BBHS Topicality File

8/11/2019 BBHS Topicality File

1/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

Topicality

Resolved: The United States federal government should sustantially reduce its military

and!or police presence in one or more of the follo"ing: South #orea$ %apan$ &fghanistan$

#u"ait$ Ira'$ Tur(ey)

**Sustantial** )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 2

1NC Substantial Reduction 25%..........................................................................................................................2Ext: Substantial Reduction = 25%..............................................................................................................................31NC Substantial Reduction 50%..........................................................................................................................4Ext: Substantial Reduction = 50%..............................................................................................................................5Substantial = I!o"tant...............................................................................................................................................#Substantial = $"bit"a"................................................................................................................................................&

**Reduce** ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) +

1NC ' Reduce C$NN() Eliinate...........................................................................................................................*Reduce C$N Eliinate...............................................................................................................................................+Reduce = ,ec"ease....................................................................................................................................................10

**Its** ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 11

1NC Its ' Excludes -"iate Cont"acto"s.................................................................................................................11Ext: -"iate /ilita" Cont"acts a"e N() )o!ical.....................................................................................................12$ -"iate Cont"acto"s a"e to!ical........................................................................................................................13Its = -ossession.........................................................................................................................................................14Its = Related )o.........................................................................................................................................................15

**,ilitary -resence** ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 1.

1NC -"esence Excludes Cobat o"ces................................................................................................................1#Ext: -"esence is N() Cobat (!e"ations................................................................................................................1&$): Cobat ,istinction Excludes I"a$anistan.................................................................................................1*CI ' -"esence = (nl /ilita" $id6 Cobat (!e"ations6 and 7ases.......................................................................1+$ ' -"esence = Cobat (!e"ations.............................................................................................................. .........20Cobat ,istinction Excludes I"a$anistan.......................................................................................................21Cobat ,istinction ails..........................................................................................................................................22$): 8"ee" Eidence...................................................................................................................................................23

1NC -"esence is (nl )"oo!s................................................................................................................................24Ext: -"esence = )"oo!s.............................................................................................................................................25

$ -"esence Includes 7ot )"oo!s and In"ast"uctu"e..........................................................................................2#$ -"esence is ,eined 7"oadl...........................................................................................................................2&7"oad $ Inte"!"etations o -"esence.......................................................................................................................2*7"oad $ Inte"!"etations o -"esence.......................................................................................................................2+

**-olice -resence** ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) /01NC -olice -"esence = $ctual -olice ,e!loents..............................................................................................30Ext: -olice -"esence Ree"s to Ciilian -olice.........................................................................................................311NC -olice -"esence ,oesn9t $llo Cobat )"oo!s............................................................................................32Ext: -olice -"esence "ee"s to !ost'conlict !eace;ee!in.......................................................................................33

**ther ords** ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) /


2/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

2


3/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

**Sustantial**

13C 4 Sustantial Reduction 4 256

&) Interpretation 4 a sustantial reduction is 256 7 military regulations prove)/a@o" Steen N. Tomanelliet al6 as se"ed as a Aude $docate in te 6 $" Bae"6 eb"ua" 1886 Bexis $cadeic1. Reulato" Canes''Notiication Reui"eents o" )e"ination o" Reduction o ,eense -"o"as.'' The DD has issued an

interim rule re'uiring military departmentsand deense aencies to notify contractors ofa !otential te"ination o6 o"

sustantial reduction in$ a defense program. n5*1


4/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

@At: Sustantial Reduction B 256

256 is the definition used in military legislation)

3ational Defense &uthoriation &ct for iscal Eear 1886 -


5/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

13C 4 Sustantial Reduction 4 506

&) Interpretation 7 DD defines sustantial reduction as 506 7 official guidelines prove)

6 (ice o ,i"ecto"6 (!e"ational )est and Ealuation6 /andato" -"ocedu"es o" /a@o" ,eense

$cuisition -"o"as /,$-S> and /a@o" $utoated Ino"ation Sstes /$IS> $cuisition -"o"as6F $!"il56 20026 tt!:.ex!lo"ationsstes.nasa.odocuents)))L052005,o,50002R.!d ,$ &122010C&.10.3.12. )e ,o, Co!onents sall not te"inate o" substantiall "educe !a"tici!ation in @oint $C$) I, !"o"as itout Reui"eents$uto"it "eie and a!!"oal o" in @oint $C$) I$ !"o"as itout Reui"eents $uto"it "eie and $S,C3I> a!!"oal. )e o" $S,C3I> a "eui"e a ,o, Co!onent to continue soe o" all undin6 as necessa"6 to sustain te @oint !"o"a in an

eicient anne"6 des!ite a!!"oin tei" "euest to te"inate o" "educe !a"tici!ation. Sustantial reduction is defined as aundin o"

uantit decrease of 50 percent or more in the total funding or 'uantitiesin te latest -"esidents 7udet o" tat !o"tion o

te @oint !"o"a unded b te ,o, Co!onent see;in te te"ination o" "educed !a"tici!ation.

