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Chemical Engineering Department CHE 62 PROCESS DESIGN AND
PROJECT FEASIBILITY
PRODUCTION OF PURIFIED WATER FROM COPPER CONTAMINATED WASTEWATER
AND EGGSHELL BASED PACKED BED COLUMN
Process Design Project BASIS OF DESIGN HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 2
Cuervo, Ellen Jane Marie M. (96104911) Labor, Marc Phillip P.
(200530411)
Silve, Jerome James O. (200932430)
Maria Theresa Isla-Cabaraban, Ph.D Instructor
Date submitted July 16, 2015
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Literature survey A survey of the literature reveals that the
Waikato Drinking Water Treatment Plant located in Tuakau, New
Zealand is one of the model Water Treatment Plants with regards to
its sterilization of raw water from waterborne pathogens. In the
Waikato Water Treatment Plant, Raw water is pumped though a fine
screen, and aluminum Sulphate is added as a coagulant year-round to
reduce color and TOC. The influent flows through the clarification
stage, where the majority of the turbidity is removed. The water
then flows to the ZeeWeed immersed membranes, where permeate pumps
draw the settled water through the membrane fiber. With a nominal
pore size of 0.04m, the ZeeWeed membrane acts as a physical barrier
to waterborne pathogens. Permeate from the membrane then flows
through Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC) filtration, to remove
organics, taste and odor. Chlorine treatment is used for final
disinfection before water is released from the plant. (Watercare,
2010)
Table 1. Typical treated water results from Waikato Water
Treatment Plant (Watercare, 2010)
Figure a. Block Flow diagram of the Waikato Water Treatment
Plant process (Watercare, 2010)
The Modification of Waikato Water Treatment sequence with the
addition of Heavy Metal Adsorption Treatment using an Eggshell
Packed Bed Column as the primary adsorbent for heavy metal
contamination from mining wastewater is the primary innovation
which the proponents propose.
Screening Coagulation ClarificationMembrane Filtration
GAC Filtration
Chlorine Treatment
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Raw Materials 1. Raw water and waste water Availability:
Presently, raw water is relatively abundant at our potential source
which is the Davao River. Industrial wastewater will be extracted
from the Titan Mining and Energy Corporations coal mining site in
Davao Oriental. Future availability will be a concern in the event
of a Titan Mining and Energy Corporation shutdown; therefore the
Davao River will be a viable alternative. Processing required:
Storage requirements: Raw water and/or wastewater are
immediately processed right after
suction from the source, thus no storage required. Alternative:
Raw water feed only from Davao River is a viable alternative in the
event of any
shut down of Titan Mining and Energy Corporation or any
unforeseen circumstances. The alternative raw water will not cause
any changes in the processing flow. 2. Eggshell Availability:
Presently, and in the future, availability of eggshells will not be
a problem since egg demands wont diminish anytime soon as a primary
agricultural product. The problem lies with the segregation of
these eggshells from other wastes since it is common in almost all
households and industries to mix eggshells with other organic
wastes.
Processing required:
Storage requirement: Closed dry storage facility, normal room
temperature, atmospheric pressure, and metal containers (drums)
should be air tight sealed. Alternative: Limestone (CaCO3). This is
a viable alternative in the event of any shortage of eggshell, and
the only processing required will be comminution.
Screening Heavy metal adsorption
Coagulation and Clarification
Membrane Filtration
Granular Activated
Carbon filtrationChlorination
Washing Drying Comminution
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3. Columns Availability: relatively abundant in the present and
in the future due to abundance of manufacturing plants available in
the Philippines and in the locality. Processing required: Washing
Storage requirement: Since most packed-bed columns will be used for
the water treatment facility, a basketball-sized warehouse may be
sufficient for an order based production. Storage facilities must
be dry and at room temperature, columns must also be tightly
sealed.
Product specifications
1. Production Rate
It will produce 10,000 Liters/day of safe purified water from
copper-contaminated wastewater generated Titan Mining and Energy
Corporation in the coal reservation in Davao Oriental.
2. Composition (or purity), Phase and Form
Purified water should not contain the following:
1. inorganic ions
2. organic compounds
3. bacteria
4. endotoxins and nucleases
5. particulates (typically controlled by filtration)
The product is in liquid form and bottled in opaque-colored
bottles for better storage.
3. Value, Potential Markets and Uses
The purified water will be supplied to Crystal Clear, a bottled
purified water brand of Solerex
Water Technologies Inc. The company will be the one to process
it for purified drinking water. Since
this company is growing, they will need a larger amount of feed
flow rate for their plant.
Other uses of purified water includes many applications
including autoclaves, hand-pieces,
laboratory testing, laser cutting, and automotive use. Some
industrial processes, notably in the
semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries, need large amounts
of very pure water. In these
situations, feed-water is first processed into purified water
and then further processed to
produce ultrapure water.
