Basketball is a team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules. Basketball is one of the world's most popular and widely viewed sports. [1] A regulation basketball hoop consists of a rim 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high mounted to a backboard. A team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the hoop during regular play. A field goal scores two points for the shooting team if a player is touching or closer to the hoop than the three-point line, and three points (a "3 pointer") if the player is "outside" the three-point line. The team with more points at the end of the game wins, but additional time (overtime) may be issued when the game ends with a tie. The ball can be advanced on the court by bouncing it while walking or running (dribbling) or passing it to a teammate. It is a violation (traveling) to walk with the ball, carry it, or to double dribble (to hold the ball and then resume dribbling). Various violations are generally called "fouls". Disruptive physical contact (a personal foul) is penalized, and a free throw is usually awarded to an offensive player if he is fouled while shooting the ball. A technical foul may also be issued when certain infractions occur, most commonly forunsportsmanlike conduct on the part of a player or coach. A technical foul gives the opposing team a free throw. Basketball has evolved many commonly used techniques of shooting, passing, and dribbling, as well as specialized player positions and offensive and defensive structures (player positioning) and techniques. Typically, the tallest members of a team will play "center", "power forward" or "small forward" positions, while shorter players or those who possess the best ball handling skills and speed play "point guard" or "shooting guard". While competitive basketball is carefully regulated, numerous variations of basketball have developed for casual play. Competitive basketball is primarily an indoor sport played on carefully marked and maintained basketball courts, but less regulated variations are often played outdoors in both inner city and rural areas. History: In early December 1891, Dr. James Naismith, [2] a physical education professor and instructor at the International Young Men's Christian Association Training School [3] (YMCA) (today, Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA), was trying to keep his gym class active on a rainy day. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the long New England winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the
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Basketball is a team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting"
a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules. Basketball is one of the world's
most popular and widely viewed sports.[1]
A regulation basketball hoop consists of a rim 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high mounted to
a backboard. A team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the hoop during regular play.
A field goal scores two points for the shooting team if a player is touching or closer to the hoop than
the three-point line, and three points (a "3 pointer") if the player is "outside" the three-point line. The team
with more points at the end of the game wins, but additional time (overtime) may be issued when the
game ends with a tie. The ball can be advanced on the court by bouncing it while walking or running
(dribbling) or passing it to a teammate. It is a violation (traveling) to walk with the ball, carry it, or to double
dribble (to hold the ball and then resume dribbling).
Various violations are generally called "fouls". Disruptive physical contact (a personal foul) is penalized,
and a free throw is usually awarded to an offensive player if he is fouled while shooting the ball.
A technical foul may also be issued when certain infractions occur, most commonly forunsportsmanlike
conduct on the part of a player or coach. A technical foul gives the opposing team a free throw.
Basketball has evolved many commonly used techniques of shooting, passing, and dribbling, as well as
specialized player positions and offensive and defensive structures (player positioning) and techniques.
Typically, the tallest members of a team will play "center", "power forward" or "small forward" positions,
while shorter players or those who possess the best ball handling skills and speed play "point guard" or
"shooting guard".
While competitive basketball is carefully regulated, numerous variations of basketball have developed for
casual play. Competitive basketball is primarily an indoor sport played on carefully marked and
maintained basketball courts, but less regulated variations are often played outdoors in both inner city and
rural areas.
History:
In early December 1891, Dr. James Naismith,[2] a physical education professor and instructor at the
International Young Men's Christian Association Training School[3] (YMCA) (today, Springfield College)
in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA), was trying to keep his gym class active on a rainy day. He sought a
vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the long New
England winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums,
he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot (3.05 m) elevated track. In contrast with
modern basketball nets, this peach basket retained its bottom, and balls had to be retrieved manually
after each "basket" or point scored; this proved inefficient, however, so the bottom of the basket was
removed,[4] allowing the balls to be poked out with a long dowel each time.
Basketball was originally played with an association football. The first balls made specifically for
basketball were brown, and it was only in the late 1950s that Tony Hinkle, searching for a ball that would
be more visible to players and spectators alike, introduced the orange ball that is now in common use.