-resence is the totality of military activities in each country)

7a"" /. 9lechman et al6 -"esident o ,I Inte"national6 S!"in6 1886 St"ateic Reie6 !.148ien its ultiaceted natu"e6 neite" !"actitione"s no" scola"s ae et settled on a sinle deinition o presence. )ecnicall6 te te"

refers tobot a ilita" !ostu"e and a ilita" ob@ectie. )is stud uses te te" !"esenceF to "ee" to a continuum of military

activities6 "o a a"iet o inte"actions du"in !eacetie to c"isis "es!onse inolin bot o"ces on te scene and tose based in te


6/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

@At: Sustantial Reduction B 506

,ilitary legislation defines sustantial reductions as 506)

Comprehensive 9ase Closure Reform and Recovery &ct of 1882102 . R. 44216 )ext o te ullbill6 int"oduced b (l!ia Snoe6 Bexis Con"essional>)I)BE I'ENKIR(N/EN)$B RES)(R$)I(N $) /IBI)$RO INS)$BB$)I(NS )( 7E CB(SE, SEC. 101. CBE$N


7/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

Sustantial B Important

Sustantially means significant)

Concise Aford @nglish Dictionary 200+6 )elt Edition6 (xo"d Ree"ence (nline6tt!:.oxo"d"ee"ence.co.!"ox1.cl.su.eduiesEN)RO.tlPent"=t23.e5#0#2Ms"n=1Mssid=4#452#QIRS)I)

sustantially

ad.1. to a great or significant eAtent.2. o" te ost !a"t essentiall.

Sustantial means important)

Aford Dictionary of @nglish$ 20056 (xo"d Ree"ence (nline6tt!:.oxo"d"ee"ence.co.!"ox1.cl.su.eduiesEN)RO.tlPent"=t140.e#34Ms"n=&Mssid=104#*5520&QIRS)I)

sustantial

ad@ectie

1. of considerale importance6 sie6 o" o"t: a substantial aount o cas.T st"onl built o" ade: a "o o substantial Kicto"ian illas. T o a eal> la"e and illin. T i!o"tant in ate"ial o" social te"s ealt: asubstantial ,eon ail.2. conce"nin te essentials o soetin: te"e as substantial a"eeent on canin !olicies.3. "eal and tanible "ate" tan iaina": s!i"its a"e sado6 uan beins substantial.

&


8/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

Sustantial B &ritrary

Their definition of sustantial is aritrary 4 there?s no consistency in US Code)

Ae"e /. Colon6 $ssociate -"oesso" o Ba6 o"da . 3either the statute nor the legislative history indicates ho" much of a reduction in taAes is

necessary in order to constitute a HsustantialH reduction) The meaning of HsustantialH varies from oneCode section to the other. Co!a"e6 e..6 I.R.C. 3#*a>1>C> ?est 1+** M Su!!. 1++#> acuisition o Gsubstantiall allG o acui"edco!ans assets o" "ulin !u"!oses is &0% o "oss assets and +0% o net assets Re. -"oc. &&'3&6 1+&&'2 C.7. 5#*>> it I.R.C. 10+2 ?est1+** M Su!!. 1++#> Gsubstantial diinutionG o "is; o loss>.

