8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
1/30
Basin Analysis
Chapter1: Basins and their platetectonic environmentThis presentation contains illustrations and
some text from Allen and Allen (2005 ) aswell as illustrations from Press et al.(2004)
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
2/30
Basins
INTRODUCTION
Definition and examples(What is a basin?)
How are basins classified?
Essay (due next Thursday, barring days off for hurrican
Gustav)
MAKEUPof the
EARTH
Compositional division
Rheological
division
BASIN FORMING MECHANISMS
Plate Tectonics
Thermal
Thermo-mechanical
Mechanical
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
3/30
Basins
Definition and examples
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
4/30
Basins
Definition
Areas of the earth where there is a net sedimentation,or in the fossil (ancient) record of such areasZones of pronounced subsidence where sediment canaccumulate.
What makes a basin interesting for oil and gasexploration?
Examples
Gulf of Mexico (today and ancient)Pyrenees (ancient)
Oman (oil from 650 Ma stromatolites
still in livingposition)
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
5/30
Pre- Cambrian
Permian
Permian-Pre-Cambrianangular unconformity, Oman
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
6/30
Basins
INTRODUCTION
Definition and examples(What is a basin?)
How are basins classified?
Homework # 1.A (due next Thursday)
MAKEUPof the
EARTH
Compositional division
Rheological
division
BASIN FORMING MECHANISMS
Plate Tectonics
Thermal
Thermo-mechanical
Mechanical
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
7/30
How are basins classified?
Basin can be classified according to many priorities of the individual. Aclassification scheme should not just create "order from the chaos", buthighlight patterns that are useful for predicting stratigraphy, andfaulting.
Dickinson's (1974) classification scheme is based on tectonic history:(a) lithospheric
substratum: oceanic versus continental(b) proximity of the basin to a plate margin(c) type of plate margin nearest the basin i.e., convergent, divergent,
conservative (similar to Bally and Snelson, 1980)
Other factors used are: hydrocarbon characteristics, types of sedimentarysequences filling the basin, and the tectonics that modify the sedimentinfill
If on the other hand one is interested in WHERE
they are to be found withrespect to PLATE TECTONIC boundaries we might also get a hint about
the mechanism of formation.
Fossil basins may no longer be in the platetectonic setting in which they were originally formed..
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
8/30
How are basins classified?
If one is interested in HOW
Basins are formed then it is very natural thatwe break up the basin types according to their mechanism of formation.E.g., mechanical, thermal or thermal-mechanical.
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
9/30
Basins
INTRODUCTION
Definition and examples(What is a basin?)
How are basins classified?
Homework # 1.A (due next Thursday)
MAKEUPof the
EARTH
Compositional division
Rheological
division
BASIN FORMING MECHANISMS
Plate Tectonics
Thermal
Thermo-mechanical
Mechanical
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
10/30
Homework due next Thursday
Essay
For the basin you have chosen to write a proposal in this class write an
essay (1 page or 300 words
at most, including figures).
In the essay you will classify your basin according to Kingston et al., (1983a) scheme(4-5 sentences).
You should read Ch.1 of your book and the originalpaper to get a detailed understanding of their classification
scheme. (This scheme was devised to help predict hydrocarbonpotential). Write a brief sentence or two about your opinion of thisclassification scheme?
Does it help you?
Does it make it more difficultto understand the basin? Please justify your answer with areason.
Reason your case with evidence and write clearly in your ownwords. Propose an alternative classification of your basin, if needed.
Kingston, D.R. Dishroon,C.P. and Williams,P.A. (1983) Global basinclassification.
Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. 67, 2175-2193.
There isalso a *.pdf
file of this paper available from my website.
http://../Readings/ListofPapers.htmhttp://../Readings/ListofPapers.htmhttp://../Readings/ListofPapers.htmhttp://../Readings/ListofPapers.htm8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
11/30
Basins
INTRODUCTION
Definition and examples(What is a basin?)
How are basins classified?
Homework # 1.A (due next Thursday)
MAKEUPof the
EARTH
Compositional division
Rheological
division
BASIN FORMING MECHANISMS
Plate Tectonics
Thermal
Thermo-mechanical
Mechanical
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
12/30
Basins
MAKEUPof the
EARTH
Compositional subdivision
Crust10-70 kmthick
cont.
granite
2.7 g/ccoceanic- basaltic
>2.8 g/cc
mantleMantleperidotite
>3.1 g/ccdown to2900 kmdepth
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
13/30
Where is the Moho
deepest?
Where is the Moho
the
shallowest?
Where are there basins?
Allen and Allen (2005)
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
14/30
Compositional zonation
Based only on the composition, which affects density, and short- term rigidity (and hence seismic velocities) the shallow portionsof the earth (0-80 km) can have one of three flavors:
oceanic composition, i.e. gabbroic melt and all its coolingderivatives-
mafic
rocks, density ~ 2,800 kg/m3, Vaverage
Vp=5km/s
continental composition, i.e. granitic
melt and all its coolingderivatives -
felsic
rocks, density ~ 2,700 kg/m3, average Vp
=
6.5 km/s
mantle i.e. peridotite
and high temperatures and pressures,density = 3,300 kg/m3, average Vp>=8.1 km/s
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
15/30
Basins
MAKEUPof the
EARTH
Rheological
divisions
asthenosphere
lithosphere
RIGID
DUCTILE
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
16/30
Key parts of Plate Tectonics
Lithosphere or rigid lid that holds bothcrust and cold mantle together as one
solid block (0-100km)asthenoshphereasthenoshphere
oror plastic,ductileplastic,ductile , layer also, layer also
within the mantle (100km depth to 300within the mantle (100km depth to 300km depth??)km depth??)