Dribbling was not part of the original game except for the "bounce pass" to teammates. Passing the ball
was the primary means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the
asymmetric shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a major part of the game around the 1950s, as
manufacturing improved the ball shape.
The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were finally replaced by metal hoops with
backboards. A further change was soon made, so the ball merely passed through. Whenever a person
got the ball in the basket, his team would gain a point. Whichever team got the most points won the
game.[5] The baskets were originally nailed to the mezzanine balcony of the playing court, but this proved
impractical when spectators on the balcony began to interfere with shots. The backboard was introduced
to prevent this interference; it had the additional effect of allowing rebound shots.[6] Naismith's handwritten
diaries, discovered by his granddaughter in early 2006, indicate that he was nervous about the new game
he had invented, which incorporated rules from a children's game called "Duck on a Rock", as many had
failed before it. Naismith called the new game "Basket Ball".[7] The first official game was played in
the YMCA gymnasium in Albany, New York on January 20, 1892 with nine players. The game ended at
1–0; the shot was made from 25 feet (7.6 m), on a court just half the size of a present-
dayStreetball or National Basketball Association (NBA) court. By 1897–1898 teams of five became
standard.
Rules and regulations
Main article: Rules of basketball
Measurements and time limits discussed in this section often vary among tournaments and organizations;
international and NBA rules are used in this section.
The object of the game is to outscore one's opponents by throwing the ball through the opponents' basket
from above while preventing the opponents from doing so on their own. An attempt to score in this way is
called a shot. A successful shot is worth two points, or three pointsif it is taken from beyond the three-
point arc which is 6.25 metres (20 ft 6 in) from the basket in international games and 23 feet 9 inches
(7.24 m) in NBA games. A one-point shot can be earned when shooting from the foul line after a foul is
made.
Playing regulations
Games are played in four quarters of 10 (FIBA)[27] or 12 minutes (NBA).[28] College games use two 20-
minute halves,[29] while high school varsity games use 8 minute quarters.[30] 15 minutes are allowed for a
half-time break under FIBA, NBA, and NCAA rules[29][31][32] and 10 minutes in high school.[30] Overtime periods are five minutes in length[29][33][34] except for high school which is four minutes in
length.[30]Teams exchange baskets for the second half. The time allowed is actual playing time; the clock
is stopped while the play is not active. Therefore, games generally take much longer to complete than the
allotted game time, typically about two hours.
Five players from each team may be on the court at one time.[35][36][37][38] Substitutions are unlimited but can
only be done when play is stopped. Teams also have a coach, who oversees the development and
strategies of the team, and other team personnel such as assistant coaches, managers, statisticians,
When a team shoots foul shots, the opponents may not interfere with the shooter, nor may they try to
regain possession until the last or potentially last free throw is in the air.
After a team has committed a specified number of fouls, it is said to be "in the penalty". On scoreboards,
this is usually signified with an indicator light reading "Bonus" or "Penalty" with an illuminated directional
arrow indicating that team is to receive free throws when fouled by the opposing team. (Some
scoreboards also indicate the number of fouls committed.)
If a team misses the first shot of a two-shot situation, the opposing team must wait for the completion of
the second shot before attempting to reclaim possession of the ball and continuing play.
If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is unsuccessful, the player is awarded a number
of free throws equal to the value of the attempted shot. A player fouled while attempting a regular two-
point shot, then, receives two shots. A player fouled while attempting a three-point shot, on the other
hand, receives three shots.
If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is successful, typically the player will be awarded
one additional free throw for one point. In combination with a regular shot, this is called a "three-point
play" or "four-point play" (or more colloquially, an "and one") because of the basket made at the time of
the foul (2 or 3 points) and the additional free throw (1 point).
Basketball - Basic Skills Dribbling - Dribbling is a crucial skill in basketball. Learn how to control the ball at game speed
and keep the ball away from the opposition. Staying low and keeping the ball at waist level will help you keep possession. Always dribble with your head up and look for your teammates. No double dribbling - when you have stopped dribbling the ball, you must either pass the ball to a teammate or take a shot. To check out some drills for improving your dribbling.