*


9/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

**Reduce**

13C 7 Reduce C&33T @liminate&) Interpretation 7 Reduce does not mean to eliminate 4 Gudicial rulings prove

/a"cus -e""in #no"lton6 Bate Cie Austice ( )e Su!"ee Audicial Cou"t ( /assacusetts6 (!inion in ,o"a

8"een . $b"aa S;la"6 Aune 206 18056 Bexis $cadeic)e i"st uestion is ete"6 in a!!lin te statute6 te @ude a conside" te costs o te die"ent cases toete" as one a"eate6 and "educete to an aount Gnot less tan te HU3#4J o"dina" itness ees and ote" costs "ecoe"able in one o te casesG o"6 ete" e is to conside"te costs o eac case b itsel6 and a;e te "eduction in eac case se!a"atel. I e is liited to te latte" ode6 e cannot extinuis o" disallo

te costs altoete" in an case6 o" the "ord Hreduce$H in its ordinary signification$ does not mean to cancel6 dest"o or

ring to naught$ ut to diminish$ lo"er or ring to an inferior state. ?e tin; N28o to tis eadnote in te case.teo"ds aboe uoted indicate tat6 in "educin te costs6 te aount in all te cases toete" is to be conside"ed and "educed. )is a;es it

!ossible o" te @ude6 in is disc"etion6 to "educe te in suc a a as to leae notin in soe o te cases6 !"oidin e leaes in te

a"eate an aount not HUUU3J less tan te la"est su "ecoe"able in an o te cases.

9)


10/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

Reduce C&3 @liminate

ederal code proves elimination is a "ay to reduce)

US Code 2005Code o ede"al Reulations ' )itle 2#: Inte"nal Reenue ,ecebe" 2005>6 2# CR 54.4+*0'16tt!:c".lex.coid54'siniicantl'"educin'utu"e'acc"ual'1+&1125*>c> Eliination o" cessation o beneits. o" !u"!oses o tis section6 the terms reduce or reduction include

eliminate or ceaseo" eliination o" cessation.

egislation proves reduce can mean eliminate 4 you can reduce to ero)

/a@o" Sauel ?. #an6 Aude $docate6 6

but as anone ailia" it inte"national la ;nos6 ettin count"ies to a"ee on antin is ext"eel diicult. $ltou see"al decades isconside"ed so"t'te" en it coes to establisin inte"national a"eeents6 n15* it ould be !"oibitiel lon'te" in add"essin te issue o

ciilians o!e"atin in uestionable "oles.

10


11/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

Reduce B Decrease

Reduce means to ma(e smaller)

Concise Aford @nglish Dictionary$ 200+6 )elt Edition6 (xo"d Ree"ence (nline

reduce

.1. ma(e or ecome smallero" less in amount6 de"ee6 or sie. Tboil a sauce o" ote" liuid> so tat it becoes tic;e" ando"e concent"ated. T ciel N. $e".> o a !e"son> lose eit. T -oto"a!> a;e a neatie o" !"int> less dense.2. "educe soeonetin to> b"in soeone o" soetin b o"ce o" necessit to an undesi"able state o" action>. T "educe soeone to> a;esoeone el!less it soc;6 anuis6 o" auseent>.3. "educe soetin to> cane soetin to a si!le" o" o"e basic o">. T cone"t a "action to te o" it te loest te"s>.4. Ceist"> cause to cobine ceicall it d"oen. T unde"o o" cause to unde"o a "eaction in ic elect"ons a"e ained "o anote"substance o" olecule. )e o!!osite o oxidie.5. "esto"e a dislocated bod !a"t> to its !"o!e" !osition.#. a"caic> besiee and ca!tu"e a ton o" o"t"ess>.

11


12/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

**Its**

13C 4 Its 7 @Acludes -rivate Contractors&) Interpretation 4 ;its> implies o"nership)

Jlossary of @nglish Jrammar Terms$ 2005 tt!:.usinenlis.colossa"!ossessie'!"onoun.tl>/ine6 ou"s6 is6 e"s6 its6 ou"s6 tei"s arete possessive pronouns used tosubstitute a noun and to sho"possession or o"nership.E8. )is is ou" dis; and tats ine. /ine substitutes te o"d dis; and sos tat it belons to e.>

,ilitary means elonging to the armed forces)

Camridge &dvanced earnerFs Dictionary 2010tt!:dictiona".cab"ide.o"dictiona"b"itisilita"L1>military ad@ectie

"elatin to o"belonging to the armed forcesforeign military intervention

military targets/forcesmilitary uniform

Tdesc"ibes a ca"acte"istic tat is t!ical o te a"ed o"cesmilitary precision

9)


13/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

@At: -rivate ,ilitary Contracts are 3T Topical

,ilitary contractors are not part of the USJ 4 legislation and court rulings)

$a"on E. Jarfield6 assined to te 205t /ilita" Intellience 7"iade "o Aanua" to ,ecebe"6 20036 as a

ilita" intellience analst6 Sue" 200.6 8eo"eton Aou"nal o Inte"national Ba6 3& 8eo. A. Intl B. &256 Bexis$cadeic

