Basics of biology lectures at verhaert - part 2 - genetics and proteomics

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Part 2: genetics & proteomics

Basics of biology – Verhaert lunch lectures

Jef Aernouts


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Format• Introduce basic concepts• Backbone slides• Videos• Interactive <-> expert panel ;-)


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Chapters• Building blocks of life• Genomics• Proteomics• Metabolomics• Immunology


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Part 1: building blocks of life

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Biomolecules

Backbone slideLife

Living organisms

forming

viruses bacteria fungi plants animals

Made up of cell(s):

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

classes


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Building blocks of life – 4 types of biomoleculesCarbohydrates (koolhydraten)• Monomer: monosaccharides• Name: -ose (mono- & di-saccharides)• Function: short-term energy provider, structure in

plants (cellulose) …• Chemical elements: CHO• Example: glucose (CH2O)6

Lipids (vetten)• Monomers: fatty acids & glycerols • Classes: Fat (solids, mostly saturated) vs. Oil (liquid,

mostly unsaturated)• Function: long-term energy provider, insulation,

part of cell membranes …• Chemical elements: CHO (less O than carbs)• Example: butterfat (milk)

Proteins (eiwitten)• Monomer: amino-acids (20 types)• Peptides (< 100 amino acids) vs. Proteins (>100)• Function: versatile• Classes:

• Structural; e.g. hemoglobin (O2 carrier in blood)

• Enzymes (-ase), biocatalists; e.g. alcohol dehydrogenase

• Chemical elements: CHON

Nucleic acids (nucleïnezuren)• Monomer: nucleotides• Function: genetic information, energy• Chemical elements: CHONP• Example: DNA

Lipoproteins

GlycolipidsG

lyco

prot

eins


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Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

• Small and simple• Only bacteria• Composed of:

• Genetic information (floats freely in cell)

• Cytoplasm (cellular fluid)• Cell membrane • Large and complex

• Genetic information in nucleus• Contains organelles (=“small

organs inside the cell”) with specific functions

• Cell membrane


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Eukaryotic cellsSize:

• most cells 10-15 µm• egg cell largest 100 µm• nerve cells 1 m long

Humans consist of10 trillion cells (10.1012)

Part 2: genomics & proteomics


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Backbone slideDNA

Genes

Chromosomes

heredity

Central dogma of molecular biology

GenomicsDefinitions & key understandings

Cell division Protein synthesis (gene expression)

Genetics vs. genomics

Source: http://www.who.int


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Genetics – introductory video

Video: https://youtu.be/0_b80fHmuWw

https://youtu.be/0_b80fHmuWw

https://youtu.be/0_b80fHmuWw


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• DNA: A long linear polymer formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix, associated with the transmission of genetic information.cf. Collection of all words in a cookbook

• Gene: A hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that occupies a specific location and is transcribed into an RNA molecule that may function directly or be translated into an amino acid chain.cf. Various recipes in a cookbook

• Chromosomes: A linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary information.cf. Bundle of various chapters with recipes (when copying the cooking book)

• Genome: The total genetic content contained in a living organism.cf. The cooking book

Genetics – keywords


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• All cells contain all genetic information (DNA)

• Level of organization (eukaryotic cell):

Genetics – key understandings

Base pairs


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DNA = very large molecule, shape is double helixDeoxyriboNucleic Acid

• Support: sugars (deoxyribose) and phosphates• Actual information: 4 bases (always in pairs)

• Adenine bonds with Thymine• Cytosine bonds with Guanine

In humans: 3.200.000.000 base pairs

Genetics – DNA


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Gene: A stretch of DNA that codes for something

tells the body how to make proteins proteins carry out most of the functions in an organism

Humans: 25.000 – 40.000 genes

few genes define direct trait (e.g. Hair color)combinations/interactions define most traits

Only 2% of DNA are genes (cf. Not all text in textbook are recipes)

Genetics – Genes


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In humans: 3.200.000.000 base pairs 0,1% differs accross humans: enough to code all differences

Genetics – DNA/genes facts

DNA content (base pairs)

Number of genes

However, humans much more protein interactions


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• Only present during cell division (see next

• Humans 23 pairs: one from mother, one from fatherThus, each gene is present twice! cf. Different recipes for same plate (e.g. Spaghetti bolognaise)

Dominance defines which gene is more pronounced = heredity

Genetics – Chromosomes


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Genetics – Heredity intro video

Video: https://youtu.be/Mehz7tCxjSE

https://youtu.be/Mehz7tCxjSE

https://youtu.be/Mehz7tCxjSE


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Heredity: the passing of traits from parents to offspring

• Meaning: children inherit their biological parents’ genes that express specific traits (physical characteristics, natural talents ...)

• ’Discovered’ by Mendel in 1866 (established rules of heredity by studying pea plants)

• Example: eye color

Genetics – Heredity



Backbone slideDNA

Genes

Chromosomes

heredity


Definitions & key understandings

Cell division

Genomics

Protein synthesis (gene expression)


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1. DNA can be copied to DNA (replication)2. DNA can be copied into RNA (transcription)3. Proteins can be synthesized using the information in RNA (translation)




Backbone slideDNA

Genes

Chromosomes

heredity



Cell division

Genomics



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Cell division > growth

From a human egg and sperm cell towards 10 trillion cells• Cell division (mitosis & meiosis)• Cell differentiation


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Cell division – mitosis introductory video

Video: https://youtu.be/JcZQkmooyPk

https://youtu.be/JcZQkmooyPk

https://youtu.be/JcZQkmooyPk


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Cell division – mitosis vs. meiosis introductory video

Video: https://youtu.be/Ba9LXKH2ztU

https://youtu.be/Ba9LXKH2ztU

https://youtu.be/Ba9LXKH2ztU


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Cell division

MitosisCell division, copying all genetic content

• Growth• Repair

In humans, this means replication of 46 chromosomes

E.g. skin repair

MeiosisCell division copying only half of the genetic content

• Reproduction cells• Mixing of the genetic content


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Cell differentiation

From stem cell towards specific cells(new blood cells do not just copy, but evolve from stem cells)

Example: blood cells



Backbone slideDNA

Genes

Chromosomes

heredity



Cell division

Genomics


Proteomics

Proteins + genomics = proteomics

Proteomics: a branch of biotechnology concerned with applying the techniques of molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics to analyzing the structure, function, and interactions of the proteins produced by the genes of a particular cell, tissue, or organism, with organizing the information in databases.

Very complex field.

Protein synthesis (gene expression) is essential for a good understanding.


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Protein synthesis – introductory video

Video: https://youtu.be/zwibgNGe4aY

https://youtu.be/zwibgNGe4aY

https://youtu.be/zwibgNGe4aY


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Protein synthesis

Genes code for PROTEINS:


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Protein synthesis

Proteins are the essential building block for life:



Backbone slideDNA

Genes

Chromosomes

heredity



Cell division

Genomics



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Chapters• Building blocks of life• Genomics• Proteomics• Metabolomics• Immunology


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Basics of biology lectures at verhaert - part 2 - genetics and proteomics

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