Basin and Petroleum System Modeling - CiteSeerX

Basin and Petroleum System Modeling

Gabriele Martinelli

Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

December 9th, 2010

Gabriele Martinelli (NTNU) Basin and Petroleum System Modeling December 9th, 2010 1 / 19

Introduction

What, where and why

What: Course ”Introduction in PetroMod.”Where: in Aachen, Germany, at the the ”Schlumberger Aachen Technology Center”(AaTC), former IES (”Integrated Exploration Systems”), founded in 1984 by twoprofessors of the Aachen University of Technology and later become leader in PetroleumSystems Modeling. Bought by Schlumberger in 2008.

Why: studying if and eventually how is it possible to integrate this technology with ourBayesian Network model, in order to create a more reliable and trustable network. Theproject has been suggested by prof. Mukerji, from the the BPSM (Basin and PetroleumSystem Modeling) group at Stanford.


Introduction

Petroleum System Modeling

The principle geologic risk factors in oil and gas exploration are commonly defined as thetrap (consisting of trap geometry, reservoir and seal), the oil and gas charge, and thetiming relationship between the charge and the potential traps. These risk factors applyto basin, play or prospect scale assessments.

Petroleum Systems Modeling (PSM) is a vital component of exploration risk assessmentand is applicable during all stages of exploration, from frontier basins with no wellcontrol to well-explored areas.


Introduction

The importance of Basin and Petroleum System Model

Over the last decade, three-dimensional (3D) imaging and modeling of the subsurfacethrough time (4D) have co-evolved and emerged as a major research focus of thepetroleum industry. Virtually all major oil companies have independently recognized theneed for 4-D petroleum system models (also called basin models) because they:

Organize data, allowing deficiencies or inconsistencies to be identified (examinedata, appraise the reliability of geological concepts, models, or geochemical input,and extract needed information).

Facilitate visualization of geologic processes and communication with stakeholders(developing predictive exploration and reservoir models, integrating sequencestratigraphy and assessment units, predicting the extent and timing of petroleumgeneration in source rocks, structural deformation that disturbs basin architecture,migration pathways, and locations of potential traps and accumulations,).

Add value by converting static data into dynamic processed data andinterpretations.


PetroMod

What is PetroMod

PetroMod petroleum systems modeling software combines seismic, well, andgeological information to model the evolution of a sedimentary basin. PetroModsoftware will predict if, and how, a reservoir has been charged with hydrocarbons,including the source and timing of hydrocarbon generation, migration routes, quantities,and hydrocarbon type in the subsurface or at surface conditions.

1D, 2D, or 3D large-scale geologic petroleum systems models cover areas ranging froma single charge area for a prospect to mega-regional studies of entire basins. The modelsare dynamic, which means they provide a complete record of the generation, migration,accumulation, and loss of oil and gas in a petroleum system through geologic time.Properties such as gas/oil ratios and API gravities can be analyzed, understood, andpredicted.


PetroMod

What is PetroMod

PetroMod petroleum systems modeling software combines seismic, well, andgeological information to model the evolution of a sedimentary basin. PetroModsoftware will predict if, and how, a reservoir has been charged with hydrocarbons,including the source and timing of hydrocarbon generation, migration routes, quantities,and hydrocarbon type in the subsurface or at surface conditions.

1D, 2D, or 3D large-scale geologic petroleum systems models cover areas ranging froma single charge area for a prospect to mega-regional studies of entire basins. The modelsare dynamic, which means they provide a complete record of the generation, migration,accumulation, and loss of oil and gas in a petroleum system through geologic time.Properties such as gas/oil ratios and API gravities can be analyzed, understood, andpredicted.


PetroMod

The simulator

The simulator is the heart of the PetroMod software suite, simulating the entire historyof a sedimentary basin from the deposition of the bottom layer onwards.

Petroleum generation:

Reaction kinetics, to predict the phases andproperties of hydrocarbons generated from sourcerocks of various types.

Adsorption models, to describe the release ofgenerated hydrocarbons into the free pore spaceof the source rock.

Petroleum migration:

Fluid analysis (Darcy flow, flow path analysis,and invasion percolation.)