?it te ede"al )o"t Clais $ct )C$>6 Con"ess exe!ted te ede"al oe"nent "o to"t liabilit unde" s!eciied conditions6 suc ase"e a clai a"ises in a o"ein count" o" "o cobatant actiities. n22 oee"6 the TC& eAplicitly eAcludes private

contractors from its definition of "ho may e considered to e acting as an agent or instrumentality of the

U)S) government. n23 The courtsae not s!eciicall dealt it te issue o inde!endent cont"acto"s e!loed in t"aditionall

oe"nental unctions in te ilita" o!e"ational context. HU&30J )e have6 oee"6 eAplicitly eAcluded contractors from

immunity in cases involving outsourced correctional officers in penal and immigration facilities. n24 $s itoutsou"ced e!loees at doestic acilities6 te lo o oe"nent auto"it in I"a sto!s at te cont"actin oicial6 and does not continue donto te cont"acted i" o" its e!loees.

Contractors are not agents of the government 4 Supreme Court rulings prove)

-"oesso" 7a"ba"a 9ede(6 $ssociate -"oesso" at te 'ualify as comatants)5+ 7ecause contract employees fall outside themilitary chain of command$#0 een tose o a!!ea" to eet te c"ite"ia as cobatants could be at "is; o losin tei" "it to bet"eated as -(?s i ca!tu"ed b te ene.

ConteAtual evidence proves)

Ae"e Scahill6 -uin oundation ?"itin ello at )e Nation Institute6 $uust 136 2006 lus it -"oits"o te I"a ?a"6 /ilita" Cont"acto"s See a ?o"ld o 7usiness (!!o"tunities6Ftt!:.alte"net.o"o"ld5+5&1,u"in te 1++1 8ul ?a"6 te "atio o t"oo!s to !"iate cont"acto"s as about #0 to 1. )oda6 it is te cont"acto"s o outnube"


14/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

&ff 4 -rivate Contractors are topical

-rivate contractors meet ;police presence)>

Aennie" W. @lseaet al6 Beislatie $tto"ne in te $e"ican Ba ,iision at te Con"essional Resea"c Se"ice6

$uust 256 200+6 -"iate Secu"it Cont"acto"s in I"a: 7ac;"ound6 Beal Status6 and (te" Issues6Ftt!:.as.o"s!c"snatsecRB3241+.!d

The Jeneva Conventions and other la"s of "ar do not appear to forid the use of civilian contractors in acivil police role in occupied territory$ in "hich case contractors might e authoried to use forceenabsolutel necessa" to deend !e"sons o" !"o!e"t.#1 8ien te luid natu"e o te cu""ent secu"it situation in I"a6 it a soeties be diicultto disce"n ete" ciilian secu"it ua"ds a"e !e"o"in la'eno"ceent duties o" a"e enaed in cobat. I tei" actiit aounts to cobat6te ould becoe laul ta"ets o" ene o"ces du"in te itin6 and6 i ca!tu"ed b an ene oe"nent i one sould ee"e>6 could

!otentiall be !"osecuted as c"iinals o" tei" ostile acts.#2 Cont"act !e"sonnel o intentionall ;ill o" in@u"e ciilians could be liable o" succonduct "ea"dless o tei" cobatant status.#3

Their interpretation of its doesn?t eAclude private contractors 4 they can legally e

considered agents of the government "hen acting for the government 4 court rulings prove)

Nanc Jertner6 .

14


15/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

Its B -ossession

;Its> implies o"nership)

Jlossary of @nglish Jrammar Terms$ 2005 tt!:.usinenlis.colossa"!ossessie'!"onoun.tl>/ine6 ou"s6 is6 e"s6 its6 ou"s6 tei"s arete possessive pronouns used tosubstitute a noun and to sho"

possession or o"nership.E8. )is is ou" dis; and tats ine. /ine substitutes te o"d dis; and sos tat it belons to e.>

Its implies possession)

The &merican KeritageL Dictionary of the @nglish anguage$ 20086 ou"t Edition6tt!:dictiona"."ee"ence.cob"oseitsits Yts>[email protected] possessive form of it.


