Unit I/Basic Computer Engineering Truba College of Science & Technology, Bhopal Compiled By: Ms. Nandini Sharma Page 1 1. Definition A computer generally means a programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it can execute a pre recorded list of instructions (a program). Fig 1.1 Modern Computer Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery — wires, transistors, and circuits — is called hardware; the instructions and data are called software. 1.1 Basic Computer Operation Input accepts data and instructions through the input devices such as keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, joystick etc. Process and Control performs the actions per the instruction issued and process the given input data. The processing may include ALU operations. It also controls the overall operations like ALU operations inside the computer. Storage stores the data and the instructions for future execution. Output generates the desired output after executing the instructions and the processing the input data. 1.2 History of Computer First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
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Unit I/Basic Computer Engineering Truba College of Science & Technology, Bhopal
Compiled By: Ms. Nandini Sharma Page 1
1. Definition
A computer generally means a programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of
a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it
can execute a pre recorded list of instructions (a program).
Fig 1.1 Modern Computer
Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery — wires, transistors,
and circuits — is called hardware; the instructions and data are called software.
1.1 Basic Computer Operation
Input accepts data and instructions through the input devices such as keyboard,
mouse, scanner, microphone, joystick etc.
Process and Control performs the actions per the instruction issued and process the
given input data. The processing may include ALU operations. It also controls the
overall operations like ALU operations inside the computer.
Storage stores the data and the instructions for future execution.
Output generates the desired output after executing the instructions and the
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Discussion forums
Chat systems
Data conferencing
Collaborative work systems
3) Electronic commerce:
( Business-to-business electronic commerce or business-to-consumer electronic
commerce )
Electronic funds transfer
Supply chain management
E-marketing
Online transaction processing
5 Bio-Informatics
Bioinformatics derives knowledge from computer analysis of biological data. These can
consist of the information stored in the genetic code, but also experimental results from
various sources, patient statistics, and scientific literature. Research in bioinformatics
includes method development for storage, retrieval, and analysis of the data. Bioinformatics
is a rapidly developing branch of biology and is highly interdisciplinary, using techniques and
concepts from informatics, statistics, mathematics, chemistry, biochemistry, physics, and
linguistics. It has many practical applications in different areas of biology and medicine.
Computers + Biology = Bioinformatics
Computers play many roles in modern biology:
Collecting and processing signals detected by laboratory equipment: DNA sequences,
CCD devices, spectrophotometers, and just about any other device that can be
connected to a computer via an analog to digital converter.
Tracking samples and managing experiments in industrial-style laboratories (e.g., in
gene sequencing centers). Most smaller labs don't have the resources to invest in
automated laboratory management, but using software to manually maintain lab-
notebook-style electronic records is rapidly becoming more common.
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Storing data in public databases, and more importantly, public access to the
database via sophisticated Web searches and deposition mechanisms. NCBI, home of
Genbank, PubMed, and other public databases, is the premier example of the kind of
information services that can be built onto a public biological database.
Extracting patterns and rules from large data collections and using these observed
patterns to characterize and predict features in new data. This is the core of
bioinformatics: developing tools which can recognize pattern matches and feature
signatures within an otherwise inscrutable data set.
Annotation: using automatic computational methods to assign functional meaning to
uncharacterized data and to create informative links between different data
collections. For example, many annotation systems use automated sequence
comparison searches to identify potential genes in new genome data.
Simulation: using known information about a system, along with a mathematical or
physicochemical model, to simulate properties of the system. This category is
incredibly diverse, from simulating the motions of interacting protein molecules to
modelling the flow of chemicals through biochemical pathways.
5. Healthcare
Incredible advances have been made in health care in the last few decades. Many of these
have relied upon computer technology or were brought about by applying computer science
capabilities to medical problems. Mapping the human genome was only possible because of
algorithms developed by computer scientists. Image processing and pattern recognition
technology now commonly evaluate radiology scans, and electronic medical records and
physician ordering systems are now coming on-line, reducing medical errors and improving
the quality of care. Microscopic surgery is done using robots, improving the precision of the
procedure and thus improving the outcomes and reducing recovery time. On-line
diagnostics systems help physicians isolate the possible causes for a patient's symptoms and
propose treatment plans.
For example, information retrieval and data mining should provide improved methods for
early detection of disease outbreaks and unsuspected drug reactions. Personalized medicine
will provide treatment plans, not based on statistical outcomes for large populations, but on
the individual's DNA. Telemedicine will support medical examinations in remote areas of the
world and provide up to date diagnostic support. Computer assistive devices will allow the
disabled or elderly to lead fuller, more independent lives.
