EGCE 406 Bridge Design CLASS #1 Introduction & Historical Perspective Praveen Chompreda, Ph.D. Mahidol University 2010 Class Topics & Objectives Class Topics & Objectives Topics Objective Definitions of bridge Hi f b id Students can explain what a bridge is Students can describe the History of bridge construction Students can describe the developments of bridge construction Parts of the topics discussed in this class can be found in: Section 1.1-1.2 B d & B d C Bridge & Bridge Components What is a bridge? What is a bridge? Merriam-Webster Dictionary B id = St t i p th d dp i bt l Bridge = Structure carrying a pathway or roadway over a depression or obstacle American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Bridges = Any structure having an opening not less than 6100 mm (20ft) that forms part of a highway or that is located over or under a highway Anything smaller is just a culvert HIGHWAY SOIL culvert Source: Nowak (2005) Source: Nowak (2005)
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EGCE 406Bridge Design
CLASS #1Introduction &Historical Perspectivep
Praveen Chompreda, Ph.D.
Mahidol University2010
Class Topics & ObjectivesClass Topics & Objectives Topics Objective
Definitions of bridge
Hi f b id
Students can explain what a bridge is
Students can describe the History of bridge construction
Students can describe the developments of bridge construction
Parts of the topics discussed in this class can be found in:p
Section 1.1-1.2
B d & B d CBridge & Bridge Components
What is a bridge?What is a bridge? Merriam-Webster Dictionary
B id = St t i p th d d p i b t lBridge = Structure carrying a pathway or roadway over a depression or obstacle
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Bridges = Any structure having an opening not less than 6100 mm (20ft) that forms part of a highway or that is located over or under a highway Anything smaller is just a culvert
SOIL
HIGHWAY
SOIL
culvertSource: Nowak (2005)
Source: Nowak (2005)
Components of BridgeComponents of Bridge Substructure
F d (P l / S d F ) Superstructure
A b b Foundation (Pile/ Spread Footing) Pier (Column) Abutment
Any structures above bearing which support the roadway
Wearing Surface Abutment g
deck bearings
pierpier
abutment
foundation Source: Nowak (2005)
Components of BridgeComponents of Bridge
Superstructure
Substructure
Roadway Deck
Abutment AbutmentSubstructure
SSuperstructureRoadway Deck
Pier
Abutment
Substructure
Components of BridgeComponents of Bridge
Bearing
Source: Nowak (2005)Source: Nowak (2005)
Components of BridgeComponents of Bridge
Pin Joint
C B
Bearing
Cap Beam
Components of BridgeComponents of Bridge
SuperstructureSuperstructure
Cap BeamBearing
Cap Beam
Pier
Span LengthSpan Lengthspan length
single span
span lti multi span
Source: Nowak (2005)
Span > 6 m Bridge Span < 6 m Culvert
Short span: 6-30 m Medium span: 30-100 m Span 6 m Culvert Long span: > 100 m
Historical Perspective of B d CBridge Construction
Historical Perspective of Bridge ConstructionHistorical Perspective of Bridge Construction Prehistoric Roman Period (70 BC - 476 AD) Middle Ages (500 AD -1500 AD)
I Ci ili i (P 1438 1533) Inca Civilization (Peru, 1438-1533) Renaissance Period (1400-1600) I d t i l R l ti (1700 1900) Industrial Revolution (1700-1900) Twentieth Century (1900-2000) Twenty First Century (2000 2100) Twenty First Century (2000-2100)
PrehistoricPrehistoric Prehistoric
Bridges were simply logs or bamboo lay over a streamover a stream
Cannot cross over a wide river
Source: Nowak (2005)
Roman PeriodRoman Period Roman Period
(70 BC - 476 AD)
Roman Empire(70 BC - 476 AD)
Roman discovered natural cement. Pozzolana is a
117-180 AD
loosely coherent volcanic sand found in Pozzoli near Naples. When mixed with plime, hydraulic cement is formed.
Builders of Roman Empire Builders of Roman Empire built mostly stone arch bridges. Wood was scarce
d h d b d and had to be used economically.
8 stone arch bridges were 8 stone arch bridges were built, 6 still remain in rometoday
Sources: www.wikipedia.org
Roman PeriodRoman Period
Ponte de Tiberio (27 BC to 14 AD) Rimini Italy
Source: www.wikipedia.org
Rimini, Italy
Middle AgesMiddle Ages
Middle Ages (500 AD -1500 AD) The bridge building and cement technology was lost
after the fall of Roman Empire. Not much activity for about 1 000 yearsfor about 1,000 years.
Bridges were used to control traffic and as means of defensedefense
Heavy stone structure with narrow openings The bridge knowledge had to be re-learned about g g
1100-1500 AD
Sources: www.wikipedia.org
Middle AgesMiddle Ages
Old London Bridge(1176-1206)London, UK
S N k (2005)Source: Nowak (2005)
Middle AgesMiddle Ages
Old London Bridge(1176 1206)
Source: Nowak (2005)
(1176-1206)London, UK
Middle AgesMiddle Ages
Chapel Bridge (Kapellbrücke) (original 1333, partly rebuilt in 1993)
Sources: www.wikipedia.org
p g ( p ) ( g , p y )Lucerne, Switzerland204 m long wooden bridge
Suspension bridge was invented just before the 20th century
Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution
Brooklyn Bridge (completed 1883)New York, USAalso designed by John Roebling
Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution
L d T B id (1894)
Sources: www.wikipedia.org
London Tower Bridge (1894)London, UK
Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century
Twentieth Century (1900-2000) Iron was completely replaced by Steel Steel Truss bridge was widely used in the early period Prestressed Concrete was developed by Fressinet in 1940s Suspension Bridge was popular for long-span bridgesp g p p g p g Cable-Stayed Bridge was first developed
Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century
Railroad Bridges (1906-1909) Source: Nowak (2005)
g ( )Landwasser Gorge, Switzerland55 m span
Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century
Sydney Harbor Bridge (1938)Sydney Australia
Source: Nowak (2005)
Sydney, Australiaparabolic arch 503m span
Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century
Golden Gate Bridge (1937)S F i USA
Source: Nowak (2005)
San Francisco, USA1280 m span
Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century
Columbia River Bridge gUSA 1950 ft span
Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century
Mackinac Bridge (1957)(1957)Michigan, USA
1158 m span1158 m span
Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century
Kocher Viaduct (1972) Germany
Sources: Nowak (2005)
Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century
Sunshine Skyway Bridge (1987)T Fl idTampa, Florida366 m span
Sources: Nowak (2005)
Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century
Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (1998) Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (1998) Japan 1991m central span
Sources: www.wikipedia.org
Twenty First CenturyTwenty First CenturyGateshead Millennium Bridge (2000)Gateshead UKGateshead, UK126m span
Sources: www.wikipedia.org
Twenty First CenturyTwenty First Century
MillauViaduct (2004)( )Millau, France341 m high (tallest in the world)342 m span342 m span
Sources: www.wikipedia.org
Twenty First CenturyTwenty First CenturyStonecutters Bridge (2009)Hong Kong, ChinaHong Kong, China1018 m span (2nd longest in the world)
Sources: www.arup.com
ReferencesReferences Image Sources
N k (2005) B d D Recommended References
B k R M d P k J A Nowak (2005). Bridge Design Handouts, University of Michigan, MI.
Barker, R. M, and Puckett, J. A. (2007). Design of Highway Bridges: An LRFD Approach, 2nd
www.wikipedia.org Edition, John Wiley and Sons, NJ.