Oct 29, 2015
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HBL Power Systems Ltd.Welcomes you all
Since 1977
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We dont forget our batteries after you have paid for them.
Our Service Policy
We achieve this through
National Service Network with dedicated customer centric teams
Well equipped centers even at remote locationsTime bound empathetic complaint disposal.
Reliable and cost effective service solutionsImparting customer training
Since 1977
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Since 1977
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Expertise in Battery Technologies
Nickel Cadmium (1.2 V)
Sintered Plate ---- Vented & Sealed
Pocket Plate ---- Vented &Valve Regulated
Fibre Plate
Silver Zinc (1.5 V)
Primary & secondary Lead Acid (2 V)
Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA)
Valve Regulated Lead Acid GEL
Pure Lead-Tin Monoblock (SMF) Tubular Lead Acid (LMLA)
Tubular Lead Acid GEL
Lithium (3.5 V)
Lithium Thionyl & Chloride
Since 1977
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Battery Basics
What is cell or battery?
Cell is a device that converts the chemicalenergy into electrical energy by means of anelectrochemical reaction.
Battery consists of two or more cells electricallyconnected.
In common usage, the terms "battery" and "cell"are used interchangeably.
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Types of Batteries
Primary(Use and throw)
Alkaline . Acid .
Secondary(Rechargeable)
Battery
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Battery Capacity:
Amount of charge available - ampere-hours (Ah).
Depends on 1. Quantity of active materials
2. Amount of electrolyte
3. Surface area of the plates
Measurement:
Terminal voltage under discharge at standard conditions of 27C
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Rated capacity:
Amount of charge available in ampere-hours(Ah) when battery discharged at specified rate.
Example:
Lead-acid battery rated for 200 Ah (for a10-hour rate) will deliver 20 amperes of currentfor 10 hours under standard temperaturecondit ions before its terminal voltage reaches
specified value.Battery capacity varies with the discharge rate.
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Battery connectionsSeries ConnectionPositive terminal connected to the negative terminal increases the overall
voltage but the overal l capacity remains the same.
Parallel ConnectionLike terminals connected together, the overall voltage remains same but
capacity will be increased
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LEAD ACID BATTERY TECHNOLOGY
HBL POWER SYSTEMS LTD
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Tubular Flat plate
Flooded
Lead Calcium Tin
Gel
Tubular
Pure Lead Tin Lead Calcium
AGM
Lead Calcium Tin
Gel
Flat plate
VRLA
Lead Acid batteries
Classif ications of Secondary Lead Acid Batteries
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Components of Lead Acid Battery / CellSince 1977
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Maintenance Free
--
--
-Sediments Bridge
at the bottom Absorbed Electrolyte inSeparator ( AGM)
Envelope Separators
(No Shedding)
Tubular Positive Plate
Maintenance Required Maintenance Free
(Low Maintenance)
Vented
Small Acid abovethe Plates
Vented
Large Free Acidabove the Plates
Acid Starved
Immobilized AcidSmaller Size
PbO2
PbO2
PbO2
Pb
PbPb
+ - +
+
-
-
Conventional Early M F (LM) Valve Regulated wi thAbsorbed Electrolyte
Evolution of MF-Lead Acid BatterySince 1977
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Different types of Plates
Plante Flat grid Tubular
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Plate/Electrode Active material Stores the charge Grid - Electrical conductor & support for active materialDifferent types of plates
Plante plate : Active material has been electrochemicallyproduced over lead sheet
Flat pasted plate : Active material has been supported by
lead alloy mesh
Poor cyclic life
- Better high rate
Tubular plate : The paste is held in micro-porous, non-conductive tubes (gauntlets)
- Better for heavy cycling
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Since 1977
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Alloys
Battery grid is made from a lead alloy
Alloying elements
Antimony - Lead antimony alloy
Calcium - Lead calcium alloy
Tin - Lead tin alloySelenium - Low antimony alloy reduced water loss
Tin is added to lead-calcium positive grids to improve the
i) cycle life
ii) less corrosionPure lead is very soft
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Antimony Vs Calcium
1. Better deep cyclability with antimony
2. More gassing with antimony more water consumption
3. Low self discharge with calcium low float current
4. Positive plate growth with calcium due to grain boundary
corrosion buckling / container rupture
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Since 1977
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VRLA Design
Absorbed electrolyte
Special alloys - minimizes gassing
Gas Recombination Principle
Valve Regulated
High purity metals
Separato
r
+Ve
Plate
-Ve Plate
Since 1977
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Conceptual View - Oxygen Recombination Process
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The reactions involved in the cell:
At the negative electrode
DischargePb + H2SO4 PbSO4 +2H+ + 2e- E = 0.356V
Charge
At the positive electrode
Discharge
PbO2 + 2H+ + H2SO4 +2e
- PbSO4 + 2 H2O E = 1.685V
Charge
Overall Reaction:
DischargePbO2 + Pb + 2 H2SO4 PbSO4 (+ve Plate) + PbSO4 (-ve Plate) + 2 H2O
Charge
E = 2.041V
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Acid Specific Gravity
Specific gravity of acid is the measure of its concentration
Indicates the state of charge of flooded cell but not the capacity
Cell open circuit voltage = specific gravity + 0.845
The specific gravity of battery is decided on
Battery technology
Battery application - operating temperatureBattery life.