6. Remote Sensing and GIS
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing feature events on earth. GIS technology integrates common database operations, such as
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query and statistical analysis, with maps. GIS manages location-based information and provides tools for display and analysis of various statistics, including population characteristics, economic development opportunities, and vegetation types. GIS allows you
to link databases and maps to create dynamic displays. Additionally, it provides tools to visualize, query, and overlay those databases in ways not possible with traditional
spreadsheets. These abilities distinguish GIS from other information systems, and make it valuable to a wide range of public and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting
outcomes, and planning strategies.
Remote sensing is the art and science of making measurements of the earth using sensors on airplanes or satellites. These sensors collect data in the form of images and provide
specialized capabilities for manipulating, analyzing, and visualizing those images. Remote sensed imagery is integrated within a GIS.
7. Metrology and Climatology
Meteorology is the science of weather. It is essentially an inter-disciplinary science because the atmosphere, land and ocean constitute an integrated system. The three basic aspects of meteorology are observation, understanding and prediction of weather. There are many
kinds of routine meteorological observations. Some of them are made with simple instruments like the thermometer for measuring temperature or the anemometer for
recording wind speed. The observing techniques have become increasingly complex in recent years and satellites have now made it possible to monitor the weather globally.
Countries around the world exchange the weather observations through fast telecommunications channels. These are plotted on weather charts and analysed by
professional meteorologists at forecasting centres. Weather forecasts are then made with the help of modern computers and supercomputers. Weather information and forecasts are
of vital importance to many activities like agriculture, aviation, shipping, fisheries, tourism, defence, industrial projects, water management and disaster mitigation. Recent advances in
satellite and computer technology have led to significant progress in meteorology.
Climatology is a study of the climate of a place or region on the basis of weather records
accumulated over long periods of time. The average values of meteorological parameters derived from a data base that extends over several decades are called climatologically normal. Different regions of the world have different characteristic climates. However, it is now recognized that climate is not static and issues such as climate change and global
warming are receiving increasing attention.
8. Computer Game
A computer game is a computer-controlled game where players interact with objects
displayed on a screen for the sake of entertainment. A video game is essentially the same form of entertainment, but refers not only to games played on a personal computer, but
also to games run by a console or arcade machine. The term "computer game" also includes games which display only text or which use other
methods, such as sound or vibration, as their primary feedback device, or a controller (console games), or a combination of any of the above.
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Types of Computer Game
Action and skills games
Sports games Combat games Platform games
Labyrinth games Interactive moviews
Strategy and role games
Adventure games Role playing games (single user or small groups)
Neverwinter Nights
Roguelike games MMORPGs
War games Strategy and construction games
Simulations
Hybrid play
Real time strategy games Real time adventure and role playing games with combat
9. Multimedia and Animation
Multimedia uses computers to present text, audio, video, animation, interactive features, and still images in various ways and combinations made possible through the advancement of technology. By combining media and content, those interested in multimedia can take on
and work with a variety of media forms to get their content across. This is an exciting new field for those interested in computers, technology, and creative career options. Multimedia
can be accessed through computers or electronic devices and integrates the various forms together. One example of multimedia would be combining a website with video, audio, or
text images.
Animation is the process of displaying still images in a rapid sequence to create the illusion of movement. These images can be hand drawn, computer generated, or pictures of 3D
objects. Though most people associate animation with cartoons, it also has applications in industrial and scientific research. Regardless of the type, the viewer's body plays a main role
in why people see continuous movement instead of a series of quickly changing images.
Types
There are three main types of animation: traditional, stop motion, and computer generated. Each can be used to make both 2D or 3D images. There are also other less common forms,
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many of which focus on using an unusual medium like sand or glass to create the images, as well as combinations of live action and drawings or computer created images.
Traditional
Traditional animation involves drawing every frame of a film by hand. After all the drawings are completed and colour, they can be photographed or scanned into a computer and then
combined with sound on film. The process is extremely time-consuming, since it requires the creation of around 24 drawings per second of film. It's also labour-intensive, which is why most traditionally animated films are produced by large companies.