C i f i h
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
17/30
Comparison of views earth structure
crust
mantleMantle
asthenosphere
lithosphere
RIGID
DUCTILE
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
18/30
Plates
Group of rocks all moving in the samedirection
Can haveboth
oceanic and continentalcrust or just one kind.
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
19/30
Earth Divisions
What type of subdivisions are being used in these diagrams from Allenand Allen (2005)?
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
20/30
Basins
Definition and examples
INTRODUCTION
What is a basin?
How are basins classified?
Essay (due next Thursday)
MAKEUPof the EARTH
Compositional zonation
Rheological
zonation
BASIN FORMING MECHANISMS
Plate Tectonics
Thermal
Thermo-mechanical
Mechanical
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
21/30
Plate TectonicsWhat drives plate tectonics?
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
22/30
Driving Mechanism ofPlate Tectonics
GRAVITY
Convection may have overturned asthenosphere
46
times.
Convection may initiate process but cooling leads todensification and plate movement.
A cold planet is a dead planet. Is there oil on Mars?
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
23/30
Ridge Push and Trench
Pull
Press et al., 2005
T M d l f M tl
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
24/30
Two Models of Mantle
Convection
Press et al. 2004
Divergent Plate Boundary
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
25/30
Divergent Plate BoundaryUsually start within continentsgrows to become ocean basin
Press et al. 2004
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
26/30
Basins
BASIN FORMING MECHANISMS
Thermal (lithospheric
thermal erosion, plumes (active upwelling)
as well as cooling)
Thermo-mechanical (cooling leading to subsidence)
Mechanical (e.g.,regional
isostasy
(sub-
super-crustal),aestenospheric
drag, crustal
extension)
Link to composition of N.American
Plate
Link to thermal structure of N. American Plate
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://prodev.iris.edu/Figure2/gilbert.jpg&imgrefurl=http://prodev.iris.edu/Accomplishments.htm&h=100&w=250&sz=38&hl=en&start=47&sig2=PvNetKWJWfVmfrXecJtlWw&um=1&usg=__UPKRItymL4HYmz1r7xnUFPVxScg=&tbnid=tEEK4EPMyrw20Mhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://prodev.iris.edu/Figure2/gilbert.jpg&imgrefurl=http://prodev.iris.edu/Accomplishments.htm&h=100&w=250&sz=38&hl=en&start=47&sig2=PvNetKWJWfVmfrXecJtlWw&um=1&usg=__UPKRItymL4HYmz1r7xnUFPVxScg=&tbnid=tEEK4EPMyrw20Mhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://prodev.iris.edu/Figure2/gilbert.jpg&imgrefurl=http://prodev.iris.edu/Accomplishments.htm&h=100&w=250&sz=38&hl=en&start=47&sig2=PvNetKWJWfVmfrXecJtlWw&um=1&usg=__UPKRItymL4HYmz1r7xnUFPVxScg=&tbnid=tEEK4EPMyrw20Mhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://prodev.iris.edu/Figure2/gilbert.jpg&imgrefurl=http://prodev.iris.edu/Accomplishments.htm&h=100&w=250&sz=38&hl=en&start=47&sig2=PvNetKWJWfVmfrXecJtlWw&um=1&usg=__UPKRItymL4HYmz1r7xnUFPVxScg=&tbnid=tEEK4EPMyrw20Mhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://prodev.iris.edu/Figure2/gilbert.jpg&imgrefurl=http://prodev.iris.edu/Accomplishments.htm&h=100&w=250&sz=38&hl=en&start=47&sig2=PvNetKWJWfVmfrXecJtlWw&um=1&usg=__UPKRItymL4HYmz1r7xnUFPVxScg=&tbnid=tEEK4EPMyrw20Mhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://prodev.iris.edu/Figure2/gilbert.jpg&imgrefurl=http://prodev.iris.edu/Accomplishments.htm&h=100&w=250&sz=38&hl=en&start=47&sig2=PvNetKWJWfVmfrXecJtlWw&um=1&usg=__UPKRItymL4HYmz1r7xnUFPVxScg=&tbnid=tEEK4EPMyrw20Mhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://prodev.iris.edu/Figure2/gilbert.jpg&imgrefurl=http://prodev.iris.edu/Accomplishments.htm&h=100&w=250&sz=38&hl=en&start=47&sig2=PvNetKWJWfVmfrXecJtlWw&um=1&usg=__UPKRItymL4HYmz1r7xnUFPVxScg=&tbnid=tEEK4EPMyrw20Mhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://prodev.iris.edu/Figure2/gilbert.jpg&imgrefurl=http://prodev.iris.edu/Accomplishments.htm&h=100&w=250&sz=38&hl=en&start=47&sig2=PvNetKWJWfVmfrXecJtlWw&um=1&usg=__UPKRItymL4HYmz1r7xnUFPVxScg=&tbnid=tEEK4EPMyrw20M8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
27/30
The Rock
Cycle
Press et al. 2004
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
28/30
Rock Cycle
Igneous rocks originate from magma. These rocks are subsequently eroded to form sediments that are transported and deposited in
basins and can be preserved within continents
Why is there a rock cycle?
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
29/30
Allen and Allen, 2005
Diachrono s Appalachian
8/8/2019 Basin Analysis Ch1 Basin & Their Plate Tectonic Environtment Lsu
30/30
Diachronous Appalachian
Orogenic events
Taconic (Ordovician) All Appalachians
Acadian (Devonian) Mostly in northern
Appalachians
Alleghanian
(Late Carboniferous- Permian) Mainly in the southern
Appalachains