16/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

Its B Related To

;Its> means related to)

,erriam esters nline Dictionary$ 20106 tt!:.e""ia'ebste".codictiona"its/ain Ent": its-"onunciation: Z its6 [tsZ

unction: ad@ectie,ate: ci"ca 150&

: of or relating to ito" itsel es!eciall as !ossesso"6 aent6 o" ob@ect o an action \oin to its ;ennel] \a cild !"oud o its i"std"ains] \its inal enactent into la]

1#


17/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

**,ilitary -resence**

13C 4 -resence @Acludes Comat orces&) Interpretation 7 -resence eAcludes comat activities)

Aaes Thomason -"o@ect Beade"6 Institute o" ,eense $nalsis6 )"anso"in 6 o" a"e inoled in a one'tie non'cobat actionsuc as an unsceduled ca""ie" battle "ou! de!loent "o te


18/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

@At: -resence is 3T Comat perations

-resence eAcludes comat forces)

Bieutenant Colonel Ca"les Jreer6 o" ete" te a"e enaed in te tas;s o c"isis "es!onse.> $ basic

!"oble it oe"seas presenceis tat te te" descries oth a military postureilita" eans> and a military mission

ilita" eans and !olitical ob@ecties>. In te case o !"esence as a ission6 the oGective is influenceon beal o a a"iet o to influence "hat foreign

governments6 113 bot ade"sa" and "iend6 thin( and dote ends> without combat.114 (e"seas !"esence does not constitutea st"ate6 tou it o" a siila" te" a in tie becoe te so"tand nae o" te national st"ate. )e national st"ate is one oenaeent o


19/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

&T: Comat Distinction @Acludes Ira'!&fghanistan

The US has tens of thousands of non7comat troops in Ira' 4 plenty of aff ground)

Sa Smith6 edito" o


20/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

C!I 7 -resence B nly ,ilitary &id$ Comat perations$ and 9ases

;-resence> is only military aid$ comat operations$ and ases)

&merican server uotin ,(, Re!o"ts


21/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

&ff 7 -resence B Comat perations

-resence includes oth comat and non7comat operations 4 official udget planning for

Ira' proves)

Con"essional 7udet (ice C9>6 Se!tebe" 206 2006 )e -ossible Costs to te scenario6 ic ould inole "otatin ilita" units into and out o I"a to sustain and a ;noncomat> scenario6 ic ould inole stationin s!eciic ilita" units indeinitel atestablised bases in te "eion in a less ostile eni"onent. I

ground comat units stationed in (ina"a6 Aa!an. Siila"l6 te $i" o"ce aintains units in bot Wo"ea and Aa!an6 and te /a"ineCo"!s as aiation eui!ent and !e"sonnel in (;inaa. In !a"ticula"6 "o 1++1 to 2004 until a "ecent $" "eo"aniation>6 te


22/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

Comat Distinction @Acludes Ira'!&fghanistan

Their interpretation eAcludes Ira' and &fghanistan 4 no distinction et"een comat and

non7comat troops)

eate" S. In"u Jipson6 A.,. Candidate6


23/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

Comat Distinction ails

Comat distinction fails 4 no "ay to separate comat and non7comat activities)

Colonel ,aid $. astaend6 ?"itin )ea at te Scool o $danced /ilita" Studies6 and Cobat Se"ice Su!!o"t CSS> 7"ances /a". +6 2005> alte"ations added>6 aailable attt!:. ilita".co/ilita"Ca"ee"sContent061455#6/-,C Ca"ee"Nes $" Enlisted 030+05600.tl.)e ission'o"iented sentient a!!lies unless6 o cou"se6 te a"e oen: G$ttendance at Rane" scool ill"eain liited to Soldie"s o" o te cobat exclusion !olic does not a!!l.G Id.

3ature of conflict has changed 4 can?t distinguish et"een comat and non7comat)Steen W. 9erenson6 $ssociate -"oesso" o Ba6 )oas Aee"son Scool o Ba6 all 20086 aline Aou"nalo -ublic Ba M -olic6 31 aline A. -ub. B. M -ol 1016 Bexis $cadeic( cou"se6 !scoloical and ote" less isible o"s o in@u"ies ae been a eatu"e o a"a"e "o te beinnin o uan existence. n12+oee"6 a nube" o eatu"es o te cu""ent conlicts a be inluencin an inc"ease in te !"ealence o suc in@u"ies. )e i"st o tese "elatesto canes in ilita" o!e"ations6 HU12&J includin extended de!loents. n130 G)"oo!s a"e seein o"e'"euent de!loents6 o "eate"lents6 it so"te" "est !e"iods in beteen ' acto"s tout to c"eate a o"e st"essul eni"onent o" se"iceebe"s.G n131 $dditionall6

the line et"een comat and non7comat situations has lurred in the current conflicts. )us6 rather than

eAperiencing distinct periods of comat6 olloed b !e"iods o "est6 service memers face a constant threat of

guerilla type attac(s. n132 )e constant iilance "eui"ed to deend onesel is a t!e o st"esso" tat as been lin;ed to -)S,.