Operating System
Definition
An Operating System is a computer program that manages the resources of a computer. It accepts keyboard or mouse inputs from users and displays the results of the actions and
allows the user to run applications, or communicate with other computers via networked connections. Operating System is directly interact with hardware component and create an
interface between user and application software. (shown in fig. 1.11)
Fig 1.11 Operating System
Functions of Operating System
1. Process Management:- Process is a program in execution. Multiprogramming
systems explicitly allow multiple processes to exist at any given time, where only one is using the CPU at any given moment, while the remaining processes are performing
I/O or are waiting.
The process manager is of the four major parts of the operating system. It implements the process abstraction. It does this by creating a model for the way the process uses CPU and
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any system resources. Much of the complexity of the operating system stems from the need for multiple processes to share the hardware at the same time. As a consequence of this goal, the process manager implements CPU sharing ( called scheduling ),
process synchronization mechanisms, and a deadlock strategy. In addition, the process manager implements part of the operating system's protection and security.
Process states and transitions
Fig. 1.12 Process diagram
The above diagram contains a great deal of information.
Consider a running process P that issues an I/O request o The process blocks
o At some later point, a disk interrupt occurs and the driver detects that P's request is satisfied.
o P is unblocked, i.e. is moved from blocked to ready o At some later time the operating system looks for a ready job to run and
picks P. A preemptive scheduler has the dotted line preempt;
A non-preemptive scheduler doesn't. The number of processes changes only for two arcs: create and terminate.
Suspend and resume are medium term scheduling o Done on a longer time scale.
o Involves memory management as well. o Sometimes called two level scheduling.
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Process Control Block (PCB)
If the OS supports multiprogramming, then it needs to keep track of all the processes. For each process, its process control block PCB is used to track the process's execution status, including the following:
Fig. 1.13 Process states
Its current processor register contents
Its processor state (if it is blocked or ready) Its memory state
A pointer to its stack Which resources have been allocated to it
Which resources it needs
2.Memory management:- is the act of managing computer memory. The essential requirement of memory management is to provide ways to dynamically allocate portions of memory to programs at their request, and freeing it for reuse when no longer needed. This is critical to the computer system.
Several methods have been devised that increase the effectiveness of memory
management. Virtual memory systems separate the memory addresses used by a process from actual physical addresses, allowing separation of processes and increasing the
effectively available amount of RAM using paging or swapping to secondary storage. The quality of the virtual memory manager can have a big impact on overall system performance.
3.File Management:- A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator. Commonly, files represent programs (both source and object forms) and data. Data files may be numeric, alphabetic or alphanumeric. Files may be free-form, such as text files, or
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may be rigidly formatted. In general, a file is a sequence of bits, bytes, lines or records whose meaning is defined by its creator and user.
File management is one of the most visible services of an operating system. Computers can store information in several different physical forms among which magnetic tape, disk, and
drum are the most common forms. Each of these devices has their own characteristics and physical organization.
Normally files are organized into directories to ease their use. When multiple users have access to files, it may be desirable to control by whom and in what ways files may be accessed. The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with file management:
4. Device management:- Activating and controlling the peripheral devices in a computer. The operating system is generally responsible for device management, which is embodied in the device drivers. Sometimes, device management routines are run without an OS, such as in small embedded systems, or outside of the OS as in early DOS systems.
Configuring multiple devices within an organization such as desktop PCs, laptops and
mobile devices.
5. Security Management is a broad field of management related to asset management, physical security and human resource safety functions. It entails the
identification of an organization's information assets and the development, documentation and implementation of policies, standards, procedures and guidelines.
Types of Operating System
Types of Operating System
1. Batch Processing Operating System:- In a batch processing operating system interaction
between the user and processor is limited or there is no interaction at all during the execution of work. Data and programs that need to be processed are bundled and collected
as a ‘batch’ and executed together.
Batch processing operating systems are ideal in situations where:
- There are large amounts of data to be processed.
- Similar data needs to be processed.
- Similar processing is involved when executing the data.
The system is capable of identifying times when the processor is idle at which time ‘batches’ maybe processed. Processing is all performed automatically without any user intervention.
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2. Real-time Operating System:- A real-time operating system processes inputs simultaneously, fast enough to affect the next input or process. Real-time systems are usually used to control complex systems that require a lot of processing like machinery
and industrial systems. 3. Single User Operating System:- A single user OS as the name suggests is designed for one
user to effectively use a computer at a time. 4. Multi-Tasking Operating System:- In this type of OS several applications maybe
simultaneously loaded and used in the memory. While the processor handles only one application at a particular time it is capable of switching between the applications
effectively to apparently simultaneously execute each application. This type of operating system is seen everywhere today and is the most common type of OS, the Windows
operating system would be an example. 5. Multi-User Operating System:- This type of OS allows multiple users to simultaneously
use the system, while here as well, the processor splits its resources and handles one user at a time, the speed and efficiency at which it does this makes it apparent that
users are simultaneously using the system, some network systems utilize this kind of operating system.