Sp. Gravity varies with temperature
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Higher gravity Lower gravity
More capacity Less capacityShorter life Longer life
Less space More space
Better cranking Poor cranking
How Specific gravity of Acid Influence on Battery?
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Typical specific gravities for certain applications are
1.30 VRLA (in general)
1.28 Heavily cycled batteries -traction
1.26 Automotive (SLI)
1.25 UPS/Solar photovoltaic (SPV)
1.22 Train lightings
1.20 General applications such as power utility
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The benefits
No water top up Long life on float service
Excellent shelf life
No corrosive fumes Ready to use
Stackable with horizontal orientation
Low weight and volume
Safe to use
Faster installation
Since 1977
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Performance Characteristics
Ampere hour efficiency : >95 %
Watt hour efficiency : >85%
Self discharge : less than 3% per month Oxygen recombination : >98%
efficiency
Since 1977
Eff f Di h R d T B
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Effects of Discharge Rate and Temperature on Battery
Less the rate of discharge more the capacityBattery of 100Ah @ 10Hr rate give around 50Ah @ 1 Hr. rate
Less the operating temperature less the capacity more the life
More the depth of discharge less the life
BATTERY APPLICATIONS
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Starting, Lighting, and Ignition (SLI)
Momentary high rate
Partial float
Low capacity
Pasted plate design.
TractionMotive power for electric or hybrid vehicles
High capacity to weight and volume rat io
Deep cycling
Typical applications - Fork l if ts, Electric cartsTubular plate design
BATTERY APPLICATIONS
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Stationary
Standby battery (UPS and Telecom Equipment)
Work Generally in Float Mode
Medium to low rate discharge
Long backup
Solar Photovoltaic (SPV)
Generally stand-alone
Re-charged by the solar energy
Deep cyclic & PSOC operation
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DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES AT 27oC
Voltage
Discharge Time
C IS THE RATED CAPACITY OF THE BATTERY. THE AVAILABLE
CAPACITY DEPENDS ON STATE OF CHARGE AND ON TEMPERATURE
1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 2 4 6 8 10
2.10
2.00
1.90
1.80
1.70
1.60
1.503 CA 2 CA
1 CA0.7 CA
0.28 CA0.1 CA
Since 1977
C i i i i
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Capacity Variation w ith Temperature
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Temperature in C
RatedCapacityin
%
Capacity Variation with TemperatureSince 1977
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A. Constant Voltage ChargingCharging the battery at Constant Voltage
Current wil l come down as the Battery gets Charged
No chance of High Current charging
Dual Mode with FC-BC facili ty
B. Constant Current ChargingCharging battery at same current
Better charging fast charging
High gassing more water loss
Appropriate for cyclic operation
Not suitable for VRLA (in general)
Split-rate charger more safe as it pumps high initial current to the cell
and then switches to a low rate based on time of charge, voltage or both.
Battery charging Methods
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c. Boost chargingFast charging at higher voltage when battery discharges to
higher depth Generally Float cum Boost chargers are usedin VRLA battery charging in site
D. Trickle ChargingContinuous constant-current charge at off lineE. Equalizing ChargeEqualize the cell voltage in Battery bank to avoid
over/under charge of cells