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COAL ASIA HOLDINGS, INC. (COAL) is an investment holding company
whose goal is to engage in the acquisition of companies
specializing in the exploration, development, and mining of coal
and other energy related businesses in the Philippines and around
Asia. COAL has acquired Titan Mining and Energy Corporation (TMEC)
which owns 13,000-hectares of coal resources in Davao Oriental and
Zamboanga Sibugay. (Coal Asia Holdings, Inc., 2015) For the present
report, the plant location is targeted to be in-situ in TMECs coal
mining site in Manay, Davao Oriental, Philippines. In the current
chosen plant site, the proposed plant is to be built and its
facilities has yet to be fabricated and constructed in the site.
The succeeding illustrative descriptions gives more of the facts
needed about the plants location susceptibility to environmental
and climate disasters.
Figure 1a. Location of Davao Oriental within the Philippines
(www.zamboanga.com, 2015)
and 1b. Location of Manay within Davao Oriental Province
(Wikipedia, 2015)
a)
b)
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Figure 2a. Legend of Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map of
Davao Oriental (Mines and Geosciences Bureau - XI, 2013)
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Figure 2b. Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map of Davao
Oriental (Mines and Geosciences Bureau - XI, 2013)
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Seismicity (geographic and historical distribution of earthquake
events) is noted all over the country except in the Palawan region
and Davao Oriental has been enlisted as one of the top ten
provinces that are at risk to earthquakes. The following earthquake
prone-provinces together with Davao Oriental are:
1. Surigao Del Sur 2. La Union 3. Benguet 4. Pangasinan 5.
Pampanga 6. Tarlac 7. Ifugao 8. Davao Oriental 9. Nueva Vizcaya 10.
Nueva Ecija
La Union and Pangasinan are prone to earthquakes, especially the
deep-focused ones, due to the Manila Trench while Surigao del Sur
and Davao Oriental have earthquake hazards due to Philippine Trench
and nearby active faults. (Center for Environmental Geomatics -
Manila Observatory, 2005)
With being a province vulnerable to earthquake, Davao Oriental
has also been enlisted as one of the top ten provinces which are at
risk to earthquake-induced shallow landslides. Together with Davao
Oriental, the following provinces are susceptible to landslide
hazards:
1. Ifugao 2. Lanao Del Sur 3. Sarangani 4. Benguet 5. Mountain
Province 6. Bukidnon 7. Aurora 8. Davao del Sur 9. Davao Oriental
10. Rizal
Furthermore, Davao Oriental has not been enlisted as one of the
top ten provinces which are at risk to volcanic eruptions and
tsunamis. (Center for Environmental Geomatics - Manila Observatory,
2005)
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Figure 3. Philippine Vulnerability to Environmental Disasters
(Center for Environmental Geomatics - Manila Observatory, 2005)
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Figure 4. Philippine Vulnerability to Climate Disasters
Fortunately, Davao Oriental has not been enlisted as one of the
top ten provinces which are at risk to projected temperature
increase, projected rainfall change, typhoons and El Nio. Source:
(Center for Environmental Geomatics - Manila Observatory, 2005)
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The following information on utility services were obtained from
Davao City Investment Promotion Center, 2013 and were based from
the assumption that availability and pricing of the said services
also exist and goes along with the rates imposed at them in Manay,
Davao Oriental.
. Figure 5. Minimum Daily Wage + Cost of Living Allowance
(COLA)
(Davao City Investment Promotion Center, 2013)
Figure 6. Water Rates (Davao City Investment Promotion Center,
2013)
Figure 7. Power Rates (Davao City Investment Promotion Center,
2013)
Figure 8. Land Rates - Average per Square Meter (Davao City
Investment Promotion Center, 2013)
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Figure 9. Tax Rates and Mandatory Contributions (Davao City
Investment Promotion Center, 2013)
References
Center for Environmental Geomatics - Manila Observatory. (2005).
Climate- and Weather-Related Risk
Maps. Retrieved from Center for Environmental Geomatics - Manila
Observatory:
http://vm.observatory.ph/cw_maps.html
Center for Environmental Geomatics - Manila Observatory. (2005).
Mapping Philippine Vulnerability to
Environmental Disasters. Retrieved from Center for Environmental
Geomatics - Manila
Observatory:
http://vm.observatory.ph/images/Geophys_hires/risk_geophys.jpg
Coal Asia Holdings, Inc. (2015). COAL ASIA HOLDINGS, INC.
Retrieved from
www.coalasiaholdings.com: http://www.coalasiaholdings.com/
Davao City Investment Promotion Center. (2013). Cost of Doing
Business in Davao City. Retrieved from
www.davao.city.gov.ph:
http://www.davaocity.gov.ph/dcipc/downloads/costofdoingbusiness201320130620110713.pdf
Mines and Geosciences Bureau - XI. (2013). Geohazard Map of
Davao Oriental. Retrieved from Mines
and Geosciences Bureau - XI: http://mgbxi.org/wp-
content/uploads/2013/09/DAVAOOriental_EDITED.jpg
Watercare. (2010). Waikato Water Treatment Plant. Retrieved from
Watercare: www.watercare.co.nz
Wikipedia. (2015, February 8). Manay, Davao Oriental. Retrieved
from Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manay,_Davao_Oriental
www.zamboanga.com. (2015, March 9). Manay, Davao Oriental
Province, Philippines. Retrieved from
www.zamboanga.com:
http://www.zamboanga.com/z/index.php?title=Manay_Davao_Oriental_Philippines