6. Embedded Operating System:- Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy. They are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design. Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.
INTRODUCTION: - Word Processor is a Software package that enables you to create, edit, print and save documents for future retrieval and reference. Creating a document involves typing by using a keyboard and saving it. Editing a document involves correcting the spelling mistakes, if any, deleting or moving words sentences or paragraphs.
(a) Advantages of Word Processing:- One of the main advantages of a word processor
over a conventional typewriter is that a word processor enables you to make changes to a document without retyping the entire document.
(b) Features of Word Processing:- Most Word Processor available today allows more
than just creating and editing documents. They have wide range of other tools and functions, which are used in formatting the documents. The following are the main
features of a Word Processor
i. Text is typing into the computer, which allows alterations to be made easily. ii. Words and sentences can be inserted, amended or deleted.
iii. Paragraphs or text can be copied /moved throughout the document.
iv. Margins and page length can be adjusted as desired. v. Spelling can be checked and modified through the spell check facility.
vi. Multiple document/files can be merged. vii. Multiple copies of letters can be generated with different addresses through the
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(c) Some Common Word Processing Packages:- The followings are examples of some popular word processor available
Soft word WordStar
Word perfect Microsoft word
1. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF MS-WORD:- Ms-Word not only supports word processing features but also DTP features. Some of the important features of Ms-Word are listed below:
i. Using word you can create the document and edit them later, as and when required, by adding more text, modifying the existing text, deleting/moving some part of it.
ii. Changing the size of the margins can reformat complete document or part of text.
iii. Font size and type of fonts can also be changed. Page numbers and Header and Footer can be included.
iv. Spelling can be checked and correction can be made automatically in the entire
document. Word count and other statistics can be generated.
v. Text can be formatted in columnar style as we see in the newspaper. Text boxes can be made.
vi. Tables can be made and included in the text.
vii. Word also allows the user to mix the graphical pictures with the text. Graphical
pictures can either be created in word itself or can be imported from outside like from Clip Art Gallery.
viii. Word also provides the mail-merge facility.
ix. Word also has the facility of macros. Macros can be either attached to some function/special keys or to a tool bar or to a menu.
x. It also provides online help of any option.
2. GETTING STARTED WITH MS-WORD:- While working in MS-WORD you have to work with a mouse. Also one can work, to some extent, through the keyboard. The use of
mouse is simpler as it is fully menu driven. In MS-WORD every command is available in the form of ‘icons’.
You can go inside MS-WORD by the following way
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1. Take the mouse pointer to START button on the task bar. Click the left mouse button. The monitor will show like as follows:
Fig. 1.14
2. Move the pointer to programs. You will notice another menu coming up to the right. 3. In that menu identify where Microsoft word is placed. Move the cursor horizontally
to come out of programs. 4. Move into the rectangular area meant for Microsoft word. Click the left mouse
button there. The computer will start MS-WORD. You will find the screen as follows.
Fig. 1.15
a. Title Bar :- The title bar displays the name of the currently active word document. Like other WINDOWS applications, it can be used to alter the size and location of the word window.
b. Tool Bars :- Word has a number of tool bars that help you perform task faster and with great ease. Two of the most commonly tool bars are the formatting tool bar and the standard tool bar. These two toolbars are displayed just below the title bar. At any point of time any tool bar can be made ON or OFF through the tool bar option of
View Menu.
(c) Ruler Bar:- The Ruler Bar allows you to format the vertical alignment of text in a document.
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(d) Status Bar:- The Status Bar displays information about the currently active document. This includes the page number that you are working, the column and line number of the cursor position and so on.
(e) Scroll Bar:- The Scroll Bar helps you scroll the content or body of document. You can
do so by moving the elevator button along the scroll bar, or by click in on the buttons with the arrow marked on them to move up and down and left and right of a page.
(f) Workspace :- The Workspace is the area in the document window was you enter/type the text of your document.
(g) Main Menu:- The Word main menu is displayed at the top of the screen as shown in the Fig. 1.14 The main menu further displays a sub menu. Some of the options are highlighted options and some of them appear as faded options. At any time, only highlighted options can be executed, faded options are not applicable. Infect if the option is faded you will not be able to choose it. You may not that any option faded under present situation may become highlighted under different situations.