23


24/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

&T: Jreer @vidence

Jreer admits that his definition is not universal and only applies to his research 4 prefer

our evidence$ "hich cites US la")

Bieutenant Colonel Ca"les Jreer6


25/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

13C 4 -resence is nly Troops

&) Interpretation 7 -resence is limited to troops)

The Aford @ssential Dictionary of the U)S) ,ilitary$ 20016 (xo"d Ree"ence (nlinepresence n.a group of people$ especially soldiers or police$ stationed in a particular place: aintain a!"esence in te "eion.

9)


26/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

@At: -resence B Troops

-resence is measured ased on troops)

Aessie - -oon$ et al6 -"oesso" in te ,e!a"tent o 8eo"a!6 . "o tis database6 cu""ent and isto"ical"eco"ds a be sea"ced o" . In addition6 contextual ino"ation is also collected "o "esea"c ono"a!s on in ?asinton6 ,.C.6 and CRS constitutes te !ublic !olic "esea"ca" o te


27/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

&ff 4 -resence Includes 9oth Troops and Infrastructure

-resence includes oth troops infrastructure)

7a"" /. 9lechman et al6 -"esident o ,I Inte"national6 S!"in6 1886 St"ateic Reie6 !.148ien its ultiaceted natu"e6 neite" !"actitione"s no" scola"s ae et settled on a sinle deinition o presence. )ecnicall6 te te"

refers tobot a ilita" !ostu"e and a ilita" ob@ectie. )is stud uses te te" !"esenceF to "ee" to a continuum of military

activities6 "o a a"iet o inte"actions du"in !eacetie to c"isis "es!onse inolin bot o"ces on te scene and tose based in te


28/37

SDI 2010 Topicality

Topicality Core

&ff 4 -resence is Defined 9roadly

fficial usage of presence is road 4 includes for"ard7deployed troops)

/a" B. Scala6 (ice o te Sec"eta" o ,eense6 /a 1*6 188+6 )eate" Enaeent -lannin: $n Inte"aenc(!!o"tunit6F tt!:.dtic.ilci'bin8et)R,ocP$,=$,$351MBocation= "as made as road as possilefrom for"ard7stationed troops$ to prepositioned stoc(s$ to naval

deployments$ to Goint and comined military eAercises$ to mil7to7mil contacts.3 $t about te sae tie6 te Aoint Staas o";in to c"eate a notional baseline enaeent o"ceF in o"de" to et a clea"e" isto"ical !ictu"e o o an


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9road &ff Interpretations of -resence

ive categories of military presence 4 permanently stationed forces$ rotational forces$

temporary deployments for training$ defense cooperation$ and academic centers)

Rica"d A. Samuels6 o"d Inte"national -"oesso" o -olitical Science and ,i"ecto" o te Cente" o" Inte"national

Studies6 200.6 Go"a"d 7asin.G Encclo!edia o 6 personnel eAchanges$ humanitarian assistance andliited o" ull scalepermissive and non7permissive military operations.

2+


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9road &ff Interpretations of -resence

,ilitary presence includes a road list of non7comat activities)

7a"" /. 9lechman et al6 -"esident o ,I Inte"national6 S!"in6 1886 St"ateic Reie6 !.13(ccu!in a continuu o o!e"ations so"t o actual cobat6 presence missions have included the permanentasing of troops overseas$ routine military7to7military contacts$ military eAercises and training "ith other

nations$ participation in multinational peace and humanitarian operations$ the provision of timelyintelligence information and other data to leaders of other nations$ military deployments in response to crises$

and6 en necessa"6 the deployment of forces in anticipation of comat.