Source-rock track (risks of charging fromdifferent source units or areas)

Accumulation analysis (gas/oil ratios and APIgravities)


PetroMod

The simulator










PetroMod

The simulator










PetroMod

The model, input

PetroMod software receives the following (and many others...) inputs:

1 Model geometry (From about 10 up to 1000 km and to a depth of 10 km)


PetroMod

The model, input


1 Model geometry (From about 10 up to 1000 km and to a depth of 10 km)


PetroMod

The model, input


2 Layers: sequence of geological layers, deposited in a given stratigraphical eventand subdivided into regions of similar facies. (Millions of years)


PetroMod

The model, input


3 Facies: lithological rock type and the organic facies, including quantities such aspermeability, compaction parameters, heat capacities, thermal conductivities.


PetroMod

The model, input


4 Boundary conditions: paleo-water depth, heat flow, water interface temperature.


PetroMod

The model, input


5 Special submodels: fault properties, cementation, thermal calibration parameters,salt movement, erosion, intrusions, fluid phase properties, secondary cracking, . . .


PetroMod

The model, output

PetroMod software determines:

1 Generation: the burial of source rocks through geological time, from theirdeposition at the surface until they reach sufficient depth to generate first oil andeventually gas as they descend deeper into the earth.


PetroMod

The model, output


2 Migration: Whether oil and gas have been generated, where and how much, whenmigration occurred, and whether it filled the trap.


PetroMod

The model, output


3 Accumulation: PetroMod software predicts the location of oil and gasaccumulations, as well as important properties such as the API gravity of the oil,gas/oil ratio, and viscosity.


PetroMod

The model, output

PetroMod software determines also the distribution of the characteristic variables of themodel:

4 Porosity: primary or secondary pore space or voids within a rock

5 Temperature: distribution with respect to the heat flow history, thermalconductivity of the rocks, and sediment water interface temperature variationthrough time

6 Vitrinite reflectance

7 Transformation Ratio: quantitative transformation ratio related to total organiccarbon and production index for source rocks referring to the expulsion of oil andgas

8 Expulsion onset: first time of expulsion, which depends primarily on heat flowhistory and assigned kinetics

9 Saturation: relative allotment of oil and/or gas and/or water in the pores of arock as a percentage of volume.


PetroMod

The model, managing uncertainties: PetroRisk

PetroRisk operates as a controlling framework on all PetroMod packages, assessinguncertainties and following the entire migration path to calculate probability estimatesfor accumulations:

Input uncertainty: you can defineuncertainties in the input data andquantify and statistically evaluatetheir effects on the simulationoutcome.

Calibration: PetroRisk allowsusers to define well data forcalibration, evaluate results, andshift desired parameters on themaster model to achieve theirtargets.


PetroMod

PetroMod 1D, 2D or 3D

PetroMod 1D: It enables single-point data (wells and pseudo-wells) to beconstructed from scratch or extracted directly from PetroMod 2D and 3D models.PetroMod 1D provides 1D thermal, maturation, hydrocarbon generation, andpressure history modeling; quick 1D analysis with fast data access; a 1D vieweralong wells and single cells of interest with sophisticated plots and multiplothandling.

PetroFlow 2D: It is the most advanced and widely used PetroMod package, anduses the same multidimensional migration modeling simulator as the PetroMod 3Dpackage. It is ideal for analyzing areas with sparse data and for rapid analyses,e.g., if the data is only sufficient to construct a 2D geologic section.

PetroFlow 3D: It includes the full 3D temperature/pressure simulator and themost advanced 3D petroleum migration modeling technology, and enables differentmigration modeling methods to be applied to the same 3D data model.


PetroMod






PetroMod






PetroMod

References

Fundamentals of Basin and Petroleum Systems Modeling, 2009, Thomas Hantschel andArmin Kauerauf, Springer.

Basin Analysis: Principles and Applications, 2004, Allen and Allen, Wiley.

The Petroleum System: From Source to Trap, 1994, Leslie B. Magoon and Wallace G.Dow, AAPG memoir 60.

PetroMod software pagehttp://www.slb.com/services/software/geo/petromod_modeling_software.aspx

IES page: http://www.ies.de/

Basin Modeling page on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin_modelling

Sintef page on Basin Modeling:http://www.sintef.no/Home/SINTEF-Petroleum-Research/Basin-Modelling/

Stanford BPSM grouphttp://pangea.stanford.edu/research/groups/bpsm/index.php


Basin and Petroleum System Modeling - CiteSeerX

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