3. MAIN MENU OPTIONS:- The overall functions of all the items of main menu are
explained below.
(a) File:- You can perform file management operations by using these options such as opening, closing, saving, printing, exiting etc. It displays the following sub menu.
Fig 1.16 File Sub menu
(b) Edit:- Using this option you can perform editing functions such as cut, copy, paste,
find and replace etc. It displays the following sub menu.
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Fig. 1.17 Edit Sub menu
(c) View:- Word document can be of many pages. The different pages may have different modes. Each mode has its limitations. For example in normal mode the graphical picture cannot be displayed. They can only be displayed in page layout mode. Using the option "View" you can switch over from one mode to other. It displays the following Sub menu.
Fig. 1.18 View Sub menu
(d) Insert:- Using this menu, you can insert various objects such as page numbers,
footnotes, picture frames etc. in your document. It displays the following Sub menu.
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Fig. 9.6 Insert Submenu
(e) Format:- Using this menu, you can perform various type of formatting operations, such as fonts can be changed, borders can be framed etc. It displays the following Sub menu.
Fig. 1.19 Format Submenu
(f) Tools:- Using this menu, you can have access to various utilities/tools of Word, such as spell check, macros, mail merge etc. It displays the following Sub menu.
Fig. 1.20
(g) Table:- This menu deals with tables. Using this menu you can perform various types of operations on the table. It displays the following Sub menu.
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(h) Window:- This menu allows you to work with two documents simultaneously. This would require two windows to be opened so that each one can hold one document. Using this menu, you can switch over from one window to another. It displays the
following Sub menu
.
(i) Help:- Using this menu, you can get on-line help for any function.
Fig. 1.21
CONCLUSION:- At the end of this lesson you have learnt the important features of Ms-
Word. We started with procedure to invoke Ms-Word.
Microsoft Excel basics- Knowledge of how to navigate in a Windows is helpful. To begin, open Microsoft Excel in the programs setting of your Start Menu. The screen shown here will
appear
.
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Title Bar
The Title bar is located at the very top of the screen. On the Title bar, Microsoft Excel
displays the name of the workbook you are currently using. At the top of your screen, you should see Microsoft Excel - Book1
Menu Bar
The Menu bar is directly below the Title bar. Point with your mouse to a menu option and
click the left mouse button. A drop-down menu will appear. To select an option, highlight
the item on the drop-down menu and press Enter. An ellipse after a menu item signifies additional options.
Tool Bar
The Standard Toolbar
The Formatting Toolbar
Toolbars provide shortcuts to menu commands. Toolbars are located just below the Menu
bar.
Worksheets
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Microsoft Excel consists of worksheets. Each worksheet contains columns and rows. The columns are lettered A to IV; the rows are numbered 1 to 65536. The combination of column
and row coordinates make up a cell address. For example, the cell located in the upper left corner of the worksheet is cell A1, meaning column A, row 1. Cell E10 is located under
column E on row 10. You enter your data into the cells on the worksheet.
Formula Bar
If the Formula bar displays the Cell address on the left Cell Entries display on the right side of the Formula bar.
Status Bar
The Status bar appears at the very bottom of the screen. .
The word Ready tells you that Excel is in the Ready mode and awaiting your next command.
Other indicators appear on the Status bar in the lower right corner of the screen. Here are some examples:
The letters NUM on the Status bar in the lower right corner of the screen indicate that the
numeric keypad is on. The Num Lock key is a toggle key. Pressing it turns the numeric
keypad on and off. You can use the numeric keypad to enter numbers as if you were using a calculator.
Arrow Keys
Down Arrow Key
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Use the down arrow key to move downward on the screen one cell at a time.
Up Arrow Key
Use the Up Arrow key to move upward on the screen one cell at a time.
Right and Left Arrow Keys
Use the right and left arrow keys to move right or left one cell at a time.
Page Up and Page Down
Page Up and Page Down keys move the cursor up and down one page at a time.
End Key
The Status Bar
End key, used in conjunction with the arrow keys, causes the cursor to move to the far end of
the spreadsheet in the direction of the arrow.
Home Key
Home key, used in conjunction with the End key, moves you to to the beginning of the data area if you have entered data or cell A1.
Scroll Lock
Scroll Lock moves the window, but not the cell pointer.
