Basic runway length

Runway Rectangular-shaped, paved surfaces on an airport, designed for the landing or takeoff of airplanes. Runways may be a man-made surface (often asphalt concrete , or a mixture of both) or a natural surface ( grass , dirt , gravel , ice , or salt ).

Runway Designations Based on a runway’s magnetic heading, using the 360 degree compass system Runways may be used in two opposite directions All runways have TWO runway designations

INTRODUCTION

Runway length A runway of at least 6,000 ft (1,800 m) in length is usually adequate for aircraft weights below approximately 200,000 lb (90,000 kg). Larger aircraft including wide bodies will usually require at least 8,000 ft (2,400 m) at sea level and somewhat more at higher Altitude airports. International wide body flights, which carry substantial amounts of fuel and are therefore heavier, may also have landing requirements of 10,000 ft (3,000 m) or more and takeoff requirements of 13,000 ft (4,000 m).

At sea level , 10,000 ft (3,000 m) can be considered an adequate length to land virtually any aircraft. An aircraft will need a longer runway at a higher altitude due to decreased density of air at higher altitudes, which reduces lift and engine power, requiring higher take-off and landing speed Runway length

BASIC RUNWAY LENGTH

BASIC RUNWAY LENGTH, THE LENGTH IS CALCULATED UNDER THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS

• No wind blowing on the runway.

• Aircraft is loaded with full loading capacity.

• Airport is provided at the sea level

• No wind is blowing on the way to the destination

• The runway is levelled and it is provided with zero effective

gradient.

• The standard temperature is 15 degrees centigrade at the airport.

FACTOR AFFECTING BASIC RUNWAY LENGTH

1. Aircraft Performance Characteristics.

2. Landing & Take–Off Gross Weights of the Aircraft.

3. Airport Elevation.

4. Maximum Temperature.

5. Runway Gradient.

6. Runway Surface Condition.

The very first thing which is going to create an effect is the power and the

prolusion system. Now, as we have seen that in the case of an aircraft which is

landing or which is taking off, the power is one of the important aspects which create

its effect or the propulsion system which is being provided is the one which finally

gets transformed into the power. So, here what we are understanding is that if the

power is more, then the aircraft requires a longer length so as to stop, because it has,

there is a certain rate of de-acceleration and with that rate of de-acceleration, the

vehicle or the aircraft will be going to stop.

AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS

These gross take-off or gross landing weight of the aircraft has its effect at the time

when the aircraft is taking off or it is landing, respectively. Now, in this case what happens

is that, if there is a heavy take-off load, then obviously the aircraft will require more of the

power and so as to get more of this power, it has to run more distance and by running that

particular more distance.

It will be reaching that velocity at which there will be a possibility of attaining the

lift or the lift becomes more than the weight, which is otherwise acting in the downward

direction. So, if that condition is achieved, then only the aircraft will be going into air. So,

that is the effect of the take-off load for the aircraft and in case of runway length, there will

be more length required if there is a higher take-off gross weight.

LANDING & TAKE–OFF GROSS WEIGHTS OF THE AIRCRAFT

RUNWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN

Geometric design of following runway elements

Runway length

Runway Width

Longitudinal gradient

Transverse gradient

Sight distance

Runway surface

Sunway shoulders

Runway strips

Runway end safety area

Clearway

Stop way

RUNWAY PATTERNS

The Basic runway pattern are

•Single runway

•Parallel runway

•Intersecting runway

•Non- Intersecting runway

Single Runway This is the simplest of the

runway configurations. Suitable when winds

predominantly blow along the runway and the peak

hour air traffic demand is less than 50 operations. When

winds are light both ends can be used for both arrivals

and departures. When winds are strong only one end

can be used for operations. The capacity of a single

runway depends on air traffic mix and type of control.

VFR: 50 – 100 operations IFR:50 – 70 operations

SINGLE RUNWAY

INTERSECTING RUNWAY

Intersecting Runway It becomes necessary to use this

configuration when winds are blowing in more than one

direction. When the winds are light both runways can be

used. When the winds are strong only one runway can be

used. Capacity depends on the location of the intersection

point and the runway-use-strategy. The farther the

intersection is from the takeoff end of the runway and the

landing threshold, the lower is the capacity. Highest capacity

is achieved when the intersection is close to the takeoff end

and the landing threshold.

INTERSECTING RUNWAY