tara.Tara.Tara.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I have

• I have a I have a I have a I have a

brother. brother. brother. brother.

His name His name His name His name

is Tarun.is Tarun.is Tarun.is Tarun.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I have

• I have an I have an I have an I have an

aunt. Her aunt. Her aunt. Her aunt. Her

name is name is name is name is

Jyothi.Jyothi.Jyothi.Jyothi.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I have

• I have an I have an I have an I have an

uncle. He uncle. He uncle. He uncle. He

is a police is a police is a police is a police

officer.officer.officer.officer.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I have

• I have a I have a I have a I have a

grandpa.grandpa.grandpa.grandpa.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

I have

• I have a I have a I have a I have a

grandma.grandma.grandma.grandma.

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Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012

Bhuvan Kumar

Aishwarya

√√√√ X

√√√√

√√√√

X √√√√

X

√√√√