,ilitary presence includes a road list of actions$ including peace(eeping)

Aaes Thomason -"o@ect Beade"6 Institute o" ,eense $nalsis6 )"anso"in


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**-olice -resence**

13C 4 -olice -resence B &ctual -olice Deployments Mvs) affs thatclaim their "ithdra"al of military decrease ;police>Q

&) Interpretation 4 -olice presence is distinct from military presence 4 it is limited to actual

deployments of police for training and sustitution for indigenous forces)

Aaes Doinset al6 ,i"ecto"6 Inte"national Secu"it and ,eense -olic Cente"6 R$N, National Secu"it

Resea"c ,iision6 200/6 $e"icas Role in Nation'7uildin: "o 8e"an to I"a6tt!:."and.o"!ubsono"a!L"e!o"ts/R1&53/R1&53.c+.!dIN)ERN$)I(N$B -(BICE -RESENCE (KER )I/E& more recent innovation has een dispatching U)S) and international police to supplement the efforts of

military forcesto !"oide secu"it o" local inabitants. )ese initiaties ae die"ed "eatl in sco!e and scale. Some have

principally consisted of training programs for local la" enforcement officersN others have een maGor

operations that have included deploying hundreds or thousands of armed international police to monitor$train$ mentor$ and even sustitute for indigenous forcesuntil te c"eation o a !"oicient doestic !olice o"ce. iu"e +.3sos nube"s o o"ein !olice !e" tousand inabitants oe" tie o" te ou" cases tat eatu"ed siniicant de!loents o inte"national

!olice.

9)


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@At: -olice -resence Refers to Civilian -olice

-olice refers to civilian police forces 4 proves that police presence should e distinct from

the military)

/atieu Deflem andSuanne Sut!in6 -"oesso" o Sociolo at te


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13C 4 -olice -resence Doesn?t &llo" Comat Troops

&) Interpretation 7 -olice presence refers to post7comat military forces 4 conteAtual Ira'

evidence proves)

7a;e" Spring andAac; Spencer6 Resea"c ello in National Secu"it -olic and Resea"c ello6 Nuclea"

Ene" -olic at te e"itae oundation6 Se!tebe" 256 20026 In -ost'?a" I"a6


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@At: -olice -resence refers to post7conflict peace(eeping

-olice presence refers to peace(eepers)

/a" o!e Sch"oeel6 !"o"a oice" in


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**ther ords**

United States federal governmentUnited States federal government refers to the three ranches of the federal government)

US egal$ 3o DateThe United States ederal Jovernmentis establised b te


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&nd!r Does ,eans 9oth or @ither M&T: It nly ,eans 9othQ

&nd!r does not mean oth 4 it means you can do oth or either)

-oc(et o"lerFs ,odern @nglish Usage$ 200+6 Ed. Robe"t $llen6 (xo"d Ree"ence (nlineand!or is a formula indicating that the items connected y it can e ta(en either togetheror asalternatives. Its !"inci!al uses a"e in leal and ote" o"al docuents )ese "atios indicated tat te canes in te o"de" o c"stallinit

e"e siila" to tose it te ate" content ando" ded"ation and te!e"atu"e o" elatiniation aon ando" itin cultia"s^$nnals o 7otan6 7"E 2001>6 and in loic )e best !iloso!ebodies a !ictu"e o te o"ld ando" a set o alues^E. C"ai6 2002>.In ene"al use te eect can be unainl:Stalin6 ca"acte"isticall insensitie to ?este"n !ublic o!inion ando" "elin on te !olitical abiuit o tese !"ases in te existin context6sined it^Cab"ide Reie6 1+5+.$ o"e coo"table a o ex!"essin te sae idea is to use `X o" O o" bot96 and in soe cases `o"9 b itsel ill do.

3#


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In B ithin

In means "ithin the relevant country)

)e &merican KeritageL Dictionaryo te Enlis Banuae6 20086 ou"t Edition6tt!:dictiona"."ee"ence.cob"oseinin1 Yn>

!"e!.1. a. ithin theliits6 bounds6 o" area of: as it in te ace bo"n in te s!"in a cai" in te a"den.

b. "o te outside to a !oint itin into: t"e te lette" in te astebas;et.c. ain te actiit6 occu!ation6 o" unction o: a lie in !olitics te oice" in coand.d. ,u"in te act o" !"ocess o: t"i!!ed in "acin o" te bus.e.?it te a""aneent o" o"de" o: ab"ic tat ell in luxu"iant olds a""aned to !u"case te ca" in eual !aents..$te" te stle o" o" o: a !oe in iabic !entaete".. 7 eans o: !aid in cas.. /ade it o" t"ou te ediu o: a statue in b"one a note "itten in 8e"an.

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