NEW VERSION OF POWER POINT TEMPLATESlide title minimum 48 pt Slide subtitle minimum 30 pt Basics of PDH © Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date CONTENTs Introduction * © Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date Introduction Plesiochronous is a Greek word meaning Almost Synchronous , but not fully synchronous. In Plesiochronous system every equipment is generating its own clock for synchronization. © Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !# $%&()*+,-./0123456789:;?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area © Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date Plesiochronous Transmission Voice Frequency 4 KHz Quantizing = Amplitude is given a certain value. Encoding 8 KHz * 8 = 64 KHz Line Coding. Capacity = 30 Base Channels Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !# $%&()*+,-./0123456789:;?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area © Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date PCM 30 Mux. PDH (D2 Level ) Capacity = 120 Base Channels Capacity = 480 Base Channels Capacity = 1920 Base Channels Capacity = 7680 Base Channels Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !# $%&()*+,-./0123456789:;?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area © Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date . . * © Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date Bit-Interleaved Multiplexing North America Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !# $%&()*+,-./0123456789:;?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area © Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date Bit Stuffing Pleisochronous Multiplexing Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !# $%&()*+,-./0123456789:;?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area © Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date Stuffing and Justification In a PDH multiplexer individual bits must be running at the same speed otherwise the bits cannot be interleaved The possible “Plesiochronous” difference is catered for by using a technique known as “Justification” Extra bits are added(stuffed)into the digital tributaries which effectively increases the speed of the tributary until they are all identical The speed of the higher order side is generated by an internal oscillator in the multiplexer and is not derived from the primary reference clock © Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !# $%&()*+,-./0123456789:;?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area © Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date Stuffing and Justification(Contd..) The number of stuffing bits added depends not only on the speed of the tributaries to the multiplexer, but also on the speed of the higher order bit stream The justification process is employed in all the PDH Multiplexers At the far end of the transmission system, the justification bits are removed and the original digital signal is recovered The removal of these justification bits causes a small variation in the phase of the clock.This variation is called “Jitter” © Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !# $%&()*+,-./0123456789:;?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area © Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date Limitations of PDH start start start start start Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !# $%&()*+,-./0123456789:;?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area © Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date Limitations (contd..) Drop & Add 140 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !# $%&()*+,-./0123456789:;?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area © Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date Limitations (contd..) Another limitation of the PDH is its lack of performance monitoring capability. There is insufficient provision for network management within the PDH frame format for them to be able to do this. Standard equipment from different vendors are not compatible No self healing - expensive manual check and repair system US and European systems had little in common - expensive translators required for transatlantic traffic © Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !# $%&()*+,-./0123456789:;?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area *