Passing - Passing is the best way to keep possession of the basketball and is a faster way of moving the ball up the court than dribbling. There are three main kinds of passes in basketball: the bounce pass, the chest pass and the overhead pass.
Shooting - If you can't shoot, then you won't score, so shooting is one of the most important basketball skills to develop. Learn the three basic shots: the layup, the set shot and the jump shot.
Pivot - Pivoting with the basketball alows you to change direction and look for a pass or shot. Remember not to move your pivot foot.
Volleyball:
Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to
score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules.[1] It has been a part of
the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since 1964.
A scene of Volleyball play in Ervadi village.
The complete rules are extensive. But simply, play proceeds as follows: A player on one of the teams
begins a 'rally' by serving the ball (tossing or releasing it and then hitting it with a hand or arm), from
behind the back boundary line of the court, over the net, and into the receiving team's court. The receiving
team must not let the ball be grounded within their court. They may touch the ball as many as three times.
Typically, the first two touches are used to set up for an attack, an attempt to direct the ball back over the
net in such a way that the serving team is unable to prevent it from being grounded in their court.
The rally continues, with each team allowed as many as three consecutive touches, until either (1): a
team makes a kill, grounding the ball on the opponent's court and winning the rally; or (2): a team
commits a fault and loses the rally. The team that wins the rally is awarded a point, and serves the ball to
start the next rally. A few of the most common faults include:
causing the ball to touch the ground outside the opponents' court or without first passing over the net;
catching and throwing the ball;
double hit: two consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same player;
four consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same team.
net foul: touching the net during play.
The ball is usually played with the hands or arms, but players can legally strike or push (short contact) the
ball with any part of the body.
A number of consistent techniques have evolved in volleyball, including spiking andblocking (because
these plays are made above the top of the net, the vertical jump is an athletic skill emphasized in the
sport) as well as passing, setting, and specialized player positions and offensive and defensive structures.
The Volleyball court is 60 feet by 30 feet in total. The net in placed in the center of the court, making each side of the net 30 feet by 30 feet.
Center Line
A center line is marked at the center of the court dividing it equally into 30 feet squares, above which the net is placed.
Attack Line
An attack line is marked 10 feet of each side of the center line.
Service Line
A service line, the area from which the server may serve the volleyball, is marked 10 feet inside the right sideline on each back line.
Basic Skills of Volleyball
The worst situation that a volleyball team could be in is to show up at a game without knowing what skills they needed to win the game. Hitting the ball, being in the right place, and playing competitively can help to win the game as well as gain confidence in the sport. Focusing on the basics for volleyball can help you to gain the skills you need for every game.
1. Serving. This is what always starts the game and helps to keep the game. There are two basic types of serves. One is overhand; where the player will throw the ball in the air first, then hit it. The second is underhand, where the server will hold the ball and swing their other arm underneath the ball to hit it. There are a variety of other serves beyond these basics, all which help to get the ball over the net, and get the game going.
2. Pass or reception. This is usually set up by the setter of the game. It is used in order to take the ball and give it to the other players on your own team. They will then have the ability to put the ball to the other side like they want to. You can either pass by the forearm or by hitting the ball overhead.
3. Tip. A tip is used as a way to trick the other team into thinking that the ball is going further than it will. The player will hit the ball lightly, making it go over the net but not too far into the other player's area so that they can't hit it back.
4. Dig. This is the ability for a player to save the ball from hitting the court after it has been spiked. It usually requires a player to slide underneath the ball on the court or to dive underneath the ball.
5. Rebound. This occurs when the ball stays on one side, making the players rebound, or take the ball back.
With all of these different hits for a ball, you will want to make sure that the players have the ability to move freely and effectively with every move. With all of these different hits, the players will need to connect where they want to hit the ball with the way that their feet move. For example, a dig will require the feet to move under the body in order to save the ball. A serve will require more balance on both feet in order to hit the ball more effectively. This will be important to keep in mind as you are training players.
The basics of volleyball hits can lead a long way when you are working towards playing the game. If you are finding ways to teach techniques to players, this is the place to start. It will allow everyone to have a good chance at controlling and hitting the ball, no matter what the set up is.
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