Selecting Cells
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If you wish to perform a function on a group of cells, you must first select those cells by highlighting them. To highlight cells A1 to E1.Place the cursor in cell A1.Press the F8 key.
This anchors the cursor. Note that EXT appears on the Status bar in the lower right corner of the screen. You are in the Extend mode. Click in cell E7. Cells A1 to E7 should now be
highlighted. Press Esc and click anywhere on the worksheet to clear the highlighting.
Closing Microsoft Excel
Close Microsoft Excel.
Click on File, which is located on the Menu bar. Press the down arrow key until Exit is highlighted. Press Enter. Click on No, if you are prompted, "Do you want to save the
changes you made to Book1?"
INTRODUCTION:- To launch Microsoft PowerPoint, click Start -> (All) Programs ->
Microsoft Office -> Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2003
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The Title Bar:- As a regular Windows application, Microsoft PowerPoint shares some
characteristics that are common to other programs. The top section of the interface is made of a wide bar called the title bar:
The left section of the title bar displays a small picture known as the system icon. This icon is
used to identify the application. The icon holds a list of actions you can perform to close, minimize, maximize, move or restore the application. To perform any of these actions, you
would click the system icon. This would display its list:
This list can also be referred to as the system menu. To use one of its items, you can click it. The main area of a title bar is a long bar actually referred to as the title bar. This section is
also used to perform the same operations available on the system menu. There are other
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operations you can perform different than the system menu depending on the way you click
the main area of the title bar.
The System Buttons:- The right section of the title bar displays three small squares referred to
as the system buttons. They are used to minimize, maximize, restore or close Microsoft PowerPoint. These items are
Button Role
Minimizes the window
Maximizes the window
Restores the window
Closes the window
The Main Menu:- Under the title bar, there is the main menu and sometimes called the Menu
Bar. To use a menu item, you click one of its words and the menu expands. If an item is missing from the main menu, you can customize it.
There are four main types of menus you will encounter:
When clicked, the behavior of a menu that stands alone depends on the
actions prior to clicking it. Under the File menu, an example is Exit
A menu that is disabled is not accessible at the moment. This kind of
menu depends on another action or the availability of something else. Here are examples:
A menu with three dots means that an intermediary action is required in order to apply its assignment. Usually, this menu would call a dialog box where
the user would have to make a decision.
A menu with an arrow holds a list of menu items under it. A menu under another menu is called a submenu. To use such a menu, you would position the mouse on it to display its submenu. Here is an example:
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On the main menu (and any menu), there is one letter underlined on each word. Examples are F in File, E in Edit, V in View, etc. The underlined letter is called an access key. The access
key allows you to access the same menu item using the keyboard. In order to use an access key, the menu should have focus first. The menu is given focus by pressing either the Alt or
the F10 keys. When the menu has focus and you want to dismiss it, you can press Esc.
On some menu items, there is a key or a combination of keys we call a shortcut. This key or
this combination allows you to perform the same action on that menu using the keyboard. If
the shortcut is made of one key only, you can just press it. If the shortcut is made of two keys, press and hold the first one, while you are holding the first, press the second key once and
release the first key. Some shortcuts are a combination of three keys.
From now on, in our lessons,
Press Means
T Press the T key
Alt, G Press and release Alt. Then press G
Ctrl + H Press and hold Ctrl. While you are still holding Ctrl, press H once.
Then release Ctrl
Ctrl + Shift + E Press and hold Ctrl. Then press and hold Shift. Then press E once. Release Ctrl and Shift
The Toolbars:- Under the menu bar, there is another bar made of various buttons. This is called a toolbar. There are various toolbars used in Microsoft PowerPoint. Each toolbar has a
proper name and we will learn how to recognize them.
At times, there will be many toolbars that come and go while you are using Microsoft
PowerPoint. For this reason, we will refer to each toolbar by its name. To know the name of a toolbar, you can right-click any word on the menu bar or any button on the toolbar. If you
have only one toolbar on your screen, its name will have a check box. The other name(s) on
the context menu is (are) the one (those) you can add to the screen if you wish:
Unit I/Basic Computer Engineering Truba College of Science & Technology, Bhopal
Compiled By: Ms. Nandini Sharma Page 39
You could also create your own toolbar.
The Status Bar The status bar is a long horizontal bar that spans the whole bottom section of
Microsoft PowerPoint. It will be used to provide some assistance or information about an item that is displaying or being accessed in Microsoft Access.
Saving and Closing presentation:- You can save, close, and exit presentations in power point
just as you would while using other Microsoft Presentations.